Memory encryption is used in many devices to protect memory content from attackers with physical access to a device. However, many current memory encryption schemes can be broken using Differential Power Analysis (DPA). In this work, we present MEAS---the first Memory Encryption and Authentication Scheme providing security against DPA attacks. The scheme combines ideas from fresh re-keying and authentication trees by storing encryption keys in a tree structure to thwart first-order DPA without the need for DPA-protected cryptographic primitives. Therefore, the design strictly limits the use of every key to encrypt at most two different plaintext values. MEAS prevents higher-order DPA without changes to the cipher implementation by using masking of the plaintext values. MEAS is applicable to all kinds of memory, e.g., NVM and RAM, and has memory overhead comparable to existing memory authentication techniques without DPA protection, e.g., 7.3% for a block size fitting standard disk sectors.
{"title":"Securing Memory Encryption and Authentication Against Side-Channel Attacks Using Unprotected Primitives","authors":"Thomas Unterluggauer, M. Werner, S. Mangard","doi":"10.1145/3052973.3052985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3052985","url":null,"abstract":"Memory encryption is used in many devices to protect memory content from attackers with physical access to a device. However, many current memory encryption schemes can be broken using Differential Power Analysis (DPA). In this work, we present MEAS---the first Memory Encryption and Authentication Scheme providing security against DPA attacks. The scheme combines ideas from fresh re-keying and authentication trees by storing encryption keys in a tree structure to thwart first-order DPA without the need for DPA-protected cryptographic primitives. Therefore, the design strictly limits the use of every key to encrypt at most two different plaintext values. MEAS prevents higher-order DPA without changes to the cipher implementation by using masking of the plaintext values. MEAS is applicable to all kinds of memory, e.g., NVM and RAM, and has memory overhead comparable to existing memory authentication techniques without DPA protection, e.g., 7.3% for a block size fitting standard disk sectors.","PeriodicalId":20540,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73492489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many Android apps (applications) employ databases for managing sensitive data, thus, security of their databases is a concern. In this paper, we systematically study attacks targeting databases in benign Android apps. In addition to studying database vulnerabilities accessed from content providers, we define and study a new class of database vulnerabilities. We propose an analysis framework to find such vulnerabilities with a proof-of-concept exploit. Our analysis combines static dataflow analysis, symbolic execution with models for handling complex objects such as URIs and dynamic testing. We evaluate our analysis on popular Android apps, successfully finding many database vulnerabilities. Surprisingly, our analyzer finds new ways to exploit previously reported and fixed vulnerabilities. Finally, we propose a fine-grained protection mechanism extending the manifest to protect against database attacks.
{"title":"Android Database Attacks Revisited","authors":"Behnaz Hassanshahi, R. Yap","doi":"10.1145/3052973.3052994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3052994","url":null,"abstract":"Many Android apps (applications) employ databases for managing sensitive data, thus, security of their databases is a concern. In this paper, we systematically study attacks targeting databases in benign Android apps. In addition to studying database vulnerabilities accessed from content providers, we define and study a new class of database vulnerabilities. We propose an analysis framework to find such vulnerabilities with a proof-of-concept exploit. Our analysis combines static dataflow analysis, symbolic execution with models for handling complex objects such as URIs and dynamic testing. We evaluate our analysis on popular Android apps, successfully finding many database vulnerabilities. Surprisingly, our analyzer finds new ways to exploit previously reported and fixed vulnerabilities. Finally, we propose a fine-grained protection mechanism extending the manifest to protect against database attacks.","PeriodicalId":20540,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81889087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applications for TinyOS, a popular operating system for embedded systems and wireless sensor networks, are written in nesC, a C dialect prone to the same type and memory safety vulnerabilities as C. While availability and integrity are critical requirements, the distributed and concurrent nature of such applications, combined with the intrinsic unsafety of the language, makes those security goals hard to achieve. Traditional memory safety techniques cannot be applied, due to the strict platform constraints and hardware differences of embedded systems. We design nesCheck, an approach that combines static analysis and dynamic checking to automatically enforce memory safety on nesC programs without requiring source modifications. nesCheck analyzes the source code, identifies the minimal conservative set of vulnerable pointers, finds static memory bugs, and instruments the code with the required dynamic runtime checks. Our prototype extends the existing TinyOS compiler toolchain with LLVM-based passes. Our evaluation shows that nesCheck effectively and efficiently enforces memory protection, catching all memory errors with an overhead of 0.84% on energy, 5.3% on code size, up to 8.4% on performance, and 16.7% on RAM.
