{"title":"Are We Honoring Malcolm X’s Legacy?","authors":"J. Jeffries","doi":"10.2979/spectrum.8.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/spectrum.8.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129948573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This paper explores how complexion and phenotype have shaped the lives of Black males between the ages of 18 and 30 who have attended college in the Portland Metro Area in the state of Oregon. There has been less scholarly attention on the role of complexion and phenotype in the lives of Black males than females and that suggests that these factors play less of a role in the lives of Black males. In fact, the literature on complexion and phenotype is gendered female. We claim that the Portland Metro Area is an important place to study complexion and phenotype. We have found no studies that attempt to examine the role of complexion and phenotype in the lives of Black people in the Pacific Northwest. Research suggests that these factors may be experienced uniquely within different regions of the United States.
{"title":"Complexion and Phenotype in Portland, Oregon","authors":"Christopher Potts, Ethan Johnson","doi":"10.2979/spectrum.8.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/spectrum.8.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This paper explores how complexion and phenotype have shaped the lives of Black males between the ages of 18 and 30 who have attended college in the Portland Metro Area in the state of Oregon. There has been less scholarly attention on the role of complexion and phenotype in the lives of Black males than females and that suggests that these factors play less of a role in the lives of Black males. In fact, the literature on complexion and phenotype is gendered female. We claim that the Portland Metro Area is an important place to study complexion and phenotype. We have found no studies that attempt to examine the role of complexion and phenotype in the lives of Black people in the Pacific Northwest. Research suggests that these factors may be experienced uniquely within different regions of the United States.","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132072126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:African American (AA) men in Baltimore, Maryland, suffer disproportionately from hypertension (HTN) and are found to be more inactive than other groups. Interventions that consider the barriers that this population faces are needed. As an initial step for planning future research, we completed a literature review of at-home physical activity interventions targeting hypertension. Articles that focused on at-home physical activity and HTN, published 2009–2019, were identified using Medline, Academic Search Ultimate, OneSearch, and CINAHL databases. Search terms used were “African American AND Hypertension AND Physical Activity.” Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Five involved randomized controlled trials, two used cross-sectional study designs, two were qualitative studies, and one was a longitudinal study. Eight studies were conducted in the United States, one in Brazil, and one in the United Kingdom. All of the studies found significant positive changes in measurable outcomes, such as lower blood pressure levels, weight loss, and increased levels of physical activity. However, there has been limited research conducted on this topic in the last decade. Therefore, additional studies that focus on the effectiveness of at-home physical activity on HTN in the AA male population are needed.
{"title":"A Literature Review Examining the Effectiveness of At-Home Physical Activity on Controlling the Blood Pressure of African American Men in Baltimore, Maryland","authors":"Rashida Charles, Jacqueline C. Mitchell","doi":"10.2979/spectrum.8.1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/spectrum.8.1.06","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:African American (AA) men in Baltimore, Maryland, suffer disproportionately from hypertension (HTN) and are found to be more inactive than other groups. Interventions that consider the barriers that this population faces are needed. As an initial step for planning future research, we completed a literature review of at-home physical activity interventions targeting hypertension. Articles that focused on at-home physical activity and HTN, published 2009–2019, were identified using Medline, Academic Search Ultimate, OneSearch, and CINAHL databases. Search terms used were “African American AND Hypertension AND Physical Activity.” Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Five involved randomized controlled trials, two used cross-sectional study designs, two were qualitative studies, and one was a longitudinal study. Eight studies were conducted in the United States, one in Brazil, and one in the United Kingdom. All of the studies found significant positive changes in measurable outcomes, such as lower blood pressure levels, weight loss, and increased levels of physical activity. However, there has been limited research conducted on this topic in the last decade. Therefore, additional studies that focus on the effectiveness of at-home physical activity on HTN in the AA male population are needed.","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126485482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:The recent rallying cry “We should all be feminists” may prompt educators, even veteran feminists, to consider the goals and boundaries of egalitarian pedagogy in the college classroom. This essay examines pedagogy and feminism as integral to the ethical mission of the liberal arts. At an all-male, historically Black college, the class “West African Fiction and Film” focuses on the roles and status of women and men in Africa through the study of fiction and criticism. While exposing students to diverse issues in the fight for women’s rights and human rights, feminist pedagogical practices facilitate critical thinking and encourage creativity and dissent. A curriculum that provides students with a background in W. E. B. Du Bois’s pro-feminism, existential philosophy, and pan-Africanism establishes a template for the scholar-activist, integrating intellectual history that expands students’ critical vocabularies, advancing their abilities in ethical and critical thinking.
