Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0012
For the country and for the three friends, there was a mounting struggle in the 1930s. The struggles were particularly over the Provisional Settlement, Indian terrorist activities, and the absence of a Hindu–Muslim agreement. Those problems held Gandhi back from attending the Round Table Conference in London. He went finally in September 1931. Speaking at the Federal Structure Committee, he presented India’s demand for complete independence. Andrews was in Britain preparing for Gandhi’s visit by writing about Gandhi’s life, ideas, and work for the general uninitiated public. He was also interviewing Lord Irwin, Lord Sankey, Sir Samuel Hoare, and Ramsay MacDonald.
{"title":"Movement in the 1930s","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"For the country and for the three friends, there was a mounting struggle in the 1930s. The struggles were particularly over the Provisional Settlement, Indian terrorist activities, and the absence of a Hindu–Muslim agreement. Those problems held Gandhi back from attending the Round Table Conference in London. He went finally in September 1931. Speaking at the Federal Structure Committee, he presented India’s demand for complete independence. Andrews was in Britain preparing for Gandhi’s visit by writing about Gandhi’s life, ideas, and work for the general uninitiated public. He was also interviewing Lord Irwin, Lord Sankey, Sir Samuel Hoare, and Ramsay MacDonald.","PeriodicalId":206255,"journal":{"name":"Friendships of 'Largeness and Freedom'","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123294711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0001
The letters of Andrews, Gandhi, and Tagore are a fine record of how their friendship survived the various tribulations they suffered in body, mind, and spirit. Throughout the political struggle their letters were always personal and emotional but at the same time addressed their concerns for ‘change’. They bring us close to their moments of action. Their correspondence began shortly after they met one another. On 30 August [1912] Andrews wrote how overjoyed he was with Tagore’s first letter. He wrote, ‘I cannot tell you what a joy it was to me to get your letter with its concluding words of love and affection’.
{"title":"Their Friendship, Their Struggles","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The letters of Andrews, Gandhi, and Tagore are a fine record of how their friendship survived the various tribulations they suffered in body, mind, and spirit. Throughout the political struggle their letters were always personal and emotional but at the same time addressed their concerns for ‘change’. They bring us close to their moments of action. Their correspondence began shortly after they met one another. On 30 August [1912] Andrews wrote how overjoyed he was with Tagore’s first letter. He wrote, ‘I cannot tell you what a joy it was to me to get your letter with its concluding words of love and affection’.","PeriodicalId":206255,"journal":{"name":"Friendships of 'Largeness and Freedom'","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123778994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0010
The arrests of the nationalist leaders and other repressive measures intended to suppress the Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements made the political situation bitter and tense. The internment of the Ali Brothers added to the sore of the Treaty of Sevres. At the annual meeting of the Indian National Congress at Nagpur in 1920 a resolution was moved, which defined the goal of the Congress as ‘the attainment of Swarajya’. Gandhi toured the country for months at the time to engage with the country’s populace and to educate the public about the absolute necessity of preserving an atmosphere of non-violence in the country.
{"title":"Movement in the 1920s","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The arrests of the nationalist leaders and other repressive measures intended to suppress the Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements made the political situation bitter and tense. The internment of the Ali Brothers added to the sore of the Treaty of Sevres. At the annual meeting of the Indian National Congress at Nagpur in 1920 a resolution was moved, which defined the goal of the Congress as ‘the attainment of Swarajya’. Gandhi toured the country for months at the time to engage with the country’s populace and to educate the public about the absolute necessity of preserving an atmosphere of non-violence in the country.","PeriodicalId":206255,"journal":{"name":"Friendships of 'Largeness and Freedom'","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122486460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0011
A revival of satyagraha seemed imminent in South Africa even after five to ten years of the Smuts–Gandhi Agreement of 1914. Gandhi, of course, had forewarned that grievances remained even after the signing of the agreement which would have to be redressed in ‘no distant future’. In 1919 the Transvaal British Indian Association published an account of the situation titled ‘Ill-treatment of Indians in South Africa’, which was carried in the Indian dailies. A countrywide conference of Indians resolved in August 1919 to ask for full civil rights and to resort to civil resistance until those rights were granted.