{"title":"Memory Safety for Embedded Devices with nesCheck","authors":"Daniele Midi, Mathias Payer, E. Bertino","doi":"10.1145/3052973.3053014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3053014","url":null,"abstract":"Applications for TinyOS, a popular operating system for embedded systems and wireless sensor networks, are written in nesC, a C dialect prone to the same type and memory safety vulnerabilities as C. While availability and integrity are critical requirements, the distributed and concurrent nature of such applications, combined with the intrinsic unsafety of the language, makes those security goals hard to achieve. Traditional memory safety techniques cannot be applied, due to the strict platform constraints and hardware differences of embedded systems. We design nesCheck, an approach that combines static analysis and dynamic checking to automatically enforce memory safety on nesC programs without requiring source modifications. nesCheck analyzes the source code, identifies the minimal conservative set of vulnerable pointers, finds static memory bugs, and instruments the code with the required dynamic runtime checks. Our prototype extends the existing TinyOS compiler toolchain with LLVM-based passes. Our evaluation shows that nesCheck effectively and efficiently enforces memory protection, catching all memory errors with an overhead of 0.84% on energy, 5.3% on code size, up to 8.4% on performance, and 16.7% on RAM.","PeriodicalId":20540,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76987489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vishal M. Karande, Erick Bauman, Zhiqiang Lin, L. Khan
System logs are the greatest forensics assets that capture how an operating system or a program behaves. System logs are often the next immediate attack target once a system is compromised, and it is thus paramount to protect them. This paper introduces SGX-Log, a new logging system that ensures the integrity and confidentiality of log data. The key idea is to redesign a logging system by leveraging a recent hardware extension, called Intel SGX, which provides a secure enclave with sealing and unsealing primitives to protect program code and data in both memory and disk from being modified in an unauthorized manner even from high privilege code. We have implemented SGX-Log atop the recent Ubuntu 14.04 for secure logging using real SGX hardware. Our evaluation shows that SGX-Log introduces no observable performance overhead to the programs that generate the log requests, and it also imposes very small overhead to the log daemons.
{"title":"SGX-Log: Securing System Logs With SGX","authors":"Vishal M. Karande, Erick Bauman, Zhiqiang Lin, L. Khan","doi":"10.1145/3052973.3053034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3053034","url":null,"abstract":"System logs are the greatest forensics assets that capture how an operating system or a program behaves. System logs are often the next immediate attack target once a system is compromised, and it is thus paramount to protect them. This paper introduces SGX-Log, a new logging system that ensures the integrity and confidentiality of log data. The key idea is to redesign a logging system by leveraging a recent hardware extension, called Intel SGX, which provides a secure enclave with sealing and unsealing primitives to protect program code and data in both memory and disk from being modified in an unauthorized manner even from high privilege code. We have implemented SGX-Log atop the recent Ubuntu 14.04 for secure logging using real SGX hardware. Our evaluation shows that SGX-Log introduces no observable performance overhead to the programs that generate the log requests, and it also imposes very small overhead to the log daemons.","PeriodicalId":20540,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77155195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Smart glasses are becoming popular for users to access various services such as email. To protect these services, password-based user authentication is widely used. Unfortunately, the password-based user authentication has inherent vulnerability against password leakage. Many efforts have been put on designing leakage-resilient password entry schemes on PCs and mobile phones with traditional input equipment including keyboards and touch screens. However, such traditional input equipment is not available on smart glasses. Existing password entry on smart glasses relies on additional PCs or mobile devices. Such solutions force users to switch between different systems, which causes interrupted experience and may lower the practicability and usability of smart glasses. In this paper, we propose a series of leakage-resilient password entry schemes on stand-alone smart glasses, which are gTapper, gRotator, and gTalker. These schemes ensure no leakage in password entry by breaking the correlation between the underlying password and the interaction observable to adversaries. They are practical in the sense that they only require a touch pad, a gyroscope, and a microphone which are commonly available on smart glasses. The usability of the proposed schemes is evaluated by user study under various test conditions which are common in users' daily usage. The results of our user study reveal that the proposed schemes are easy-to-use so that users enter their passwords within moderate time, at high accuracy, and in various situations.
