A language or set of languages, called dynamic algebras, which will simplify programming and provide the capability of simplifying programs are proposed. In such languages, the constructions of arithmetic and algebra are emphasized, resulting in fewer but larger statements, rather than smaller, explicitly sequenced assignments and transfer A set of operators (called the Aiken operators) are introduced and their usefulness demonstrated. Three examples are presented of the simplification of dynamic algebra programs using the ordinary rules of algebra. Finally, the efficiency of such programs on von Neumann, parallel, and pipeline machines is discussed.
{"title":"Dynamic algebra","authors":"R. E. Noonan","doi":"10.1145/800182.810420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800182.810420","url":null,"abstract":"A language or set of languages, called dynamic algebras, which will simplify programming and provide the capability of simplifying programs are proposed. In such languages, the constructions of arithmetic and algebra are emphasized, resulting in fewer but larger statements, rather than smaller, explicitly sequenced assignments and transfer A set of operators (called the Aiken operators) are introduced and their usefulness demonstrated. Three examples are presented of the simplification of dynamic algebra programs using the ordinary rules of algebra. Finally, the efficiency of such programs on von Neumann, parallel, and pipeline machines is discussed.","PeriodicalId":204185,"journal":{"name":"ACM '74","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133401418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Myoelectric signal processing techniques, used as the basis for control of a multiple-axis upper limb prosthesis, have been exceptional in providing the amputee with natural control of motion without the need for training. The approach rests on the electronic recognition of normal muscle synergies in the stabilizing musculature of the shoulder, chest, and back, in order to control the motors of the prosthesis when performing the intended motions. Observations were made of the variability and repeatability of the myoelectric patterns; the appropriate signal processing parameters were determined, and a laboratory prostheses was fabricated and tested.
{"title":"Myoelectric signal processing for control of prosthetic devices","authors":"Donald R. Taylor, F. Ray Finley","doi":"10.1145/1408800.1408883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1408800.1408883","url":null,"abstract":"Myoelectric signal processing techniques, used as the basis for control of a multiple-axis upper limb prosthesis, have been exceptional in providing the amputee with natural control of motion without the need for training. The approach rests on the electronic recognition of normal muscle synergies in the stabilizing musculature of the shoulder, chest, and back, in order to control the motors of the prosthesis when performing the intended motions. Observations were made of the variability and repeatability of the myoelectric patterns; the appropriate signal processing parameters were determined, and a laboratory prostheses was fabricated and tested.","PeriodicalId":204185,"journal":{"name":"ACM '74","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115554906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mr. C. T. Schlegel, Chairman of the ACM74 session for which this paper was prepared, described his session as one which will try to distinguish those intrinsic features of information systems which separate them from data management systems. He further states that. "there exist many programming packages which efficiently and rapidly handle large amounts of data stored on computers. However, to call them information systems is a little too inaccurate for our tastes"... Mr. Schlegel makes the further observation that. "data becomes information only when interpreted in some context, and the context and the interpretation are usually provided by people who use the data, not the software".
编写本文件的第74届会议主席C. T. Schlegel先生说，他的会议将努力区分信息系统与数据管理系统之间的内在特征。他进一步指出。现在有许多程序包可以高效、快速地处理存储在计算机上的大量数据。然而，称它们为信息系统对我们的口味来说有点太不准确了……施莱格尔先生进一步指出。“数据只有在某种情况下被解释才能成为信息，而这种情况和解释通常是由使用数据的人提供的，而不是软件”。
{"title":"A look at characterizing the design of information systems","authors":"N. P. Edwards, H. Tellier","doi":"10.1145/1408800.1408865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1408800.1408865","url":null,"abstract":"Mr. C. T. Schlegel, Chairman of the ACM74 session for which this paper was prepared, described his session as one which will try to distinguish those intrinsic features of information systems which separate them from data management systems. He further states that. \"there exist many programming packages which efficiently and rapidly handle large amounts of data stored on computers. However, to call them information systems is a little too inaccurate for our tastes\"... Mr. Schlegel makes the further observation that. \"data becomes information only when interpreted in some context, and the context and the interpretation are usually provided by people who use the data, not the software\".","PeriodicalId":204185,"journal":{"name":"ACM '74","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115701680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An on-line interactive audiographic learning system is described. The system is able to deliver synchronized narrative and line-graphic learning information to learners at remote locations via regular telephone lines. A quasi-conversational mode of instruction allows learners to control the interaction by using Touch-Tone telephone signals. Individualized instruction is achieved by providing the learner with the possibility of selecting, stopping, reviewing, and skipping instructional materials at his own desire and pace. Instructional information in both audio and graphic forms are stored electronically on regular stereo audio tapes in modular forms. Multiple tape units are used to store the learning data base. A PDP-8/I computer is used to control the process. Instructional modules are redundantly stored to permit access by multiple learners at different learning stations. Learning activities of each user are recorded. The hardware and software of the system is described. The procedures of course generation, editing, processing, and up-dating are described.
