Pub Date : 2020-01-07DOI: 10.5744/florida/9781683401032.003.0004
D. C. Cook, Laura Gano, Kristin M. Hedman, Susan Spencer Helfrich, A. R. Thompson
The Schild site in west-central Illinois comprises two Mississippian cemeteries (ca. AD 1030), one of which includes the burial of a young male (SA117) without a left hand who was buried on the periphery of the cemetery. We suggest a complicated scenario including that the forearm was burned, resulting in loss of the hand, and we argue for a deviant social identity for this unfortunate young man. SA117 was not provided with grave goods—he was buried in a semi-flexed position, and his grave is unusual in that a fire was built over the grave fill. His marginalization and his disability may reflect outsider status; in fact, based on principal components analysis, his skull differs significantly from other Mississippian males. Several American Indian groups marked unusual causes of death in mortuary practices, and survivors of some kinds of trauma—for example, scalping—were treated as if dead. The use of fire in ordeals marked the transformation of captives into slaves or adopted members of the captor community; SA117 may have been such a person.
{"title":"A Young Man Twice Burned","authors":"D. C. Cook, Laura Gano, Kristin M. Hedman, Susan Spencer Helfrich, A. R. Thompson","doi":"10.5744/florida/9781683401032.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401032.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The Schild site in west-central Illinois comprises two Mississippian cemeteries (ca. AD 1030), one of which includes the burial of a young male (SA117) without a left hand who was buried on the periphery of the cemetery. We suggest a complicated scenario including that the forearm was burned, resulting in loss of the hand, and we argue for a deviant social identity for this unfortunate young man. SA117 was not provided with grave goods—he was buried in a semi-flexed position, and his grave is unusual in that a fire was built over the grave fill. His marginalization and his disability may reflect outsider status; in fact, based on principal components analysis, his skull differs significantly from other Mississippian males. Several American Indian groups marked unusual causes of death in mortuary practices, and survivors of some kinds of trauma—for example, scalping—were treated as if dead. The use of fire in ordeals marked the transformation of captives into slaves or adopted members of the captor community; SA117 may have been such a person.","PeriodicalId":204666,"journal":{"name":"The Odd, the Unusual, and the Strange","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127812365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-07DOI: 10.5744/florida/9781683401032.003.0015
Sandra J Garvie-Lok, Anastasia Tsaliki
Greece has a long tradition of vampire beliefs that often involved treating corpses or graves to dispel vampires, practices that should be archaeologically visible and fairly common. However, proposed archaeological cases are surprisingly few. Here we review normative burial traditions in early modern Greece, as well as documentary and ethnographic evidence for vampire-related mortuary ritual. This clarifies the archaeological signs these rituals should leave behind and their deeper significance as attempts to restore the smooth course of a disrupted death journey. Two Ottoman-era burials recovered on the island of Lesbos are discussed as likely instances of vampire ritual, and we consider why vampire burials might be underreported archaeologically and offer some suggestions for their improved detection and study in the future.
{"title":"The “Vampires” of Lesbos","authors":"Sandra J Garvie-Lok, Anastasia Tsaliki","doi":"10.5744/florida/9781683401032.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401032.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Greece has a long tradition of vampire beliefs that often involved treating corpses or graves to dispel vampires, practices that should be archaeologically visible and fairly common. However, proposed archaeological cases are surprisingly few. Here we review normative burial traditions in early modern Greece, as well as documentary and ethnographic evidence for vampire-related mortuary ritual. This clarifies the archaeological signs these rituals should leave behind and their deeper significance as attempts to restore the smooth course of a disrupted death journey. Two Ottoman-era burials recovered on the island of Lesbos are discussed as likely instances of vampire ritual, and we consider why vampire burials might be underreported archaeologically and offer some suggestions for their improved detection and study in the future.","PeriodicalId":204666,"journal":{"name":"The Odd, the Unusual, and the Strange","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116031935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"List of Tables","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":204666,"journal":{"name":"The Odd, the Unusual, and the Strange","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131320677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The variety in burial customs and funerary treatments may fail to be noticed in large-scale analysis and strict categorizations. This chapter suggests that an archaeothanatological method, which helps reconstruct the original burial position and corpse treatment, and a microarchaeological framework, which pays attention to details instead of making broad generalizations, help identify the variations in funerary treatments and burial customs, and reveal possible cases of atypical burials. These burials should not be viewed simply as manifestations of good or bad death or fear of the dead, nor interpreted as reflections of religious beliefs. Instead, they should be placed in the wider socio-historical contexts and studied from various perspectives. Overall, this chapter highlights the benefits of using multiple scientific and anthropological methods, including archaeothanatology and microarchaeology, in identifying and interpreting atypical burials and encourages future studies to employ similar scientific methods.
