Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066192
Chan Loong Kwong, Chan Yan Tim, Wong Ming Kwong, Leung Chun Kit, K. Yan
Effective power transformer condition monitoring and assessment system requires a great variety of state-of-art technologies to be applied for supporting a remarkable life cycle management in power networks. Power transformers are usually very reliable and durable components of the power generation, transmission and distribution networks. Their performance is often taken for granted and they are overlooked until a problem occurs. Unfortunately, when a fault occurs in a transformer, the result can be catastrophic and the failures are usually very expensive as it often results in the loss of the most expensive plant item in a substation if the power transformer is not uneconomical to repair. Cost of resulting loss in generation or transmission restraints is occurred until a replacement comes into effect. Clearly, despite the high reliability of power transformers, in view of the serious consequences of failures, it is important to employ an effective condition assessment system under smart grid operations so that faults can be detected at an early stage in order to improve the prospects for repairs and minimize the impact of any failures, under more optimization of operations.
{"title":"Remarkable life cycle management by effective condition monitoring and assessment system of power transformer in CLP power system","authors":"Chan Loong Kwong, Chan Yan Tim, Wong Ming Kwong, Leung Chun Kit, K. Yan","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066192","url":null,"abstract":"Effective power transformer condition monitoring and assessment system requires a great variety of state-of-art technologies to be applied for supporting a remarkable life cycle management in power networks. Power transformers are usually very reliable and durable components of the power generation, transmission and distribution networks. Their performance is often taken for granted and they are overlooked until a problem occurs. Unfortunately, when a fault occurs in a transformer, the result can be catastrophic and the failures are usually very expensive as it often results in the loss of the most expensive plant item in a substation if the power transformer is not uneconomical to repair. Cost of resulting loss in generation or transmission restraints is occurred until a replacement comes into effect. Clearly, despite the high reliability of power transformers, in view of the serious consequences of failures, it is important to employ an effective condition assessment system under smart grid operations so that faults can be detected at an early stage in order to improve the prospects for repairs and minimize the impact of any failures, under more optimization of operations.","PeriodicalId":206418,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"14 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121004346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photovoltaic generation access to distribution network will cause voltage disturbance even beyond limits because of its variability and intermittency. Energy storage can effectively suppress the influence of PV on voltage and improve voltage quality. Voltage quality, the intuitive and practical indicator, is proposed in this paper to analyze the energy storage demand of distribution network with photovoltaic at the situation of different PV generation capacity, different partial load location and different gird parameters. Also, the result of voltage regulation is given after put into energy storage. Modeling and simulation shows that the energy storage demand is greater when photovoltaic with a larger capacity, partial load is closer to PV access point, or the node of PV access is farther away from balance node. Furthermore, the specific energy storage capacity and deploying recommendations are given according to using Matlab/Simulink to calculate.
{"title":"Energy storage demand of distribution network with photovoltaic based on voltage quality","authors":"Zehuai Liu, Wen-ze Liu, Yongjun Zhang, Shi-tao Zhai","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066080","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic generation access to distribution network will cause voltage disturbance even beyond limits because of its variability and intermittency. Energy storage can effectively suppress the influence of PV on voltage and improve voltage quality. Voltage quality, the intuitive and practical indicator, is proposed in this paper to analyze the energy storage demand of distribution network with photovoltaic at the situation of different PV generation capacity, different partial load location and different gird parameters. Also, the result of voltage regulation is given after put into energy storage. Modeling and simulation shows that the energy storage demand is greater when photovoltaic with a larger capacity, partial load is closer to PV access point, or the node of PV access is farther away from balance node. Furthermore, the specific energy storage capacity and deploying recommendations are given according to using Matlab/Simulink to calculate.","PeriodicalId":206418,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115516090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066005
Gerard Dernier
Hydroelectric generation currently constitutes 53% of the total generation capacity in New Zealand. The majority of this generation is located in the South Island and is exported to the North Island via an HVDC link. At times the amount of generation that can be transferred is limited by the thermal capacity of 220 kV transmission system. This paper details a proposed system protection scheme (SPS) that will increase this transfer capacity. Scheme implementation is scheduled for October 2014. This minimal cost scheme will facilitate a more economic outcome to the New Zealand electricity market as this additional renewable generation can displace more costly thermal plant.