摘要:最近“我们都应该成为女权主义者”的口号可能会促使教育工作者，甚至是资深的女权主义者，思考平等主义教学法在大学课堂上的目标和界限。这篇文章考察了教育学和女权主义作为文科伦理使命的组成部分。在一所历史上全为男性的黑人大学里，“西非小说和电影”这门课通过对小说和批评的研究，重点关注非洲男女的角色和地位。在让学生接触到争取妇女权利和人权的各种问题的同时，女权主义的教学实践促进了批判性思维，鼓励了创造力和不同意见。为学生提供W. E. B.杜波依斯的女权主义、存在主义哲学和泛非主义背景的课程，为学者和活动家建立了一个模板，整合了思想史，扩大了学生的批判性词汇，提高了他们的道德和批判性思维能力。
{"title":"Male Feminist Allies in West African Fiction: W. E. B. Du Bois and Ethical Pedagogy","authors":"Michael Janis","doi":"10.2979/spectrum.8.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/spectrum.8.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The recent rallying cry “We should all be feminists” may prompt educators, even veteran feminists, to consider the goals and boundaries of egalitarian pedagogy in the college classroom. This essay examines pedagogy and feminism as integral to the ethical mission of the liberal arts. At an all-male, historically Black college, the class “West African Fiction and Film” focuses on the roles and status of women and men in Africa through the study of fiction and criticism. While exposing students to diverse issues in the fight for women’s rights and human rights, feminist pedagogical practices facilitate critical thinking and encourage creativity and dissent. A curriculum that provides students with a background in W. E. B. Du Bois’s pro-feminism, existential philosophy, and pan-Africanism establishes a template for the scholar-activist, integrating intellectual history that expands students’ critical vocabularies, advancing their abilities in ethical and critical thinking.","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124165209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chadwick Boseman: The Best Was yet to Come","authors":"J. Jeffries","doi":"10.2979/spectrum.8.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/spectrum.8.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124695961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This article examines the troubled career of Black inner-city principal Dr. Roy Alexander West from Richmond, Virginia. In conjunction with recently organized school board minutes, personal interviews, newspapers accounts, court cases, and archival collections, the article argues that Black public school administrators struggled among themselves over the use of proactive, tough-on-crime discipline during the 1980s; a time when urban schools shifted their focus from integration to educational reform. This article challenges the scholarly consensus by Hinton (2016), Sudler (2017), Simmons (2017), and Agyapong (2018) that the school-to-prison pipeline evolved into a fixed network where underfunded public schools worked hand-in-hand with police, courts, and legislators to criminalize and incarcerate Black children. The urban Black educational crisis in the 1980s should be studied by urban, African American, and education scholars because it reflects how punishing Black children became a vital part of America’s response to the poverty, crime, and de facto segregation caused by the failures of the modern Civil Rights Movement.