{"title":"Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Non-Normative Burials in Finland in the Eleventh–Thirteenth Centuries AD","authors":"Ulla Moilanen","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.19","url":null,"abstract":"The variety in burial customs and funerary treatments may fail to be noticed in large-scale analysis and strict categorizations. This chapter suggests that an archaeothanatological method, which helps reconstruct the original burial position and corpse treatment, and a microarchaeological framework, which pays attention to details instead of making broad generalizations, help identify the variations in funerary treatments and burial customs, and reveal possible cases of atypical burials. These burials should not be viewed simply as manifestations of good or bad death or fear of the dead, nor interpreted as reflections of religious beliefs. Instead, they should be placed in the wider socio-historical contexts and studied from various perspectives. Overall, this chapter highlights the benefits of using multiple scientific and anthropological methods, including archaeothanatology and microarchaeology, in identifying and interpreting atypical burials and encourages future studies to employ similar scientific methods.","PeriodicalId":204666,"journal":{"name":"The Odd, the Unusual, and the Strange","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127675679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1989, a pioneer cemetery associated with the 19th-century Latter-Day Saints colony in San Bernardino, California, was discovered during the construction of a baseball field. Among the remains of 12 individuals recovered from the cemetery were those of a young man of about 22 years, whose burial treatment differed notably from the other intact interments at the site. Unlike these coffin burials, Burial 5 was found in a sprawling position, apparently tossed unceremoniously into the grave pit. Dental morphological traits identified the genetic affinities of this man as Native American, perhaps a member of the local Cahuilla or Serrano tribes, whereas the other individuals appeared to be of European ancestry, an interpretation consistent with records kept by community members. A possible identity for this individual came from a journal account describing the shooting of an “Indian” by the local sheriff, who was then brought to the fort, died, and was buried before his fellow tribesmen arrived to determine what had transpired and perhaps to claim his remains. This chapter explores the identity and life history of this young man in the context of the history of the valley and the pioneer community in which he met his death.
{"title":"The Odd Man Out in a Pioneer Cemetery at Seccombe Lake Park, San Bernardino, California","authors":"P. Lambert","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.12","url":null,"abstract":"In 1989, a pioneer cemetery associated with the 19th-century Latter-Day Saints colony in San Bernardino, California, was discovered during the construction of a baseball field. Among the remains of 12 individuals recovered from the cemetery were those of a young man of about 22 years, whose burial treatment differed notably from the other intact interments at the site. Unlike these coffin burials, Burial 5 was found in a sprawling position, apparently tossed unceremoniously into the grave pit. Dental morphological traits identified the genetic affinities of this man as Native American, perhaps a member of the local Cahuilla or Serrano tribes, whereas the other individuals appeared to be of European ancestry, an interpretation consistent with records kept by community members. A possible identity for this individual came from a journal account describing the shooting of an “Indian” by the local sheriff, who was then brought to the fort, died, and was buried before his fellow tribesmen arrived to determine what had transpired and perhaps to claim his remains. This chapter explores the identity and life history of this young man in the context of the history of the valley and the pioneer community in which he met his death.","PeriodicalId":204666,"journal":{"name":"The Odd, the Unusual, and the Strange","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127805168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acknowledgments","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":204666,"journal":{"name":"The Odd, the Unusual, and the Strange","volume":"1377 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114183833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Haddow, Joshua W. Sadvari, C. Knüsel, Sophie Moore, S. Nugent, C. Larsen
Çatalhöyük is most well known for its Neolithic settlement, but the site also served as a cemetery during the Bronze Age, as well as the Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic periods. During the Neolithic, Çatalhöyük is distinctive as a place for both the living and the dead, but thereafter the site becomes more closely associated with the dead. This chapter discusses four examples of non-normative burials from different time periods at the site, including two Neolithic burials: one of a mature male buried with a sheep and another of a young male with a congenital deformity; a Roman period double burial with an atypical grave orientation; and an isolated twentieth-century burial of a woman from the local village, which represents the last known burial on the mound. Osteobiographical information and sociocultural context are used to assess the significance of each burial. We also question how normative and non-normative burials are typically defined in the archaeological record.
