ABSTRACT:Using a Critical Race Theory approach, this exploratory research investigated racial manifestations in presidential politics in the United States by focusing on the campaign and presidency of Barack Obama. A systemic racism approach using the White racial frame was employed to gain insight into the manifestations and dynamics of race and the degree to which the racial tendencies of the campaign continued in the first two years of governance by the Obama administration. Special consideration was given to issue framing and racial cuing. It appears on its face that in comparison to his predecessors, President Obama experienced a high degree of political opposition and resistance generated and sustained based on race. This research points to the need for more national level empirical work investigating the connection between voter behavior, issue framing, and racial cuing, which are utilized to sustain systemic racism in the United States.
{"title":"The Manifestations, Effects, and Dynamics of Race and Racism in the Campaign and Governance of Barack Obama","authors":"Michael L. Clemons","doi":"10.2979/SPECTRUM.8.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/SPECTRUM.8.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Using a Critical Race Theory approach, this exploratory research investigated racial manifestations in presidential politics in the United States by focusing on the campaign and presidency of Barack Obama. A systemic racism approach using the White racial frame was employed to gain insight into the manifestations and dynamics of race and the degree to which the racial tendencies of the campaign continued in the first two years of governance by the Obama administration. Special consideration was given to issue framing and racial cuing. It appears on its face that in comparison to his predecessors, President Obama experienced a high degree of political opposition and resistance generated and sustained based on race. This research points to the need for more national level empirical work investigating the connection between voter behavior, issue framing, and racial cuing, which are utilized to sustain systemic racism in the United States.","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127988108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Many African American fathers are missing from their communities. The rise of the post-industrial carceral state is a key factor that is responsible for their absence. America’s transition from an industrial society to a post-industrial society caused the disappearance of many good-paying blue-collar jobs that were held by African American workers. This led to high levels of unemployment, which adversely affected the African American community’s social organization. Therefore, the carceral state was created to control a disaffected urban population—especially African American men—who have become displaced.
{"title":"Where Are the Daddies? The Rise of the Post-Industrial Carceral State","authors":"D. C. Tatum","doi":"10.2979/SPECTRUM.8.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/SPECTRUM.8.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Many African American fathers are missing from their communities. The rise of the post-industrial carceral state is a key factor that is responsible for their absence. America’s transition from an industrial society to a post-industrial society caused the disappearance of many good-paying blue-collar jobs that were held by African American workers. This led to high levels of unemployment, which adversely affected the African American community’s social organization. Therefore, the carceral state was created to control a disaffected urban population—especially African American men—who have become displaced.","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129502952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Marvin Nathaniel Hagler Was Simply Marvelous","authors":"J. Jeffries","doi":"10.2979/SPECTRUM.8.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/SPECTRUM.8.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123436751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Looking Back Nearly 60 Years: The Tuskegee Institute Community Action Corps (TICAC)","authors":"Percival Bertrand Phillips","doi":"10.2979/SPECTRUM.8.2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/SPECTRUM.8.2.06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114427397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Remembering Vernon E. Jordan, Jr","authors":"J. Jeffries","doi":"10.2979/SPECTRUM.8.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/SPECTRUM.8.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114760252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Leon Valentine Hobbs III: A Life Well Lived","authors":"J. Jeffries","doi":"10.2979/SPECTRUM.8.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/SPECTRUM.8.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127025571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Richard Wright’s second edition of his collection of short stories, Uncle Tom’s Children (1940), entails both hidden and open forms of defiance against Jim Crowism and Uncle Tomism. In the opening essay of this collection, namely, “The Ethics of Living Jim Crow: An Autobiographical Sketch,” Wright enlists nine lessons of his non-violent activities to fight back White oppression. In “The Introductory Essay: Richard Wright’s Covert Challenging of Jim Crowism and Uncle Tomism” (2010b), I restricted the study to four out of nine of Wright’s lessons, two from the beginning and two from the ending of the essay, to stress Wright’s “evasive actions, and his covert activities, such as silence, playing the role of the Monkey trickster in the library, lying consistently to whites if this act did not question his life and ‘sly civility,’ to fight the humiliation imposed by Jim Crow laws and customs back.” Thus, in that article, Wright’s four proactive acts of defiance have been studied. In this article, however, I intend to focus on four short stories of Uncle Tom’s Children in which the fictional characters, comprising a community of Black children, Black men, and a Black woman, turn to more visible and overt forms of resistance against Jim Crowism by resorting to guns. Since individualistic acts of defiance occurred four times in five stories of the collection, it is necessary to study them. This study has excluded “Fire and Cloud” because it employs a communal and non-violent act of defiance against White oppressors by marching for food. Except for “Fire and Cloud,” in all stories firearms are employed as a means of overt defiance. Toward the end of the stories, as I propose, there is an advance from unpremeditated but justified self-defense to purposeful open defiance using guns. Both in Wright’s own covert, yet proactive, acts of defiance in the introductory essay and in the overt yet reactive and individualistic acts of resistance against White oppressors in the short stories, it is the Whites who are the originators of violence and Blacks had to resort to violence to maintain their honor, dignity, or pride.
