Polymer International最新文献

This study investigates the acoustic impedance, adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, relaxation time, ultrasonic absorption and Rao's constant of binary mixtures comprising poly(vinyl chloride) and dimethylformamide at varying concentrations and temperatures. These acoustical parameters are calculated by using experimental values of density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity. The experiments are conducted using an ultrasonic apparatus operating at a frequency of 1 MHz. Density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity are measured at different concentrations from 0 to 1 (m/v) at different temperature ranges from 303.15 to 338.15 K. The obtained results are compared with the results presented in the literature. The comprehensive analysis of these parameters reveals intriguing insights into the nature of interactions between the solute and solvent. This study also provides a deep insight into the nature, type and strength of intermolecular and intramolecular interactions. The behaviour of the solution is discussed in terms of its acoustical parameters with concentration and temperature. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

The present work aims to improve the sustainability of polymers and may pave the way for the development through 3D technologies of innovative composites useful for many industries. It highlights the preparation of lignin-based composites by adding lignin to an acrylate epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) resin using a liquid crystal display (LCD) 3D printer. The formulations were obtained by adding tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (THFA) as reactive diluent to the AESO matrix as the starting reference system. Then, lignin-based composites were obtained by dispersing lignin at different concentrations within the AESO-THFA resin. The viscosity and printability of the photocurable formulations were first studied because they play a key role in a vat photopolymerization process. Several 3D printed parts were successfully realized via LCD exhibiting high resolution and accuracy and well-detailed geometries. SEM analyses revealed that lignin particles were homogeneously dispersed within the crosslinked AESO-based network. The thermal and mechanical properties of the photocured lignin-based composites were tested by TGA, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and tensile tests, underlining that the presence of lignin led to a decrease of the elastic modulus and tensile strength, and a slight increase of the glass transition temperature, leaving the thermal stability unchanged. The incorporation of lignin into an AESO polymer network can significantly improve the sustainability of polymers designing and printing innovative lignin-based composites useful for many industrial fields. © 2025 The Author(s). Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

The urgent need to mitigate climate change has intensified interest in direct air capture (DAC) technology, which targets extracting carbon dioxide (CO₂) directly from the atmosphere. Among the various sorbents used in DAC, polymers have emerged as a promising solution, either as active sorbents or as structural supports for active DAC materials, due to their customizable properties, scalability and low cost. This mini-review investigates the latest trends in polymer-based materials for DAC and identifies critical research gaps, such as the need for thorough lifecycle assessments and in-depth studies on the degradation of polymeric materials. It also outlines future directions, emphasizing the importance of developing cost-effective, scalable and durable polymers that can perform efficiently across diverse climatic conditions, including the unique challenges presented by cold weather regions abundant in renewable energy. This mini-review aims to inform ongoing efforts in the design and utilization of polymeric sorbents, providing insights that could guide the development of economically viable and environmentally sustainable DAC technologies. © 2025 The Author(s). Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of polymer type on polymeric microparticle blends designed for controlled drug delivery. Microparticle blends containing a single drug (propranolol HCl [Pro] or carbamazepine [CBZ]) and blends with drugs of differing solubilities (Pro and CBZ) were prepared using the solvent evaporation method. The first emulsion and second oil phase were prepared by the water-in-oil-in-water and oil-in-water methods. The three different first emulsions were a solution of ethyl cellulose (EC), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) in dichloromethane (7.5% w/v). The three different second oil phases were 7.5% w/v solution of EC, PLGA and PCL in dichloromethane. The first Pro emulsion (water-in-oil) and second Pro emulsion (water-in-oil) were dispersed in an external aqueous phase (for the same drug), while the first Pro emulsion (water-in-oil) and second CBZ oil phase (for different drugs) were dispersed in an external aqueous phase, with a dispersion time interval (DTI) of 0 and 60 min for the same and different drugs. The morphology of the microparticle blends was characterized by SEM. The mean particle size was measured with a particle size analyzer. The encapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) were also investigated. Microparticle blends containing a single drug exhibited slower release rates of Pro compared to conventional microparticles and microparticle blends (DTI of 0 min). Conversely, blends with different solubilities showed similar release rates for both Pro and CBZ (DTI of 60 min). In vitro drug release studies after 28 days showed that the Pro release from EC microparticle blends with DTI 60 min (61%) was slower than from EC microparticle blends with DTI 0 min (83%); the Pro release from PCL microparticle blends with DTI 60 min (48%) was slower than from PCL microparticle blends with DTI 0 min (75%); and the Pro release from PLGA microparticle blends with DTI 60 min (74%) was slower than from PLGA microparticle blends with DTI 0 min (88%). The size of the microparticle blend prepared as a water-in-oil-in-water (Pro) and oil-in-water (CBZ) system with DTI of 60 min and stirring time 4 h was larger than those prepared with a DTI of 0 min. In vitro drug release studies from EC microparticle blends after 28 days revealed that the CBZ release (69%) was faster than Pro release (53.5%). Drug release from PLGA microparticle blends after 28 days revealed that the CBZ release (92.5%) was faster than Pro release (81%). Drug release from PCL microparticle blends after 28 days revealed that the CBZ release (60%) was faster than Pro release (33%). This observation may be attributed to interactions between the secondary emulsion or oil phase and the solidified microparticles from the primary emulsion, wherein the secondary emulsion or oil phase blocked and coated pores on the surface of the solidified micropar

