|This article presents a compact, low pro(cid:12)le, four ports multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna operating at the n38 and n41 5G frequency bands. The antenna has a measured (cid:0) 10 dB bandwidth of 2.5{2.9 GHz with isolation less than (cid:0) 11 dB. The designed antenna system employs open slot radiators etched on a single-sided rectangular PCB substrate with a total size of 40 (cid:2) 100 mm 2 , including a ground plane. The open slot radiators are symmetrically printed at the four corners of the rectangular substrate. The radiators are excited by 50-Ω strip lines. Rectangle-shaped slits are used as decoupling structures. MIMO parameters such as the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), channel capacity loss (CCL), and mean effective gain (MEG) are calculated using the measured results. The ECC is less than 0.1 over the entire operating band despite the antenna’s small size. The proposed antenna shows good performance in two sub-6-GHz frequency bands for 5G NR applications: n38 (2570 to 2620 MHz) and n41 (2496 MHz{2690 MHz).
{"title":"4-PORT PLANAR MIMO ANTENNA USING OPEN-SLOT RADIATORS FOR 5G NEW RADIO (NR) FREQUENCY BANDS N38 (2570 TO 2620 MHZ) AND N41(2496 MHZ-2690 MHZ) APPLICATIONS","authors":"M. Morsy","doi":"10.2528/pierl22021401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierl22021401","url":null,"abstract":"|This article presents a compact, low pro(cid:12)le, four ports multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna operating at the n38 and n41 5G frequency bands. The antenna has a measured (cid:0) 10 dB bandwidth of 2.5{2.9 GHz with isolation less than (cid:0) 11 dB. The designed antenna system employs open slot radiators etched on a single-sided rectangular PCB substrate with a total size of 40 (cid:2) 100 mm 2 , including a ground plane. The open slot radiators are symmetrically printed at the four corners of the rectangular substrate. The radiators are excited by 50-Ω strip lines. Rectangle-shaped slits are used as decoupling structures. MIMO parameters such as the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), channel capacity loss (CCL), and mean effective gain (MEG) are calculated using the measured results. The ECC is less than 0.1 over the entire operating band despite the antenna’s small size. The proposed antenna shows good performance in two sub-6-GHz frequency bands for 5G NR applications: n38 (2570 to 2620 MHz) and n41 (2496 MHz{2690 MHz).","PeriodicalId":20579,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68999677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DESIGN OF AN ULTRA COMPACT ANTENNA FOR LOW FREQUENCY APPLICATIONS","authors":"B. Paul, S. Mridula, A. Pradeep, P. Mohanan","doi":"10.2528/pierl22032103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierl22032103","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20579,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69000408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
|In this article, we focus on metric space in Finsler geometry and propose a method of ship detection in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) amplitude image based on Finsler information geometry. This provides deep uni(cid:12)ed perspectives of Finsler geometric application. The proposed method consists of three stages: The Weibull manifold model is used to represent the statistical information of intensity SAR images; then the Finsler metric is constructed to realize the distance measurement between probability distributions in Weibull manifold space; (cid:12)nally, Finsler metric space is used to achieve saliency representation and detection of ships. Theoretical analysis and comprehensive experimental results demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approach using typical real SAR images.
{"title":"FINSLER METRIC METHOD FOR SHIP DETECTION IN SAR IMAGE","authors":"Huafei Zhao, Meng-Hsien Yang","doi":"10.2528/pierl22032704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierl22032704","url":null,"abstract":"|In this article, we focus on metric space in Finsler geometry and propose a method of ship detection in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) amplitude image based on Finsler information geometry. This provides deep uni(cid:12)ed perspectives of Finsler geometric application. The proposed method consists of three stages: The Weibull manifold model is used to represent the statistical information of intensity SAR images; then the Finsler metric is constructed to realize the distance measurement between probability distributions in Weibull manifold space; (cid:12)nally, Finsler metric space is used to achieve saliency representation and detection of ships. Theoretical analysis and comprehensive experimental results demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approach using typical real SAR images.","PeriodicalId":20579,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69000538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. K. Mallat, A. Jafarieh, Hamidreza Noorollahi, M. Nouri
|In this paper, a novel (cid:13)exible antenna for the new ISM band is proposed. A multi-objective optimization based on DDEA-SE is performed to optimize the antenna bandwidth and gain. The proposed optimized antenna has a 4 dB maximum realized gain and 50% maximum radiation efficiency on the ISM band. A fractal structure is used in this design to achieve a multi-band antenna. The bandwidth of this antenna covers several 5G bands. This multi-band antenna is fabricated on a cotton substrate. This antenna has a small dimension which makes it suitable for 5G applications. The bending tests are performed, and both simulation and measurement results show the good performance of the proposed antenna.
