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Proceedings of the 1992 workshop on Volume visualization最新文献

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Direct volume visualization of three-dimensional vector fields 三维矢量场的直接体积可视化
Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1145/147130.147150
R. Crawfis, N. Max
Current techniques for direct volume visualization offer only the ability to examine scalar fields. However most scientific explorations require the examination of vector and possibly tensor fields as well as numerous scalar fields. This paper describes an algorithm to directly render three-dimensional scalar and vector fields. The algorithm uses a combination of sampling and splatting techniques, that are extended to integrate display of vector field data within the image.
当前的直接体积可视化技术只提供了检查标量场的能力。然而,大多数科学探索都需要检查矢量场和可能的张量场以及大量的标量场。本文介绍了一种直接渲染三维标量场和矢量场的算法。该算法采用采样和溅射相结合的技术,并将其扩展到集成图像内矢量场数据的显示。
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引用次数: 82
Vector quantization for volume rendering 体绘制的矢量量化
Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1145/147130.147152
P. Ning, L. Hesselink
Volume rendering techniques typically process volumetric data in raw, uncompressed form. As algorithmic and architectural advances improve rendering speeds, however, larger data sets will be evaluated requiring consideration of data storage and transmission issues. In this paper, we analyze the data compression requirements for volume rendering applications and present a solution based on vector quantization. The proposed system compresses volumetric data and then renders images directly from the new data format. Tests on a fluid flow data set demonstrate that good image quality may be achieved at a compression ratio of 17:1 with only a 5 percent cost in additional rendering time.
体绘制技术通常以原始的、未压缩的形式处理体数据。然而,随着算法和架构的进步提高了渲染速度,更大的数据集将被评估,需要考虑数据存储和传输问题。本文分析了体绘制应用的数据压缩需求,提出了一种基于矢量量化的解决方案。提出的系统压缩体积数据,然后直接从新的数据格式呈现图像。对流体流动数据集的测试表明,在压缩比为17:1的情况下,可以获得良好的图像质量,而额外的渲染时间成本仅为5%。
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引用次数: 87
Volume rendering on scalable shared-memory MIMD architectures 可扩展共享内存MIMD架构上的体渲染
Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1145/147130.147141
Jason Nieh, M. Levoy
Volume rendering is a useful visualization technique for understanding the large amounts of data generated in a variety of scientific disciplines. Routine use of this technique is currently limited by its computational expense. We have designed a parallel volume rendering algorithm for MIMD architectures based on ray tracing and a novel task queue image partitioning technique. The combination of ray tracing and MIMD architectures allows us to employ algorithmic optimizations such as hierarchical opacity enumeration, early ray termination, and adaptive image sampling. The use of task queue image partitioning makes these optimizations efficient in a parallel framework. We have implemented our algorithm on the Stanford DASH Multiprocessor, a scalable shared-memory MIMD machine. Its single address-space and coherent caches provide programming ease and good performance for our algorithm. With only a few days of programming effort, we have obtained nearly linear speedups and near real-time frame update rates on a 48 processor machine. Since DASH is constructed from Silicon Graphics multiprocessors, our code runs on any Silicon Graphics workstation without modification.
体绘制是一种有用的可视化技术,用于理解各种科学学科中生成的大量数据。这种技术的常规使用目前受到其计算费用的限制。我们设计了一种基于光线追踪的MIMD并行体绘制算法和一种新的任务队列图像划分技术。光线追踪和MIMD架构的结合使我们能够采用算法优化,如分层不透明度枚举,早期光线终止和自适应图像采样。任务队列映像分区的使用使这些优化在并行框架中变得高效。我们已经在斯坦福DASH多处理器上实现了我们的算法,这是一个可扩展的共享内存MIMD机器。它的单一地址空间和连贯缓存为我们的算法提供了编程的便利性和良好的性能。只需要几天的编程工作,我们就可以在48个处理器的机器上获得近乎线性的加速和近乎实时的帧更新速率。由于DASH是由Silicon Graphics多处理器构建的,因此我们的代码可以在任何Silicon Graphics工作站上运行而无需修改。
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引用次数: 161
Fast algorithms for volume ray tracing 体射线追踪的快速算法
Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1145/147130.147155
J. Danskin, P. Hanrahan
We examine various simple algorithms that exploit homogeneity and accumulate2 opacity for tracing rays through shaded volumes. Most of these methods have error criteria which allow them to trade quality for speed. The time vs. quality tradeoff for these adaptive methods is compared to fixed step multiresolution methods. These methods are also useful for general light transport in volumes.