{"title":"“Tough on Conduct:” Punitive Leadership in Urban Public Schools, A Case Study of Angry Principal Dr. Roy A. West, 1986–1991","authors":"M. Chiles","doi":"10.2979/spectrum.8.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/spectrum.8.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article examines the troubled career of Black inner-city principal Dr. Roy Alexander West from Richmond, Virginia. In conjunction with recently organized school board minutes, personal interviews, newspapers accounts, court cases, and archival collections, the article argues that Black public school administrators struggled among themselves over the use of proactive, tough-on-crime discipline during the 1980s; a time when urban schools shifted their focus from integration to educational reform. This article challenges the scholarly consensus by Hinton (2016), Sudler (2017), Simmons (2017), and Agyapong (2018) that the school-to-prison pipeline evolved into a fixed network where underfunded public schools worked hand-in-hand with police, courts, and legislators to criminalize and incarcerate Black children. The urban Black educational crisis in the 1980s should be studied by urban, African American, and education scholars because it reflects how punishing Black children became a vital part of America’s response to the poverty, crime, and de facto segregation caused by the failures of the modern Civil Rights Movement.","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132934861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"No Ashes in the Fire: Coming of Age Black & Free in America by Darnell L. Moore (review)","authors":"R. Barry","doi":"10.2979/spectrum.8.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/spectrum.8.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126435257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Prince's brief engagement with new wave music has been documented by critics and biographers primarily as a strategic move, setting the stage for the crossover success he enjoyed later in the decade. This essay reexamines Prince as an active participant in the genre, rather than an opportunist or fellow-traveler: opening up our understanding of new wave as a liminal space between strictly "White" rock and "Black" R&B in the highly segregated early-80s pop music scene.
{"title":"Rude Boy: Prince as Black New Waver","authors":"Zachary Hoskins","doi":"10.2979/spectrum.7.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/spectrum.7.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Prince's brief engagement with new wave music has been documented by critics and biographers primarily as a strategic move, setting the stage for the crossover success he enjoyed later in the decade. This essay reexamines Prince as an active participant in the genre, rather than an opportunist or fellow-traveler: opening up our understanding of new wave as a liminal space between strictly \"White\" rock and \"Black\" R&B in the highly segregated early-80s pop music scene.","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125040952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kiene, Kimberly D. Nettles‐Barcelón, Shannon M. Cochran, D. G. Peoples, Marcus Anderson, R. Kay, J. Jeffries, Crystal N. Wise, Karen Turman, Sam Coley, Zachary Hoskins, Laurel Westrup, Paul N. Reinsch, Tom Zlabinger
ABSTRACT:Prince is arguably one of popular music's most prolific songwriters. His music, artistry, and style define the decade of the 1980s, however his lyrics did more than inspire "Dance, Music, Sex, and Romance." As early as his 1980 Dirty Mind album, Prince expressed his views of social and political conditions. Throughout his career he continued to pen songs that voiced his views of domestic and global issues. Most recently, on his album HITtnRUN: Phase Two Prince pleas for peace on the track "Baltimore," titled for the city where Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old African American man, died from injuries sustained while in police custody. The purpose of this study is to examine the lyrics of Prince's political songs using systemic functional linguistics, which is Halliday's theory of language that is centered on its social and contextual factors, as a way to explore Prince's political consciousness. Findings show the evolution of Prince's political consciousness over the course of his career.
{"title":"\"Hey Pepé!\": The Two Words That Changed My Life","authors":"T. Kiene, Kimberly D. Nettles‐Barcelón, Shannon M. Cochran, D. G. Peoples, Marcus Anderson, R. Kay, J. Jeffries, Crystal N. Wise, Karen Turman, Sam Coley, Zachary Hoskins, Laurel Westrup, Paul N. Reinsch, Tom Zlabinger","doi":"10.2979/spectrum.7.2.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/spectrum.7.2.08","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Prince is arguably one of popular music's most prolific songwriters. His music, artistry, and style define the decade of the 1980s, however his lyrics did more than inspire \"Dance, Music, Sex, and Romance.\" As early as his 1980 Dirty Mind album, Prince expressed his views of social and political conditions. Throughout his career he continued to pen songs that voiced his views of domestic and global issues. Most recently, on his album HITtnRUN: Phase Two Prince pleas for peace on the track \"Baltimore,\" titled for the city where Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old African American man, died from injuries sustained while in police custody. The purpose of this study is to examine the lyrics of Prince's political songs using systemic functional linguistics, which is Halliday's theory of language that is centered on its social and contextual factors, as a way to explore Prince's political consciousness. Findings show the evolution of Prince's political consciousness over the course of his career.","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125700027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Paisley Park is in your heart, or perhaps in France? Prince's second feature film, Under the Cherry Moon, takes place in the south of France—but the geographic situating of the film reaches far beyond a homegrown Minnesotan's dream of palm trees, sunshine, and balmy Mediterranean weather. The cinematic aesthetics and themes of the film reveal a more acute transcription of a Paisley Park utopia defined by freedom of oppression based on class, race, and gender. The film's visuals echo jazz age entertainment reminiscent of performances by the Nicholas Brothers, the Berry Brothers, and Josephine Baker from the 1920s through the 1940s. The French locale adds yet another layer to the equation: during the interwar years, Paris became a haven for Black entertainers, artists, and intellectuals who discovered an almost utopian experience in comparison to the violent racism in the US. This essay examines class, race, and gender in Under the Cherry Moon through comparative analysis of Black writers and entertainers during the Harlem Renaissance and the French fetishization of Black American expatriates. In addition to Josephine Baker's performances and legacy, this study will consider Claude McKay's Banjo (1929), a narrative reevaluating Blackness and contextualizing the ideals of the Harlem Renaissance in the south of France. Overall, this essay will critically analyze the philosophical and sociocultural underpinnings of Prince's underappreciated Under the Cherry Moon and, in turn, further examine cinema as a medium to communicate social engagement.