{"title":"Increasing transmission capacity in the New Zealand power system through smart grid technology","authors":"Gerard Dernier","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066005","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroelectric generation currently constitutes 53% of the total generation capacity in New Zealand. The majority of this generation is located in the South Island and is exported to the North Island via an HVDC link. At times the amount of generation that can be transferred is limited by the thermal capacity of 220 kV transmission system. This paper details a proposed system protection scheme (SPS) that will increase this transfer capacity. Scheme implementation is scheduled for October 2014. This minimal cost scheme will facilitate a more economic outcome to the New Zealand electricity market as this additional renewable generation can displace more costly thermal plant.","PeriodicalId":206418,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122497422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066066
Chunmei Zhang, Xubin Liu, Xiangxing He, Canbing Li
Due to the uncertainties of new energy generation and load, and the increased penetration of new energy, the impact of these uncertain factors on microgrid will increase. In this paper, a coordinated economic operation approach for output optimization of multi-microgrids connected to distribution network is proposed. In the proposed approach, the different coordination dispatching strategies are proposed during peak period, flat period and valley period of a day with different power supply and demand. The economic output optimization model, in which the interactive coordination of multi-microgrid is taken into account, is established. The method is to make full use of complementarities among different microgrids or among different microgrid sources, and remove the uncertainties of intermittent microgrid source's output. Case study shows that the proposed operation approach not only can decrease the dependence on energy storage device, but also reduce the operation cost of microgrid.
{"title":"The output optimization of multi-microgrids connected to distribution network during peak, flat and valley periods","authors":"Chunmei Zhang, Xubin Liu, Xiangxing He, Canbing Li","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066066","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the uncertainties of new energy generation and load, and the increased penetration of new energy, the impact of these uncertain factors on microgrid will increase. In this paper, a coordinated economic operation approach for output optimization of multi-microgrids connected to distribution network is proposed. In the proposed approach, the different coordination dispatching strategies are proposed during peak period, flat period and valley period of a day with different power supply and demand. The economic output optimization model, in which the interactive coordination of multi-microgrid is taken into account, is established. The method is to make full use of complementarities among different microgrids or among different microgrid sources, and remove the uncertainties of intermittent microgrid source's output. Case study shows that the proposed operation approach not only can decrease the dependence on energy storage device, but also reduce the operation cost of microgrid.","PeriodicalId":206418,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116716163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066014
Lijing Zhang, Suhua Lou, Yaowu Wu, Lin Yi, Bin Hu
Battery swap station (BSS) is an important energy supply place for electric vehicles (EVs), where discharged batteries could be replaced with fully charged ones. Therefore, an optimal scheduling model of the BSS under time-of-use (TOU) electricity price is proposed in this paper, which takes the particular constrains relating the BSS into account. Meanwhile, a statistic model of daily battery swapping demand based on historical data is developed to generate a scenario set of EVs' energy need, which can be reduced based on the Kantorovich distance(KD) to obtain a typical scenario set while still being close to the original set. The reasonability and validity of the proposed model is proved by a case study. The results show that the controlled domestic charging can smooth the charging curve as well as decrease the charging cost relative to the uncontrolled domestic charging. Moreover, the optimization results are sensitive to the charging level and the number of batteries in the BSS.
{"title":"Optimal scheduling of electric vehicle battery swap station based on time-of-use pricing","authors":"Lijing Zhang, Suhua Lou, Yaowu Wu, Lin Yi, Bin Hu","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066014","url":null,"abstract":"Battery swap station (BSS) is an important energy supply place for electric vehicles (EVs), where discharged batteries could be replaced with fully charged ones. Therefore, an optimal scheduling model of the BSS under time-of-use (TOU) electricity price is proposed in this paper, which takes the particular constrains relating the BSS into account. Meanwhile, a statistic model of daily battery swapping demand based on historical data is developed to generate a scenario set of EVs' energy need, which can be reduced based on the Kantorovich distance(KD) to obtain a typical scenario set while still being close to the original set. The reasonability and validity of the proposed model is proved by a case study. The results show that the controlled domestic charging can smooth the charging curve as well as decrease the charging cost relative to the uncontrolled domestic charging. Moreover, the optimization results are sensitive to the charging level and the number of batteries in the BSS.","PeriodicalId":206418,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117106097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066051
B. He, M. S. Li, T. Ji, Q. Wu
To improve power system stability in this paper, a method for optimal coordinate control of power system stabilizers (PSSs) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is presented. The optimal coordinated control of multiple PSSs and STATCOM is transformed into an optimization problem in which both rotor angle speed deviation between generators and load voltages deviation after fault are involved. The optimal control parameters of PSS and STATCOM controllers are obtained by employing a paired-bacteria optimizer (PBO) based algorithm. The proposed method is tested on the Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) 3-generator 9-bus power system. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, PSSs and STATCOM optimized in coordinated manner are compared with PSSs optimized independently and no damping controllers. The simulation results have shown that the coordinated PSS and STATCOM controllers optimized by PBO perform efficiently in damping low-frequency oscillations and improving the load bus voltage stability.