我们研究了各种简单的算法,利用均匀性和累积不透明度来追踪光线通过阴影体。大多数这些方法都有错误标准,允许他们以质量换取速度。将这些自适应方法的时间与质量权衡与固定步长多分辨率方法进行了比较。这些方法也适用于一般的体积光输运。
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引用次数: 248
Interactive visualization of flow fields 流场的交互式可视化
Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1145/147130.147149
A. V. Gelder, J. Wilhelms
A technique to visualize S-dimensional flow fields int,eractively is described. The approach seems to represent the motion of the flow better than stat,ic images, and the motion is realtime even on low-t.o-medium range graphics workstations. It is part.icularly appropriat,e for compressible fluid flows, as several features of such flows are represent.ed simultaneously: velocity, density, and energy. The met~hocl works on warped grids, which are common in comput.a.t.io~lal fluid dynamics simulations. The method may be appropriate for other visualization applications involving a combinat.ion of scalar and vector qualit.ies. To achieve interactive speeds for motion representation, two usually unrelated hardware capabilities are utilized: color interpolat,ion and discrete
描述了一种可视化s维流场的技术。这种方法似乎比静态图像更好地表现了流的运动,并且即使在低温度下运动也是实时的。o中程图形工作站。它是一部分。特别适合于可压缩流体流动,因为这种流动的几个特征被表示出来。同时:速度、密度和能量。在计算机技术中很常见的扭曲网格上工作。流体动力学模拟。该方法可能适用于涉及组合的其他可视化应用程序。标量和矢量性质的组合。为了实现运动表示的交互速度,使用了两种通常不相关的硬件功能:颜色插值、离子和离散
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引用次数: 24
A volume density optical model 体积密度光学模型
Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1145/147130.147151
Peter L. Williams, N. Max
A simple, but accurate, formal volume density optical model is developed for volume rendering scattered data or scalar fields from the finite element method, as opposed to scanned data sets where material classification is involved. The model is suitable either for ray tracing or projection methods and allows maximum flexibility in setting color and opacity. An expression is derived for the light intensity along a ray in terms of six userspecified transfer functions, three for optical density and three for color. Closed form solutions under several different assumptions are presented including a new exact result for the case that the transfer functions vary piecewise linearly along a ray segment within a cell.
一个简单的,但准确的,正式的体密度光学模型被开发用于体渲染散射数据或标量场从有限元方法,而不是扫描数据集,其中涉及的材料分类。该模型适用于光线追踪或投影方法,并允许在设置颜色和不透明度方面具有最大的灵活性。导出了用六个用户指定的传递函数表示光线强度的表达式,其中三个用于光密度,三个用于颜色。给出了几种不同假设下的封闭解,其中包括传递函数沿细胞内射线段分段线性变化情况下的一个新的精确结果。
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引用次数: 94
Volume rendering on the MasPar MP-1 在MasPar MP-1上的体渲染
Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1145/147130.147138
G. Vezina, P. Fletcher, P. K. Robertson
This work presents the implementation of data-parallel perspective volume rendering on a massively parallel SIMD computer, the MasPar MP-1, and shows the benefits of e$icient indirect addressing (an MP-1 feature) which allows individual processing elements to address their local memory independently. Emphasis is put on the geometric transformations required for volume rendering algorithms. TJte data-parallel algorithm separates multi-dimensional spatial transformations into a series of one-dimensional operations that can be performed in parallel on regular data