{"title":"An on-line interactive audiographic learning system","authors":"T. Ting, A. P. Jensen","doi":"10.1145/800182.810408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800182.810408","url":null,"abstract":"An on-line interactive audiographic learning system is described. The system is able to deliver synchronized narrative and line-graphic learning information to learners at remote locations via regular telephone lines. A quasi-conversational mode of instruction allows learners to control the interaction by using Touch-Tone telephone signals. Individualized instruction is achieved by providing the learner with the possibility of selecting, stopping, reviewing, and skipping instructional materials at his own desire and pace.\u0000 Instructional information in both audio and graphic forms are stored electronically on regular stereo audio tapes in modular forms. Multiple tape units are used to store the learning data base. A PDP-8/I computer is used to control the process. Instructional modules are redundantly stored to permit access by multiple learners at different learning stations. Learning activities of each user are recorded.\u0000 The hardware and software of the system is described. The procedures of course generation, editing, processing, and up-dating are described.","PeriodicalId":204185,"journal":{"name":"ACM '74","volume":"56 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113933761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although higher level languages have achieved wide-spread use for program production, much system software is still being written in assembler language for reasons such as efficiency of code produced, lack of appropriate high level languages or compilers, costs of compilations, or compatibility with older software. Code efficiency is probably the most often cited reason for using assembler language since it affects the saleability of a manufacturer's product much more than whether the code is easy to understand and modify or is well-documented. Code efficiency directly affects system performance under benchmark tests, one of the most widely used comparators for computer selection. The future development of very large cheap and fast processor and main memory components will influence how important it will be to continue programming in low level "efficient" languages, but the use of these languages will probably continue on a large scale for at least another decade.
{"title":"Inverse compiling for program documentation","authors":"Gregory L. Hopwood","doi":"10.1145/1408800.1408928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1408800.1408928","url":null,"abstract":"Although higher level languages have achieved wide-spread use for program production, much system software is still being written in assembler language for reasons such as efficiency of code produced, lack of appropriate high level languages or compilers, costs of compilations, or compatibility with older software. Code efficiency is probably the most often cited reason for using assembler language since it affects the saleability of a manufacturer's product much more than whether the code is easy to understand and modify or is well-documented. Code efficiency directly affects system performance under benchmark tests, one of the most widely used comparators for computer selection. The future development of very large cheap and fast processor and main memory components will influence how important it will be to continue programming in low level \"efficient\" languages, but the use of these languages will probably continue on a large scale for at least another decade.","PeriodicalId":204185,"journal":{"name":"ACM '74","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121468525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing importance of computer aided design is difficult to ignore. As systems become more complex and design lead times shrink, manual design techniques have proven inadequate, or at best very costly. Utilization of computers to reduce design time and cost has been advertised as a solution to this problem, but automated design methods also have drawbacks. For example, design automation (D.A.) is an immature discipline, suffering from many of the difficulties encountered in the evolution of a new specialization. Moreover, costs are high and outcomes are uncertain. The foundations upon which D.A. rests are themselves unsettled. Computer “Science” is still somewhat an art and manufacturing technology changes rapidly in some areas of application. Because D.A. is such a new discipline, very few practitioners have been formally trained in this field. There is, however, a recognized need for more entry level engineers and applied scientists with backgrounds in Design Automation. This paper briefly describes current D.A. teaching and research activities at Southern Methodist University, and suggests some of our future directions.
{"title":"Design automation at Southern Methodist University","authors":"Robert J. Smith","doi":"10.1145/800182.810426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800182.810426","url":null,"abstract":"The growing importance of computer aided design is difficult to ignore. As systems become more complex and design lead times shrink, manual design techniques have proven inadequate, or at best very costly. Utilization of computers to reduce design time and cost has been advertised as a solution to this problem, but automated design methods also have drawbacks. For example, design automation (D.A.) is an immature discipline, suffering from many of the difficulties encountered in the evolution of a new specialization. Moreover, costs are high and outcomes are uncertain. The foundations upon which D.A. rests are themselves unsettled. Computer “Science” is still somewhat an art and manufacturing technology changes rapidly in some areas of application.\u0000 Because D.A. is such a new discipline, very few practitioners have been formally trained in this field. There is, however, a recognized need for more entry level engineers and applied scientists with backgrounds in Design Automation. This paper briefly describes current D.A. teaching and research activities at Southern Methodist University, and suggests some of our future directions.","PeriodicalId":204185,"journal":{"name":"ACM '74","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121020213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Much of the past work in the study of algorithms has been done in terms of what the algorithm is intended to do, and the properties of algorithms that are studied in this connection are often, therefore, execution-related. Even when an algorithm has been studied in terms of the way it was written, terms such as block structure and control flow were commonly used, and the most basic constituent studied was the individual statement.