{"title":"A NOVEL FRACTAL ARROW-SHAPED MMWAVE FLEXIBLE ANTENNA FOR IOT AND 5G COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS","authors":"N. K. Mallat, A. Jafarieh, Hamidreza Noorollahi, M. Nouri","doi":"10.2528/pierl22052405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierl22052405","url":null,"abstract":"|In this paper, a novel (cid:13)exible antenna for the new ISM band is proposed. A multi-objective optimization based on DDEA-SE is performed to optimize the antenna bandwidth and gain. The proposed optimized antenna has a 4 dB maximum realized gain and 50% maximum radiation efficiency on the ISM band. A fractal structure is used in this design to achieve a multi-band antenna. The bandwidth of this antenna covers several 5G bands. This multi-band antenna is fabricated on a cotton substrate. This antenna has a small dimension which makes it suitable for 5G applications. The bending tests are performed, and both simulation and measurement results show the good performance of the proposed antenna.","PeriodicalId":20579,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69000936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mekala Ananda Reddy, N. Praveena, N. Gunavathi, R. Pandeeswari
|A Metamaterial Terahertz perfect absorber is proposed in this letter. The structure comprises Vanadium oxide (VO 2 ) resonator hexagonal rings placed on top of a silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) substrate in a concentric pattern on a metal ground layer, with 1 THz and 6 THz operating frequency. Numerical studies are done by an electromagnetic solver. The results show almost perfect absorption, with 112% average absorption at different incident polarization angles, in the range of 1.64 to 6.1 THz. The optimization is carried out on physical dimensions for maximum absorption results. The proposed design can be used as a highly efficient absorber in applications like solar energy harvesting, cloaking, sensing, imaging technology, and EMC projects.
{"title":"METAMATERIAL PERFECT ABSORBER USING VANADIUM OXIDE HEXAGONAL RING STRUCTURE","authors":"Mekala Ananda Reddy, N. Praveena, N. Gunavathi, R. Pandeeswari","doi":"10.2528/pierl22062003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierl22062003","url":null,"abstract":"|A Metamaterial Terahertz perfect absorber is proposed in this letter. The structure comprises Vanadium oxide (VO 2 ) resonator hexagonal rings placed on top of a silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) substrate in a concentric pattern on a metal ground layer, with 1 THz and 6 THz operating frequency. Numerical studies are done by an electromagnetic solver. The results show almost perfect absorption, with 112% average absorption at different incident polarization angles, in the range of 1.64 to 6.1 THz. The optimization is carried out on physical dimensions for maximum absorption results. The proposed design can be used as a highly efficient absorber in applications like solar energy harvesting, cloaking, sensing, imaging technology, and EMC projects.","PeriodicalId":20579,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69001276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
—In this paper, a design method for near-field focusing cylindrical holographic impedance metasurfaces is proposed. Firstly, based on the design theory of planar holographic impedance metasurface, we deduce the design formula for cylindrical holographic impedance metasurface by using the method of major axis matching. Then the feasibility of theoretical analysis is verified by simulation and measurement. The results show that the design method can effectively realize the near-field focusing, which can provide a reference for the application of conformal devices for microwave hyperthermia and energy harvesting.
{"title":"DESIGN OF CYLINDRICAL HOLOGRAPHIC IMPEDANCE METASURFACE FOR NEAR-FIELD FOCUSING","authors":"Heng Wang, Shixing Yu, N. Kou","doi":"10.2528/pierl22062204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierl22062204","url":null,"abstract":"—In this paper, a design method for near-field focusing cylindrical holographic impedance metasurfaces is proposed. Firstly, based on the design theory of planar holographic impedance metasurface, we deduce the design formula for cylindrical holographic impedance metasurface by using the method of major axis matching. Then the feasibility of theoretical analysis is verified by simulation and measurement. The results show that the design method can effectively realize the near-field focusing, which can provide a reference for the application of conformal devices for microwave hyperthermia and energy harvesting.","PeriodicalId":20579,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69001331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
|A compact bandpass (cid:12)ltering antenna operating at 5.1 GHz is introduced. The radiation layer makes up of a U-shaped patch and a trident resonator. The U-shaped patch is both the antenna and the last stage of the (cid:12)lter, which is excited by the insertion coupling part of the trident resonator. To improve the impedance matching and lower stopband suppression, a defective ground structure (DGS) is used. The dimension of the antenna is 0 : 36 (cid:21) 0 (cid:2) 0 : 36 (cid:21) 0 (cid:2) 0 : 01 (cid:21) 0 ( (cid:21) 0 is the wavelength at 5.1 GHz) without a complex external feed structure, which has enough bandwidth, a good frequency skirt selectivity, and a (cid:13)at passband response. The measurement results manifest that the impedance bandwidth is 110 MHz, and the peak gain is 3.88 dBi. In addition, the (cid:12)ltering antenna also has a sharp roll-off rate and a satisfactory level of out-of-band suppression in the stopband.