摘要:理查德·赖特的第二部短篇小说集《汤姆叔叔的孩子们》(1940)对吉姆·克劳主义和汤姆叔叔主义进行了隐晦和公开的反抗。在这本合集的开篇文章《活着的吉姆·克劳的伦理:自传体小品》(the Ethics of Living Jim Crow: An Autobiographical Sketch)中，赖特列出了他反抗白人压迫的非暴力活动的9条教训。在《导论》中:理查德·赖特的秘密挑战种族隔离和叔叔汤姆叔叔主义”(2010 b),我限制了研究四个九的赖特的教训,从一开始就两个和两个的结局的文章,强调赖特的“逃避行为,和他的秘密活动,如沉默、扮演猴子的骗子在图书馆,说谎一直白人如果本法不质疑他的生活和“狡猾的文明,”吉姆克劳法所强加的羞辱和海关回来。”因此，在这篇文章中，我们研究了赖特的四种主动反抗行为。然而，在这篇文章中，我打算把重点放在《汤姆叔叔的孩子们》的四个短篇故事上，在这些故事中，虚构的人物组成了一个由黑人孩子、黑人男人和一个黑人妇女组成的社区，他们通过诉诸枪支，以更明显、更公开的形式反抗吉姆·克劳主义。由于个人主义的反抗行为在合集的五个故事中出现了四次，因此有必要对其进行研究。这项研究排除了“火与云”，因为它采用了一种集体的非暴力行为，通过游行争取食物来反抗白人压迫者。除了《火与云》，在所有的故事中，枪支都是一种公然反抗的手段。在故事的最后，正如我所提议的那样，从没有预谋但正当的自卫到有目的的公开使用枪支的反抗，这是一个进步。无论是赖特自己在导论中隐秘而主动的反抗行为，还是短篇小说中公开而被动的个人主义反抗白人压迫者的行为，都表明白人是暴力的始作俑者，而黑人不得不诉诸暴力来维护他们的荣誉、尊严或骄傲。
{"title":"Overt Challenging of Jim Crowism in the Short Stories of Richard Wright’s Uncle Tom’s Children","authors":"Ahad Mehrvand","doi":"10.2979/SPECTRUM.8.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/SPECTRUM.8.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Richard Wright’s second edition of his collection of short stories, Uncle Tom’s Children (1940), entails both hidden and open forms of defiance against Jim Crowism and Uncle Tomism. In the opening essay of this collection, namely, “The Ethics of Living Jim Crow: An Autobiographical Sketch,” Wright enlists nine lessons of his non-violent activities to fight back White oppression. In “The Introductory Essay: Richard Wright’s Covert Challenging of Jim Crowism and Uncle Tomism” (2010b), I restricted the study to four out of nine of Wright’s lessons, two from the beginning and two from the ending of the essay, to stress Wright’s “evasive actions, and his covert activities, such as silence, playing the role of the Monkey trickster in the library, lying consistently to whites if this act did not question his life and ‘sly civility,’ to fight the humiliation imposed by Jim Crow laws and customs back.” Thus, in that article, Wright’s four proactive acts of defiance have been studied. In this article, however, I intend to focus on four short stories of Uncle Tom’s Children in which the fictional characters, comprising a community of Black children, Black men, and a Black woman, turn to more visible and overt forms of resistance against Jim Crowism by resorting to guns. Since individualistic acts of defiance occurred four times in five stories of the collection, it is necessary to study them. This study has excluded “Fire and Cloud” because it employs a communal and non-violent act of defiance against White oppressors by marching for food. Except for “Fire and Cloud,” in all stories firearms are employed as a means of overt defiance. Toward the end of the stories, as I propose, there is an advance from unpremeditated but justified self-defense to purposeful open defiance using guns. Both in Wright’s own covert, yet proactive, acts of defiance in the introductory essay and in the overt yet reactive and individualistic acts of resistance against White oppressors in the short stories, it is the Whites who are the originators of violence and Blacks had to resort to violence to maintain their honor, dignity, or pride.","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129069418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Shades of Gray: Writing the New American Multiracialism by Molly Littlewood McKibbin (review)","authors":"W. Braun","doi":"10.2979/spectrum.8.2.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/spectrum.8.2.08","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126505024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This qualitative study offers insights into the experiences of racial microaggression among 11 African immigrant men working in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) careers in the USA. Through a narrative analysis framed on racial microaggressions and racial battle fatigue, these men were found to navigate workspaces that were rift with race-related microinsults and microinvalidations. They used ambipunitive coping strategies that were agentively punitive, self-preserving, and self-enhancing. At the core of their ambipunitive coping strategies were their families and their transnational identities. The implications of these findings point to the importance of educating management and staff to examine their unconscious and conscious biases and understand how they can result in exclusionary practices and racial microaggressions in the workplace. Further research is necessary to increase our understanding of complexities that are enacted when African immigrants draw on the multiplicity of their contexts, values, and racialization identities in response to racial microaggressions.
{"title":"“Diamonds on the Sole of Their Boots”: The Experiences of African Immigrant Men in STEM Careers in the USA","authors":"Josephine Amoakoh, William A. Smith","doi":"10.2979/spectrum.8.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/spectrum.8.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This qualitative study offers insights into the experiences of racial microaggression among 11 African immigrant men working in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) careers in the USA. Through a narrative analysis framed on racial microaggressions and racial battle fatigue, these men were found to navigate workspaces that were rift with race-related microinsults and microinvalidations. They used ambipunitive coping strategies that were agentively punitive, self-preserving, and self-enhancing. At the core of their ambipunitive coping strategies were their families and their transnational identities. The implications of these findings point to the importance of educating management and staff to examine their unconscious and conscious biases and understand how they can result in exclusionary practices and racial microaggressions in the workplace. Further research is necessary to increase our understanding of complexities that are enacted when African immigrants draw on the multiplicity of their contexts, values, and racialization identities in response to racial microaggressions.","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131957956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Malcolm X, the Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc., and Morgan State College","authors":"J. Jeffries","doi":"10.2979/spectrum.8.1.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/spectrum.8.1.07","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132258357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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