{"title":"The South African Indian Problem in the 1920s and 1930s","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"A revival of satyagraha seemed imminent in South Africa even after five to ten years of the Smuts–Gandhi Agreement of 1914. Gandhi, of course, had forewarned that grievances remained even after the signing of the agreement which would have to be redressed in ‘no distant future’. In 1919 the Transvaal British Indian Association published an account of the situation titled ‘Ill-treatment of Indians in South Africa’, which was carried in the Indian dailies. A countrywide conference of Indians resolved in August 1919 to ask for full civil rights and to resort to civil resistance until those rights were granted.","PeriodicalId":206255,"journal":{"name":"Friendships of 'Largeness and Freedom'","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123615353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0006
As early as 1915, Andrews wrote that ‘Simla is the meeting place for all the wrongs and injustices and tyrannies of all the millions of all India.’ Gandhi wrote in Navajivan on 26 October 1919: ‘The gulf between the rulers and the ruled has been widened’, concluding that ‘the hope of India lies in Satyagraha’. The Rowlatt Bills and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre had catapulted Gandhi’s movement to an all-India political struggle. The Hunter Committee Report, published in May 1920, and its endorsement by the government, created a swell of discontent. Andrews wrote to Gandhi: ‘We are living as it were on the edge of a volcano and the crust on which we are standing is very thin.’
{"title":"Simla, Britain, India","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"As early as 1915, Andrews wrote that ‘Simla is the meeting place for all the wrongs and injustices and tyrannies of all the millions of all India.’ Gandhi wrote in Navajivan on 26 October 1919: ‘The gulf between the rulers and the ruled has been widened’, concluding that ‘the hope of India lies in Satyagraha’. The Rowlatt Bills and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre had catapulted Gandhi’s movement to an all-India political struggle. The Hunter Committee Report, published in May 1920, and its endorsement by the government, created a swell of discontent. Andrews wrote to Gandhi: ‘We are living as it were on the edge of a volcano and the crust on which we are standing is very thin.’","PeriodicalId":206255,"journal":{"name":"Friendships of 'Largeness and Freedom'","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127166266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0007
The widespread discontent was further complicated by the Muslim demand for the continuance of the Khalif’s control over Arabia and the holy places of Islam which the Allies ignored. Gandhi took up the ‘Khilafat’ cause and made it a plank also for Hindu–Muslim unity. The personal letters in this chapter take us to the ‘inner’ thinking of the three friends and offer us a glimpse of how they were handling the growing crises of the times. Gandhi and his co-workers took a pledge for a sustained agitation against the Rowlatt Bills through civil disobedience of laws as and when needed. The earlier constitutional agitation for modest political rights was transformed overnight into a national struggle of the people versus the rulers.
{"title":"Rowlatt Bills and After","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread discontent was further complicated by the Muslim demand for the continuance of the Khalif’s control over Arabia and the holy places of Islam which the Allies ignored. Gandhi took up the ‘Khilafat’ cause and made it a plank also for Hindu–Muslim unity. The personal letters in this chapter take us to the ‘inner’ thinking of the three friends and offer us a glimpse of how they were handling the growing crises of the times. Gandhi and his co-workers took a pledge for a sustained agitation against the Rowlatt Bills through civil disobedience of laws as and when needed. The earlier constitutional agitation for modest political rights was transformed overnight into a national struggle of the people versus the rulers.","PeriodicalId":206255,"journal":{"name":"Friendships of 'Largeness and Freedom'","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130473620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0014
Andrews admired Tagore’s writings and studied them with scholarly care as he was conversant with the Bengali language. Speaking of his poetry in an early letter, Andrews wrote to Tagore: ‘I find in them the nearness of God’s Presence and that is all-sufficing; for all our questionings and difficulties are resolved in that; and calmness comes back when that is attained.’ Gandhi and Tagore became close from 1915 after Gandhi came to Santiniketan for the first time on his return from South Africa and England. As their letters show, there was profound agreement between them despite some serious differences. Tagore saw Gandhi’s greatness above all other considerations. And Gandhi sought Tagore’s counsel for his political decisions and Tagore’s blessings for his fasts every time.