{"title":"Out of Range?","authors":"S. Haddow, Joshua W. Sadvari, C. Knüsel, Sophie Moore, S. Nugent, C. Larsen","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.24","url":null,"abstract":"Çatalhöyük is most well known for its Neolithic settlement, but the site also served as a cemetery during the Bronze Age, as well as the Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic periods. During the Neolithic, Çatalhöyük is distinctive as a place for both the living and the dead, but thereafter the site becomes more closely associated with the dead. This chapter discusses four examples of non-normative burials from different time periods at the site, including two Neolithic burials: one of a mature male buried with a sheep and another of a young male with a congenital deformity; a Roman period double burial with an atypical grave orientation; and an isolated twentieth-century burial of a woman from the local village, which represents the last known burial on the mound. Osteobiographical information and sociocultural context are used to assess the significance of each burial. We also question how normative and non-normative burials are typically defined in the archaeological record.","PeriodicalId":204666,"journal":{"name":"The Odd, the Unusual, and the Strange","volume":"293 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123175800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Five archaeological sites were sampled across China and Mongolia to document non-traditional burials in the region. The earliest levels of the Jinlianshan site of the Dian culture (206 BC–220 AD) in Yunnan Province, China consisted of secondary burials with up to 22 individuals; these interments may have been evidence of cemetery relocations during the process of colonization and state expansion. In the Henan Province, China, the Yangshao period burials at Mianchi Duzhong (3500–3000 BC) show evidence of conflict, with several individuals killed and thrown down wells, while the Longhu Xingtian is a mass grave that includes decapitated Han soldiers who tried to retreat during the battle between Qin and Han state (230–221 BC). The burials at Hulin Am, Mongolia are from the Uighur Khanate (744–840 AD), which is a unique site in that over 80 percent of the burials are infants. One burial from a Koguryo culture (37 BCE–221 AD) fortress was beheaded, which was a form of execution reserved for defeated military, while some of the earliest evidence for possible corporal punishment comes from the Qijia culture (1900–1600 BC) in Gansu Province, China, where several individuals had their hands and feet tied, and were left within family crypts.
{"title":"Ancestors, Conflict, and Criminality in Ancient China and Mongolia","authors":"Christine Lee","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.26","url":null,"abstract":"Five archaeological sites were sampled across China and Mongolia to document non-traditional burials in the region. The earliest levels of the Jinlianshan site of the Dian culture (206 BC–220 AD) in Yunnan Province, China consisted of secondary burials with up to 22 individuals; these interments may have been evidence of cemetery relocations during the process of colonization and state expansion. In the Henan Province, China, the Yangshao period burials at Mianchi Duzhong (3500–3000 BC) show evidence of conflict, with several individuals killed and thrown down wells, while the Longhu Xingtian is a mass grave that includes decapitated Han soldiers who tried to retreat during the battle between Qin and Han state (230–221 BC). The burials at Hulin Am, Mongolia are from the Uighur Khanate (744–840 AD), which is a unique site in that over 80 percent of the burials are infants. One burial from a Koguryo culture (37 BCE–221 AD) fortress was beheaded, which was a form of execution reserved for defeated military, while some of the earliest evidence for possible corporal punishment comes from the Qijia culture (1900–1600 BC) in Gansu Province, China, where several individuals had their hands and feet tied, and were left within family crypts.","PeriodicalId":204666,"journal":{"name":"The Odd, the Unusual, and the Strange","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129600270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Non-normative burials are comparatively understudied for the Andean area as a whole and are almost completely unknown for the Bolivian Formative period (1300 BC–AD 200). The current research discusses a unique case from the site of Aranjuez-Santa Lucía, where an adolescent was recovered with their finger inserted anally/vaginally, in a highly ambiguous archaeological context comprised of industrial waste, yet also containing other, conventional burials and pars pro toto offerings of considerable value. It is therefore impossible to assume the burial’s somewhat unorthodox position to be purely a sign of social censure for the deceased’s modus vivendi or moriendi. Various hypotheses and comparatives are offered, with particular emphasis on demographic factors. This case study complements others in the current volume in emphasizing the depth and complexity of lifeways and deathways, and further underscores the fact that a solely negative sense of “deviant” burial must necessarily be a simplistic one.
{"title":"Good, Bad, or Indifferent?","authors":"Olga U. Gabelmann, L. S. Owens","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.14","url":null,"abstract":"Non-normative burials are comparatively understudied for the Andean area as a whole and are almost completely unknown for the Bolivian Formative period (1300 BC–AD 200). The current research discusses a unique case from the site of Aranjuez-Santa Lucía, where an adolescent was recovered with their finger inserted anally/vaginally, in a highly ambiguous archaeological context comprised of industrial waste, yet also containing other, conventional burials and pars pro toto offerings of considerable value. It is therefore impossible to assume the burial’s somewhat unorthodox position to be purely a sign of social censure for the deceased’s modus vivendi or moriendi. Various hypotheses and comparatives are offered, with particular emphasis on demographic factors. This case study complements others in the current volume in emphasizing the depth and complexity of lifeways and deathways, and further underscores the fact that a solely negative sense of “deviant” burial must necessarily be a simplistic one.","PeriodicalId":204666,"journal":{"name":"The Odd, the Unusual, and the Strange","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115610497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx06wvr.30","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":204666,"journal":{"name":"The Odd, the Unusual, and the Strange","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123199011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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