{"title":"A recent approach to the study of algorithms","authors":"S. Zweben","doi":"10.1145/1408800.1408922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1408800.1408922","url":null,"abstract":"Much of the past work in the study of algorithms has been done in terms of what the algorithm is intended to do, and the properties of algorithms that are studied in this connection are often, therefore, execution-related. Even when an algorithm has been studied in terms of the way it was written, terms such as block structure and control flow were commonly used, and the most basic constituent studied was the individual statement.","PeriodicalId":204185,"journal":{"name":"ACM '74","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121048988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The area of "software physics and algorithmic complexity" is providing some much needed quantization of the notions of a program and an algorithm. I am interested in those aspects of this quantization that allow one to estimate the length of an algorithm programmed in one language given the length of the same algorithm programmed in another language.
{"title":"Analysis of algorithms implemented in software and hardware","authors":"D. Ostapko","doi":"10.1145/1408800.1408924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1408800.1408924","url":null,"abstract":"The area of \"software physics and algorithmic complexity\" is providing some much needed quantization of the notions of a program and an algorithm. I am interested in those aspects of this quantization that allow one to estimate the length of an algorithm programmed in one language given the length of the same algorithm programmed in another language.","PeriodicalId":204185,"journal":{"name":"ACM '74","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122538907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An increasing number of computer users are implementing an on-line facility with the aid of a transaction monitor program. This transaction monitor may be supplied either by the computer hardware manufacturer or by a software supplier. It is felt that the literature is inadequate in aiding such a user to implement his system. Consequently this paper sets out to achieve such an aim by presenting a methodology for the design of a transaction-oriented system employing a transaction monitor. The decisions to be made are outlined together with the choices available for each decision. The methodology is iterative in that a decision at any stage can have a significant impact on the final design and is also affected by previously taken decisions.
{"title":"Design of transaction-oriented systems employing a transaction monitor","authors":"R. Davenport","doi":"10.1145/800182.810406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800182.810406","url":null,"abstract":"An increasing number of computer users are implementing an on-line facility with the aid of a transaction monitor program. This transaction monitor may be supplied either by the computer hardware manufacturer or by a software supplier. It is felt that the literature is inadequate in aiding such a user to implement his system. Consequently this paper sets out to achieve such an aim by presenting a methodology for the design of a transaction-oriented system employing a transaction monitor. The decisions to be made are outlined together with the choices available for each decision. The methodology is iterative in that a decision at any stage can have a significant impact on the final design and is also affected by previously taken decisions.","PeriodicalId":204185,"journal":{"name":"ACM '74","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124906977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Few optimality results have been reported for the scheduling of computer systems with more than one resource. This paper considers a system with two independently-scheduled scarce resources, which may be thought of as a CPU and an I/O channel, and two active programs with distinct service burst time characteristics. Schedules requiring preemption no more frequently than when a program requests service at a resource are shown to be sufficient to achieve maximum average utilization (the unweighted average of the utilizations of the two resources). A rule that specifies schedules of this form when applied at both resources is defined and proven optimal. Finally, the more general problem of maximizing weighted utilization is treated.
{"title":"Scheduling in systems with two scarce resources","authors":"Ed Lazowska, K. Sevcik","doi":"10.1145/800182.810381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800182.810381","url":null,"abstract":"Few optimality results have been reported for the scheduling of computer systems with more than one resource. This paper considers a system with two independently-scheduled scarce resources, which may be thought of as a CPU and an I/O channel, and two active programs with distinct service burst time characteristics. Schedules requiring preemption no more frequently than when a program requests service at a resource are shown to be sufficient to achieve maximum average utilization (the unweighted average of the utilizations of the two resources). A rule that specifies schedules of this form when applied at both resources is defined and proven optimal. Finally, the more general problem of maximizing weighted utilization is treated.","PeriodicalId":204185,"journal":{"name":"ACM '74","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126199867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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