domains, providing performance linear with data size. The rotation andperspective transformation is reduced to four shearlscale passes. The separable approach allows for predictable and regular data handling, independent of data values, allowing optimization of communication between processing elements. The communications required are data axis transpositions, wJtich can be peflormed using the MP-1 ‘s global router, which delivers scalable peflormance. Wrtualization allows graceful scaling in both problem size and architecture size, and a hierarchical design provides a flexible and portable fiamework suitable for different data-parallel SIMD architectures. 1 IMAGE-BASED VISUALIZATION Massively data-parallel architectures can realise close to peak performance on regularly structured image processing and viewing operations, allowing in some cases for real-time (or near real-time) interaction with modelling and viewing parameters [17]. A number of special architectures have been used for volume rendering [ 111. Polygon-based graphic algorithms pose problems of scalability, discretization independent of problem domain, and dependence on special purpose hardware for high performance [9]. Imageor pixel-based algorithms can be scalable with problem size, need not introduce geometrical artifacts and can be implemented on general purpose data-parallel computers. As a result, increases in model complexity (e.g. molecular modelling), empirical data generated from sensors (e.g. remote sensing and medical imaging) and inter* GPO Box 664, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Tel.: +616 275 0911 Fax: +616 257 1052 guy.vezina@csis.dit.csiro.au peter.fletcher@csis.dit.csiro.au phil.robertson@csis.dit.csiro.au Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. 1992 Workshop on Volume Visualization/l 0/92/Boston, MA o 1992 ACM 0-89791-5293/92/0010/00003...$1.50 action impose requirements that polygon-based systems often cannot satisfy. Image-based approaches are particularly well-suited to handling large multidimensional empirical data and the integration of compu
这项工作展示了在大规模并行SIMD计算机MasPar MP-1上实现数据并行透视图体渲染,并展示了高效间接寻址(MP-1特性)的好处,它允许各个处理元素独立地寻址它们的本地内存。重点放在体绘制算法所需的几何变换上。TJte数据并行算法将多维空间转换分离为一系列一维操作,这些操作可以在常规数据域上并行执行,从而提供与数据大小成线性关系的性能。旋转和透视转换被简化为四个剪切尺度的通道。可分离的方法允许可预测和规则的数据处理,独立于数据值,允许处理元素之间的通信优化。所需的通信是数据轴转换,这可以使用MP-1的全局路由器来执行,它提供了可扩展的性能。虚拟化允许在问题大小和体系结构大小上进行适当的扩展,分层设计提供了适合不同数据并行SIMD体系结构的灵活且可移植的框架。大规模数据并行架构可以在常规结构化图像处理和查看操作上实现接近峰值的性能,在某些情况下允许与建模和查看参数进行实时(或近实时)交互[17]。许多特殊的架构已经被用于体绘制[111]。基于多边形的图形算法存在可扩展性、独立于问题域的离散化以及依赖于高性能专用硬件等问题[9]。基于图像或像素的算法可以随着问题的大小而扩展,不需要引入几何伪影,并且可以在通用数据并行计算机上实现。因此,增加了模型复杂性(如分子建模)、传感器生成的经验数据(如遥感和医学成像)和* GPO Box 664,堪培拉,ACT 2601,澳大利亚电话:+616 275 0911传真:+616 257 1052 guy.vezina@csis.dit.csiro.au peter.fletcher@csis.dit.csiro.au phil.robertson@csis.dit.csiro.au允许免费复制本材料的全部或部分内容,前提是这些副本不是为了直接的商业利益而制作或分发的,必须出现ACM版权声明、出版物的标题和日期,并注明复制是由计算机协会许可的。以其他方式复制或重新发布需要付费和/或特定许可。1992年体积可视化研讨会/l 0/92/Boston, MA / 1992 ACM 0-89791-5293/92/0010/00003…$1.50行动强加了基于多边形的系统通常无法满足的要求。基于图像的方法特别适合于处理大型多维经验数据以及计算机视觉、计算机图形学和图像处理的集成131。2数据并行体绘制数据并行算法遵循Drebin&al的方法实现数据访问正则化。[4],这是提高数据访问效率的一个来源。数据平行的几何变换,包括旋转和透视,应用于数据来定位投影射线在单个处理元素存储器中。定位完成后,使用Levoy技术[12]计算等值面渲染。这包括计算体素不透明度以进行等表面分类,计算Phong阴影,以及沿着观察光线合成最终视图(参见[21]关于体渲染问题的广泛讨论)。数据并行几何转换算法基于将多维转换分解为一系列一维操作,这些操作可以在规则数据域上并行执行,为大规模并行架构提供了足够的并行性。使用三遍旋转算法,需要沿正交轴进行剪切/缩放操作[lo]。在体积旋转之后,透视投影通过对扫描线应用缩放在两个通道中执行。对于一套用于可视化应用的通用数据并行几何变换工具,必须考虑以下几个问题:效率、灵活性、重采样工件、可扩展性和可移植性。2.1要求对于交互式可视化和处理大容量数据集,效率是至关重要的。F。