{"title":"Tagore’s Works, Tagore’s Message, Andrews, Gandhi","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Andrews admired Tagore’s writings and studied them with scholarly care as he was conversant with the Bengali language. Speaking of his poetry in an early letter, Andrews wrote to Tagore: ‘I find in them the nearness of God’s Presence and that is all-sufficing; for all our questionings and difficulties are resolved in that; and calmness comes back when that is attained.’ Gandhi and Tagore became close from 1915 after Gandhi came to Santiniketan for the first time on his return from South Africa and England. As their letters show, there was profound agreement between them despite some serious differences. Tagore saw Gandhi’s greatness above all other considerations. And Gandhi sought Tagore’s counsel for his political decisions and Tagore’s blessings for his fasts every time.","PeriodicalId":206255,"journal":{"name":"Friendships of 'Largeness and Freedom'","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114789939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0008
The letters in this chapter speak of the differences among the three friends over non-cooperation. Tagore was determined to preserve the sanctity of his educational institution by keeping Santiniketan out of a political movement. However, that was not how all in the Santiniketan community felt about non-cooperation. For instance, Tagore’s elder brother, the sage-like philosopher Dwijendranath Tagore, who lived in Santiniketan, was upset over his younger brother’s decision. Some teachers also were keen to join the movement. Andrews himself supported the village work that one of the senior teachers led with the students who had come to the Santiniketan institution on leaving their government schools and colleges in response to Gandhi’s call.
{"title":"Non-cooperation","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The letters in this chapter speak of the differences among the three friends over non-cooperation. Tagore was determined to preserve the sanctity of his educational institution by keeping Santiniketan out of a political movement. However, that was not how all in the Santiniketan community felt about non-cooperation. For instance, Tagore’s elder brother, the sage-like philosopher Dwijendranath Tagore, who lived in Santiniketan, was upset over his younger brother’s decision. Some teachers also were keen to join the movement. Andrews himself supported the village work that one of the senior teachers led with the students who had come to the Santiniketan institution on leaving their government schools and colleges in response to Gandhi’s call.","PeriodicalId":206255,"journal":{"name":"Friendships of 'Largeness and Freedom'","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124528352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0013
The letters in this chapter focus on Gandhi’s ideals along with discussions on how an ‘inner voice’ directed his work. That Gandhi was guided first and foremost by God’s will is best expressed in his words when he wrote to Andrews on 7 April 1932: ‘There are many other things I have done and am still doing against my will, because I count my will as nothing before God’s will when I see it clearly before me. I will make myself as certain as it is humanly possible to be, that, the will that appears to me to be God’s is really His, and not the Devil’s. But when I am clear about it, I rejoice in obeying that will, rather than mine, although I have no human companion to endorse it.’
{"title":"Gandhi’s Work, Gandhi’s Message, Andrews, Tagore","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The letters in this chapter focus on Gandhi’s ideals along with discussions on how an ‘inner voice’ directed his work. That Gandhi was guided first and foremost by God’s will is best expressed in his words when he wrote to Andrews on 7 April 1932: ‘There are many other things I have done and am still doing against my will, because I count my will as nothing before God’s will when I see it clearly before me. I will make myself as certain as it is humanly possible to be, that, the will that appears to me to be God’s is really His, and not the Devil’s. But when I am clear about it, I rejoice in obeying that will, rather than mine, although I have no human companion to endorse it.’","PeriodicalId":206255,"journal":{"name":"Friendships of 'Largeness and Freedom'","volume":"385 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117089570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0005
The letters in this chapter are about how lonely and tired, ill and depressed, the three friends would get from time to time. They were incessantly fighting against odds, personal and national, but never doubting their innate faith in God nor losing their spirit of self-scrutiny. In both moral and practical ways they idealized prayaschit or atonement and practised self-suffering. In August 1920 Tagore described their predicament to Andrews when he wrote: ‘The most difficult problem is ours, which is how to gain our freedom of soul in spite of the crampedness of outward circumstances, how to ignore the perpetual insult of our destiny to be able to uphold the dignity of man.’
{"title":"Dilemmas, Depressions, Uplifts","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199481217.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The letters in this chapter are about how lonely and tired, ill and depressed, the three friends would get from time to time. They were incessantly fighting against odds, personal and national, but never doubting their innate faith in God nor losing their spirit of self-scrutiny. In both moral and practical ways they idealized prayaschit or atonement and practised self-suffering. In August 1920 Tagore described their predicament to Andrews when he wrote: ‘The most difficult problem is ours, which is how to gain our freedom of soul in spite of the crampedness of outward circumstances, how to ignore the perpetual insult of our destiny to be able to uphold the dignity of man.’","PeriodicalId":206255,"journal":{"name":"Friendships of 'Largeness and Freedom'","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129226914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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