{"title":"A Compact Single Layer Filtering Antenna with DGS for 5.1 GHz Application","authors":"E. Wang, Mengxin Liu, Daming Lin, Jie Wang","doi":"10.2528/pierl22072703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierl22072703","url":null,"abstract":"|A compact bandpass (cid:12)ltering antenna operating at 5.1 GHz is introduced. The radiation layer makes up of a U-shaped patch and a trident resonator. The U-shaped patch is both the antenna and the last stage of the (cid:12)lter, which is excited by the insertion coupling part of the trident resonator. To improve the impedance matching and lower stopband suppression, a defective ground structure (DGS) is used. The dimension of the antenna is 0 : 36 (cid:21) 0 (cid:2) 0 : 36 (cid:21) 0 (cid:2) 0 : 01 (cid:21) 0 ( (cid:21) 0 is the wavelength at 5.1 GHz) without a complex external feed structure, which has enough bandwidth, a good frequency skirt selectivity, and a (cid:13)at passband response. The measurement results manifest that the impedance bandwidth is 110 MHz, and the peak gain is 3.88 dBi. In addition, the (cid:12)ltering antenna also has a sharp roll-off rate and a satisfactory level of out-of-band suppression in the stopband.","PeriodicalId":20579,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69001470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A wideband magneto-electric (ME) dipole with characteristics of dual-circular polarization is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna is composed of four horizontal radiation patches, four pairs of vertical radiation patches, a ground plane, a pair of wideband feeding networks, and novel crossed feeding structures which work as wideband 3-stage impedance matching transitions. The feeding networks which contain a Wilkinson power divider and a coupled-line phase shifter are printed on the bottom of the ground plane, and they can provide stable two-way output wideband signals with quadrature-phase. The proposed antenna works as a ME dipole with a wide operation bandwidth of 53.2% (S11 < −10 dB, and Axial Ratio (AR) < 3 dB) from 1.71GHz to 2.95GHz for right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) and 62% from 1.7GHz to 3.25GHz for left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), respectively.
提出了一种具有双圆极化特性的宽带磁电偶极子。该天线由四个水平辐射片、四对垂直辐射片、一个接平面、一对宽带馈电网络以及作为宽带三级阻抗匹配过渡的新型交叉馈电结构组成。将包含威尔金森功率分压器和耦合线移相器的馈电网络印在接平面底部，可以提供稳定的双向正交相位宽带信号输出。该天线作为ME偶极子工作，在1.71GHz至2.95GHz的右圆极化(RHCP)和1.7GHz至3.25GHz的左圆极化(LHCP)范围内分别具有53.2% (S11 <−10 dB, AR < 3 dB)和62%的宽工作带宽。
{"title":"DUAL CIRCULARLY POLARIZED WIDEBAND MAGNETO-ELECTRIC DIPOLE ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS","authors":"Xiaoxiang Ding, Shinan Wu, Guoqing Yang, H. Lan","doi":"10.2528/pierl21112508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierl21112508","url":null,"abstract":"A wideband magneto-electric (ME) dipole with characteristics of dual-circular polarization is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna is composed of four horizontal radiation patches, four pairs of vertical radiation patches, a ground plane, a pair of wideband feeding networks, and novel crossed feeding structures which work as wideband 3-stage impedance matching transitions. The feeding networks which contain a Wilkinson power divider and a coupled-line phase shifter are printed on the bottom of the ground plane, and they can provide stable two-way output wideband signals with quadrature-phase. The proposed antenna works as a ME dipole with a wide operation bandwidth of 53.2% (S11 < −10 dB, and Axial Ratio (AR) < 3 dB) from 1.71GHz to 2.95GHz for right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) and 62% from 1.7GHz to 3.25GHz for left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), respectively.","PeriodicalId":20579,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68998356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
|The uplink and downlink of modern satellite communication systems operate on different frequency bands. A novel dual-band dual circular polarization (cid:12)lter antenna with a single port is proposed in this paper. The dual-band characteristic of the antenna is obtained by exciting stacked patches. The antenna supports right-handed circular polarization (RHCP) at lower frequency band and left-handed circular polarization (LHCP) at higher frequency band, respectively. The feeding network is realized with a strip line, and the antenna can be equivalent to a parallel circuit. If the lower frequency patch works, the higher frequency patch presents high impedance, and vice versa. Therefore, the antenna has excellent (cid:12)ltering performance. The measurements of antenna prototype are in good agreement with the simulation results. The impedance bandwidth is 5.80{6.10 GHz and 9.20{10.64 GHz, and the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth is 40 MHz for lower band and 180 MHz for higher band, respectively. Meanwhile, the radiation pattern is stable in the operation frequency bands.