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引用次数: 95
Integrated visualization of brain anatomy and cerebral blood vessels 脑解剖与脑血管综合可视化
Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1145/147130.147146
D. Vandermeulen, P. Plets, Steven Ramkers, P. Suetens, G. Marchal
In this presentation, we discuss methods for an integrated display of cerebral blood vessels and brain structures using 3-D CT, MRI and MR Angiography images. We present methods for a three-dimensional semi-automatic delineation of brain structures in tomographic image sequences. Non-linear morphologic filters are applied to the MRA images to selectively enhance the blood vessel signal while suppressing the surrounding tissue. The geometric registration between the different cross-sectional imaging modalities is performed by the use of stereotactic frames, by matching of interactively indicated anatomical markers and by matching of corresponding anatomical surfaces. An integrated visualization of blood vessels and brain structures is obtained by a hybrid volume rendering method combining a maximum intensity projection with a transparent gray level gradient method.
在这次演讲中,我们讨论了使用3d CT、MRI和MR血管造影图像综合显示脑血管和脑结构的方法。我们提出了一种三维半自动描绘脑结构的方法在断层成像图像序列。非线性形态学滤波器应用于MRA图像,选择性地增强血管信号,同时抑制周围组织。不同横断面成像模式之间的几何配准是通过使用立体定向框架,通过匹配交互式指示的解剖标记和匹配相应的解剖表面来完成的。采用最大强度投影法和透明灰度梯度法相结合的混合体绘制方法,实现了血管和脑结构的一体化可视化。
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引用次数: 8
Supercomputer assisted brain visualization with an extended ray tracer 超级计算机辅助大脑可视化扩展射线追踪器
Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1145/147130.147144
D. Stredney, R. Yagel, S. F. May, M. Torello
The process of volume rendering is computationally intensive especially when high quality imaging is required. We present an approach to realistic volume rendering which is based on a distributed system with a workstation front-end for scene composition andprevisualization, and a supercomputer serving as the primary rendering engine. We report on a new, expedient method for extending arbitrary su$ace-based ray tracers to support realistic rendering of volumes. In aadition, we describe a method for supporting ray tracing of a volume manipulated by CSG operations. Finally, an eficient, forward projection algorithm which exploits the multiprocessor, vector-arithmetic capabilities of the CRAY Y-MP supercomputer is described.
体绘制过程的计算量很大,特别是在需要高质量成像的情况下。我们提出了一种基于分布式系统的逼真体绘制方法,该系统具有用于场景构图和预可视化的工作站前端,并以超级计算机作为主要渲染引擎。我们报告了一种新的,方便的方法来扩展任意基于su$ace的光线跟踪器,以支持逼真的体渲染。此外,我们还描述了一种支持由CSG操作操纵的体的射线追踪方法。最后,描述了一种利用CRAY Y-MP超级计算机的多处理器矢量运算能力的高效正演投影算法。
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引用次数: 11
Proceedings of the 1992 workshop on Volume visualization 1992年体积可视化研讨会论文集
Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1145/147130
L. Gelberg, H. Levkowitz
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引用次数: 18
期刊
Proceedings of the 1992 workshop on Volume visualization
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