{"title":"What You See is Not What You Get: Leakage-Resilient Password Entry Schemes for Smart Glasses","authors":"Yan Li, Yao Cheng, Yingjiu Li, R. Deng","doi":"10.1145/3052973.3053042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3053042","url":null,"abstract":"Smart glasses are becoming popular for users to access various services such as email. To protect these services, password-based user authentication is widely used. Unfortunately, the password-based user authentication has inherent vulnerability against password leakage. Many efforts have been put on designing leakage-resilient password entry schemes on PCs and mobile phones with traditional input equipment including keyboards and touch screens. However, such traditional input equipment is not available on smart glasses. Existing password entry on smart glasses relies on additional PCs or mobile devices. Such solutions force users to switch between different systems, which causes interrupted experience and may lower the practicability and usability of smart glasses. In this paper, we propose a series of leakage-resilient password entry schemes on stand-alone smart glasses, which are gTapper, gRotator, and gTalker. These schemes ensure no leakage in password entry by breaking the correlation between the underlying password and the interaction observable to adversaries. They are practical in the sense that they only require a touch pad, a gyroscope, and a microphone which are commonly available on smart glasses. The usability of the proposed schemes is evaluated by user study under various test conditions which are common in users' daily usage. The results of our user study reveal that the proposed schemes are easy-to-use so that users enter their passwords within moderate time, at high accuracy, and in various situations.","PeriodicalId":20540,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85543393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has recently become apparent that both accidental and maliciously caused randomness failures pose a real and serious threat to the security of cryptographic primitives, and in response, researchers have begone the development of primitives that provide robustness against these. In this paper, however, we focus on standardized, widely available primitives. Specifically, we analyze the RSA-OAEP encryption scheme and RSA-PSS signature schemes, specified in PKCS #1, using the related randomness security notion introduced by Paterson et al. (PKC 2014) and its extension to signature schemes. We show that, under the RSA and Φ-hiding assumptions, RSA-OAEP encryption is related randomness secure for a large class of related randomness functions in the random oracle model, as long as the recipient is honest, and remains secure even when additionally considering malicious recipients, as long as the related randomness functions does not allow the malicious recipients to efficiently compute the randomness used for the honest recipient. We furthermore show that, under the RSA assumption, the RSA-PSS signature scheme is secure for any class of related randomness functions, although with a non-tight security reduction. However, under additional, albeit somewhat restrictive assumptions on the related randomness functions and the adversary, a tight reduction can be recovered. Our results provides some reassurance regarding the use of RSA-OAEP and RSA-PSS in environments where randomness failures might be a concern. Lastly, we note that, unlike RSA-OAEP and RSA-PSS, several other schemes, including RSA-KEM, part of ISO 18033-2, and DHIES, part of IEEE P1363a, are not secure under simple repeated randomness attacks.
{"title":"On the Robustness of RSA-OAEP Encryption and RSA-PSS Signatures Against (Malicious) Randomness Failures","authors":"Jacob C. N. Schuldt, Kazumasa Shinagawa","doi":"10.1145/3052973.3053040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3053040","url":null,"abstract":"It has recently become apparent that both accidental and maliciously caused randomness failures pose a real and serious threat to the security of cryptographic primitives, and in response, researchers have begone the development of primitives that provide robustness against these. In this paper, however, we focus on standardized, widely available primitives. Specifically, we analyze the RSA-OAEP encryption scheme and RSA-PSS signature schemes, specified in PKCS #1, using the related randomness security notion introduced by Paterson et al. (PKC 2014) and its extension to signature schemes. We show that, under the RSA and Φ-hiding assumptions, RSA-OAEP encryption is related randomness secure for a large class of related randomness functions in the random oracle model, as long as the recipient is honest, and remains secure even when additionally considering malicious recipients, as long as the related randomness functions does not allow the malicious recipients to efficiently compute the randomness used for the honest recipient. We furthermore show that, under the RSA assumption, the RSA-PSS signature scheme is secure for any class of related randomness functions, although with a non-tight security reduction. However, under additional, albeit somewhat restrictive assumptions on the related randomness functions and the adversary, a tight reduction can be recovered. Our results provides some reassurance regarding the use of RSA-OAEP and RSA-PSS in environments where randomness failures might be a concern. Lastly, we note that, unlike RSA-OAEP and RSA-PSS, several other schemes, including RSA-KEM, part of ISO 18033-2, and DHIES, part of IEEE P1363a, are not secure under simple repeated randomness attacks.","PeriodicalId":20540,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82618845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Session details: Cloud Security","authors":"D. Gollmann","doi":"10.1145/3248552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3248552","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20540,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89077012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, attacking and defending Android apps has be- come an arms race between black hats and white hats. In this paper, we explore a new hacking technique called the App Confusion Attack, which allows hackers to take full control of benign apps and their resources without device root- ing or privilege escalation. Conceptually, an App Confusion Attack hijacks the launching process of each benign app, and forces it to run in a virtual execution context controlled by hackers, instead of the native one provided by the Android Application Framework. This attack is furtive but lethal. When a user clicks on a benign app, the malicious alternative can be loaded and executed with an indistinguishable user interface. As a result, hackers can manipulate the communication between the benign app and the OS, including kernel and system services, and manipulate the code and data at will. To address this issue, we build DroidPill, a framework for malware creation that employs the app virtualization technique and the design flaws in Android to achieve such attacks with free apps. Our evaluation results and case studies show that DroidPill is practical and effective. Lastly, we conclude this work with several possible countermeasures to the App Confusion Attack.