This review explores the advancements in polymer-based sensors for blood analysis, emphasizing the online detection of key blood components such as uric acid, creatinine, urea, bilirubin, cholesterol, total proteins, amino acids and hormones. It categorizes polymer sensors into electrochemical, optical and molecularly imprinted polymers, providing insights into their working mechanisms and advantages in biomarker identification. Recent innovations are highlighted to evaluate the current state of sensor technology in terms of selectivity, sensitivity and real-time monitoring capabilities. Challenges such as stability issues, biofouling and compliance are also addressed. The review underscores the transformative potential of these sensors in blood diagnostics, emphasizing their role in enhancing patient care through convenient point-of-care healthcare testing. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Siloxane-containing polymers with their exceptional thermal stability, low temperature flexibility, low surface energy and non-toxicity have become extremely valuable materials for a plethora of diverse technology areas such as biomedical engineering, soft electronics, optics, coatings etc. This review discusses some recent advances in the synthesis, processing and applications of these versatile materials, highlighting their unique properties and potential. It also highlights some new manufacturing methods and innovations, which enable complex designs and applications, the production of novel intricate structures with enhanced material properties, and further enhancement of versatility of the siloxane-containing polymers. Finally, the environmental sustainability of these materials emerges as a critical focus, with efforts directed towards ‘green’ synthetic routes, improved recyclability and safety concerns, highlighting the importance of ongoing research on their long-term effects on human, animal and environmental health. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

The essential nature of the bound and confined non-covalent interactions in the condensed state and the glass transition of hydrogels has not been fully clarified. At present, the physical principles underlying the formation of glassy hydrogels with high water content (>50 wt%) at ambient conditions and room temperature to achieve superior mechanical properties are still a subject of active research and debate. The complexity of the bound and confined interactions between polymer chains and water poses significant challenges in unraveling the operational mechanisms behind glassy hydrogels. In this study, by combining non-random lattice theory and free volume theory, an associative rheological model is developed to investigate the thermodynamic and viscoelastic behavior of glassy hydrogels undergoing bound and confined interactions. Drawing upon the principles of rheology, the mechanism for the formation of glassy hydrogels at room temperature is described by spring and dashpot elements, where each mechanical element corresponds to a specific molecular mechanism. The nonlinear behavior of rheology is accurately captured by the lattice structure engaged in these interactions. Our proposed model facilitates a transition between the Maxwell and Voigt models, thereby enabling a comprehensive analysis of key viscoelastic parameters such as storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), loss factor (tan δ = E″/E′) and the observed glass transition phenomena in glassy hydrogels. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed associative rheological models is verified using the experimental results reported in the literature, offering a principal understanding of the exceptional mechanical properties of glassy hydrogels governed by bound and confined interactions. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Efficient thermal management is an increasingly important factor in the development of future electronic devices where operating speed, device lifespan and safety are determined by optimising heat dissipation to reduce component temperature. The heat generated during continuous and/or cyclic operation can be dissipated using thermal interface materials (TIMs). A facile yet novel method based on a combination of centrifugal mixing and micropipetting was very effective at accurately depositing thin layers of an epoxy filled with a highly interconnected boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS) network. The use of composites of an epoxy and BNNS as a TIM was assessed by measuring the operating temperature of a diode on a printed circuit board, to replicate in-service use, using thermal imaging. The operating temperature of the device decreased by almost 57 °C on inclusion of a BNNS volume fraction (φ) of 0.15 and the thermal resistance by ca 50%. The device displayed excellent thermal stability and a consistent temperature response during cyclical operations over 10 h. The reliability of transistors depends exponentially upon operating temperature and even a 10–15 °C reduction can double the lifespan of an electronic device. © 2025 The Author(s). Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

A molecularly imprinted polymer was developed to selectively adsorb S-ketoprofen (S-KP) and chirally separate it from a racemic mixture. Synthesis involves condensation polymerization of 4-mercaptophenol and 4-nitrophenol with formaldehyde to obtain a thiolated/nitro-functionalized polymer that was further reduced to an amino-functionalized polymer (HS-P-NH₂) using sodium dithionite. Finally, the S-imprinted polymer (S-KP-P) was prepared by imprinting S-KP onto HS-P-NH₂, followed by post-crosslinking with bis(maleimido)ethane through thiol–maleimide click reaction. Confirmation of the successful functionalization and crosslinking was done via structural characterization techniques. Kinetic studies showed that the crosslinking reaction followed second-order kinetics, with thermodynamic analysis indicating a spontaneous, exothermic process. In the adsorption experiments, S-KP-P manifested better enantioselectivity in the maximum capacity of adsorptions of 422 mg g⁻¹ for S-KP versus 243 mg g⁻¹ for R-KP. The Langmuir model provided the best fit to the isotherm data, confirming monolayer adsorption on homogeneous binding sites. Chiral separation experiments using column chromatography demonstrated the ability of S-KP-P to resolve (±)-KP, yielding 97% enantiomeric excess (ee) for R-KP in the first elution and 94% ee for S-KP in the second. In contrast, the non-imprinted polymer showed no enantioselectivity. The results confirm the potential of S-KP-P for efficient enantioselective separation in pharmaceutical applications. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.