摘要:佩斯利公园在你心中，还是在法国?普林斯的第二部故事片《樱桃月下》(Under the Cherry Moon)发生在法国南部，但这部电影的地理位置远远超出了一个土生土长的明尼苏达州人的梦想，那里有棕榈树、阳光和温暖的地中海天气。影片的电影美学和主题揭示了对佩斯利公园乌托邦的更敏锐的诠释，这个乌托邦的定义是基于阶级、种族和性别的压迫自由。影片的视觉效果与爵士时代的娱乐风格相呼应，让人想起20世纪20年代到40年代尼古拉斯兄弟、贝瑞兄弟和约瑟芬·贝克的表演。在两次世界大战之间的几年里，巴黎成为黑人艺人、艺术家和知识分子的天堂，与美国的暴力种族主义相比，他们发现了一种近乎乌托邦的体验。本文通过对哈莱姆文艺复兴时期黑人作家和艺人以及法国人对美国黑人侨民的崇拜的比较分析，考察了《樱桃月下》中的阶级、种族和性别。除了约瑟芬·贝克的表演和遗产之外，本研究还将考虑克劳德·麦凯的《班卓琴》(1929)，这是一部重新评估黑人的叙事作品，并将法国南部哈莱姆文艺复兴时期的理想置于背景下。总的来说，这篇文章将批判性地分析王子被低估的《樱桃月下》的哲学和社会文化基础，反过来，进一步研究电影作为一种沟通社会参与的媒介。
{"title":"Banana Skirts and Cherry Moons: Utopic French Myths in Prince's Under the Cherry Moon","authors":"Karen Turman","doi":"10.2979/spectrum.7.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/spectrum.7.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Paisley Park is in your heart, or perhaps in France? Prince's second feature film, Under the Cherry Moon, takes place in the south of France—but the geographic situating of the film reaches far beyond a homegrown Minnesotan's dream of palm trees, sunshine, and balmy Mediterranean weather. The cinematic aesthetics and themes of the film reveal a more acute transcription of a Paisley Park utopia defined by freedom of oppression based on class, race, and gender. The film's visuals echo jazz age entertainment reminiscent of performances by the Nicholas Brothers, the Berry Brothers, and Josephine Baker from the 1920s through the 1940s. The French locale adds yet another layer to the equation: during the interwar years, Paris became a haven for Black entertainers, artists, and intellectuals who discovered an almost utopian experience in comparison to the violent racism in the US. This essay examines class, race, and gender in Under the Cherry Moon through comparative analysis of Black writers and entertainers during the Harlem Renaissance and the French fetishization of Black American expatriates. In addition to Josephine Baker's performances and legacy, this study will consider Claude McKay's Banjo (1929), a narrative reevaluating Blackness and contextualizing the ideals of the Harlem Renaissance in the south of France. Overall, this essay will critically analyze the philosophical and sociocultural underpinnings of Prince's underappreciated Under the Cherry Moon and, in turn, further examine cinema as a medium to communicate social engagement.","PeriodicalId":204420,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125869196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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