{"title":"DroidPill: Pwn Your Daily-Use Apps","authors":"Chaoting Xuan, Gong Chen, E. Stuntebeck","doi":"10.1145/3052973.3052986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3052986","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, attacking and defending Android apps has be- come an arms race between black hats and white hats. In this paper, we explore a new hacking technique called the App Confusion Attack, which allows hackers to take full control of benign apps and their resources without device root- ing or privilege escalation. Conceptually, an App Confusion Attack hijacks the launching process of each benign app, and forces it to run in a virtual execution context controlled by hackers, instead of the native one provided by the Android Application Framework. This attack is furtive but lethal. When a user clicks on a benign app, the malicious alternative can be loaded and executed with an indistinguishable user interface. As a result, hackers can manipulate the communication between the benign app and the OS, including kernel and system services, and manipulate the code and data at will. To address this issue, we build DroidPill, a framework for malware creation that employs the app virtualization technique and the design flaws in Android to achieve such attacks with free apps. Our evaluation results and case studies show that DroidPill is practical and effective. Lastly, we conclude this work with several possible countermeasures to the App Confusion Attack.","PeriodicalId":20540,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80554573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Session details: Password & Auth 2","authors":"G. Tsudik","doi":"10.1145/3248555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3248555","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20540,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76647569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cryptanalytic time-memory trade-offs are techniques introduced by Hellman in 1980 to speed up exhaustive searches. Oechslin improved the original version with the introduction of rainbow tables in 2003. It is worth noting that this variant is nowadays used world-wide by security experts, notably to break passwords, and a key assumption is that rainbow tables are of equal width. We demonstrate in this paper that rainbow tables are underexploited due to this assumption never being challenged. We stress that the optimal width of each rainbow table should be individually -- although not independently -- calculated. So it goes for the memory allocated to each table. We also stress that visiting sequentially the rainbow tables is no longer optimal when considering tables with heterogeneous widths. We provide an algorithm to calculate the optimal configuration and a decision function to visit the tables. Our technique performs very well: it makes any TMTO based on rainbow tables 40% faster than its classical version.
{"title":"Heterogeneous Rainbow Table Widths Provide Faster Cryptanalyses","authors":"Gildas Avoine, Xavier Carpent","doi":"10.1145/3052973.3053030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3053030","url":null,"abstract":"Cryptanalytic time-memory trade-offs are techniques introduced by Hellman in 1980 to speed up exhaustive searches. Oechslin improved the original version with the introduction of rainbow tables in 2003. It is worth noting that this variant is nowadays used world-wide by security experts, notably to break passwords, and a key assumption is that rainbow tables are of equal width. We demonstrate in this paper that rainbow tables are underexploited due to this assumption never being challenged. We stress that the optimal width of each rainbow table should be individually -- although not independently -- calculated. So it goes for the memory allocated to each table. We also stress that visiting sequentially the rainbow tables is no longer optimal when considering tables with heterogeneous widths. We provide an algorithm to calculate the optimal configuration and a decision function to visit the tables. Our technique performs very well: it makes any TMTO based on rainbow tables 40% faster than its classical version.","PeriodicalId":20540,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78332585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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