{"title":"DUAL-BAND DUAL CIRCULAR POLARIZATION FILTER ANTENNA BASED ON TRANSMISSION LINE FEED","authors":"Wei Luo, Wuquan Chen, Yi Ren","doi":"10.2528/pierl22011402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierl22011402","url":null,"abstract":"|The uplink and downlink of modern satellite communication systems operate on different frequency bands. A novel dual-band dual circular polarization (cid:12)lter antenna with a single port is proposed in this paper. The dual-band characteristic of the antenna is obtained by exciting stacked patches. The antenna supports right-handed circular polarization (RHCP) at lower frequency band and left-handed circular polarization (LHCP) at higher frequency band, respectively. The feeding network is realized with a strip line, and the antenna can be equivalent to a parallel circuit. If the lower frequency patch works, the higher frequency patch presents high impedance, and vice versa. Therefore, the antenna has excellent (cid:12)ltering performance. The measurements of antenna prototype are in good agreement with the simulation results. The impedance bandwidth is 5.80{6.10 GHz and 9.20{10.64 GHz, and the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth is 40 MHz for lower band and 180 MHz for higher band, respectively. Meanwhile, the radiation pattern is stable in the operation frequency bands.","PeriodicalId":20579,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68999846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
|In this article, we present the design and production of a miniaturized adjustable coupler with optimized dimensions of 48 mm in length and 31 mm in width. This coupler offers the possibility of covering all phases [0, 45 ◦ , 90 ◦ , 120 ◦ , and 180 ◦ ]. To be able to achieve this, the proposed coupler can be adjusted through the implementation of six SMV2019-079LF diodes which allow shifting from one phase to another. This new (cid:13)exibility, in terms of phase shifting, can greatly improve the multifunctional use of this small and efficient coupler, in particular, in comparison with previously improved phase shifting couplers which are limited to one or two phases. The high performance and efficiency have been veri(cid:12)ed by the results obtained by simulation and measurement. coupler with broadband bandpass response was proposed. In the same line, Muquaddar et al. [7] presented a novel branch-line coupler with improved bandwidth and reduced size, and in [8] a design of Full-360 ◦ Re(cid:13)ection-Type Phase Shifter was achieved using Trans-Directional Coupler with Multi-Resonance Loads. In this paper, we extend the ranges of phases to cover the most relevant used phases in any possible application, mainly 0, 45 ◦ , 90 ◦ , 120 ◦ and 180 ◦ . This can be achieved by introducing six varactor diodes to the traditional directional coupler to adjust it to the desired phase without compromising any of its given characteristics. The adjustable coupler will be used in a Butler matrix. A Butler matrix is a very advantageous beam-forming network due to its ability to form orthogonal beams in a simple design and is commonly found in microwave circuits.
{"title":"CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY, DESIGN AND PRODUCTION OF A MINIATURIZED ADJUSTABLE PHASE COUPLER FOR BEAM STEERING APPLICATIONS","authors":"A. Mimouni, M. El bakkali, N. Amar Touhami","doi":"10.2528/pierl22022601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierl22022601","url":null,"abstract":"|In this article, we present the design and production of a miniaturized adjustable coupler with optimized dimensions of 48 mm in length and 31 mm in width. This coupler offers the possibility of covering all phases [0, 45 ◦ , 90 ◦ , 120 ◦ , and 180 ◦ ]. To be able to achieve this, the proposed coupler can be adjusted through the implementation of six SMV2019-079LF diodes which allow shifting from one phase to another. This new (cid:13)exibility, in terms of phase shifting, can greatly improve the multifunctional use of this small and efficient coupler, in particular, in comparison with previously improved phase shifting couplers which are limited to one or two phases. The high performance and efficiency have been veri(cid:12)ed by the results obtained by simulation and measurement. coupler with broadband bandpass response was proposed. In the same line, Muquaddar et al. [7] presented a novel branch-line coupler with improved bandwidth and reduced size, and in [8] a design of Full-360 ◦ Re(cid:13)ection-Type Phase Shifter was achieved using Trans-Directional Coupler with Multi-Resonance Loads. In this paper, we extend the ranges of phases to cover the most relevant used phases in any possible application, mainly 0, 45 ◦ , 90 ◦ , 120 ◦ and 180 ◦ . This can be achieved by introducing six varactor diodes to the traditional directional coupler to adjust it to the desired phase without compromising any of its given characteristics. The adjustable coupler will be used in a Butler matrix. A Butler matrix is a very advantageous beam-forming network due to its ability to form orthogonal beams in a simple design and is commonly found in microwave circuits.","PeriodicalId":20579,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68999893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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