{"title":"Optimal coordinated control of PSS and STATCOM in a multimachine power system","authors":"B. He, M. S. Li, T. Ji, Q. Wu","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066051","url":null,"abstract":"To improve power system stability in this paper, a method for optimal coordinate control of power system stabilizers (PSSs) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is presented. The optimal coordinated control of multiple PSSs and STATCOM is transformed into an optimization problem in which both rotor angle speed deviation between generators and load voltages deviation after fault are involved. The optimal control parameters of PSS and STATCOM controllers are obtained by employing a paired-bacteria optimizer (PBO) based algorithm. The proposed method is tested on the Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) 3-generator 9-bus power system. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, PSSs and STATCOM optimized in coordinated manner are compared with PSSs optimized independently and no damping controllers. The simulation results have shown that the coordinated PSS and STATCOM controllers optimized by PBO perform efficiently in damping low-frequency oscillations and improving the load bus voltage stability.","PeriodicalId":206418,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129201154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066074
Ze-xing Chen, Yongjun Zhang, Xiao-lang Lin
Based on the optimal allocation of reactive power load between a 220kV power plant and power systems to minimize the active power loss, this paper shows some key factors affecting the optimal reactive power of power plant. An evaluation index is proposed to reflect the relationship between the voltage magnitude of power plant and the reactive power flow of the system, i.e., the voltage difference between the high-voltage bus of power plant and the hinge bus. Then, by controlling the value of variables that affect the voltage difference, the paper adopts an optimal mathematical model to obtain the optimal voltage difference under different operation modes of power grids. After differently and uniformly dealing with the optimal voltage difference, the daily voltage control curve of power plant is optimally developed with rounding the predictive voltage curve of the hinge bus. The effectiveness of the method is verified by example results.
{"title":"Voltage curve developing of 220kV power plant based on the optimal voltage difference method","authors":"Ze-xing Chen, Yongjun Zhang, Xiao-lang Lin","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066074","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the optimal allocation of reactive power load between a 220kV power plant and power systems to minimize the active power loss, this paper shows some key factors affecting the optimal reactive power of power plant. An evaluation index is proposed to reflect the relationship between the voltage magnitude of power plant and the reactive power flow of the system, i.e., the voltage difference between the high-voltage bus of power plant and the hinge bus. Then, by controlling the value of variables that affect the voltage difference, the paper adopts an optimal mathematical model to obtain the optimal voltage difference under different operation modes of power grids. After differently and uniformly dealing with the optimal voltage difference, the daily voltage control curve of power plant is optimally developed with rounding the predictive voltage curve of the hinge bus. The effectiveness of the method is verified by example results.","PeriodicalId":206418,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124174097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066133
B. Rao, N. Senroy, A. Abhyankar
With introduction of wind power distributed generation into the distribution system, the reactive power drawn from and injected to the system are affected. This further affects the load bus voltages due to which on load tap changers of the transformers respond to maintain the terminal voltage. Due to the intermittent behaviour of wind, the reactive power requirements of wind generator vary. This may effect the behaviour of the tap changing transformer. In this paper an investigation of on-load tap changing transformer is done with and without wind power generator in the distribution network using voltage sensitivity analysis.
{"title":"Analysis of OLTC behaviour in a wind power integrated distribution system","authors":"B. Rao, N. Senroy, A. Abhyankar","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066133","url":null,"abstract":"With introduction of wind power distributed generation into the distribution system, the reactive power drawn from and injected to the system are affected. This further affects the load bus voltages due to which on load tap changers of the transformers respond to maintain the terminal voltage. Due to the intermittent behaviour of wind, the reactive power requirements of wind generator vary. This may effect the behaviour of the tap changing transformer. In this paper an investigation of on-load tap changing transformer is done with and without wind power generator in the distribution network using voltage sensitivity analysis.","PeriodicalId":206418,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116178175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066142
Lui JingJing, Sun Lu, Li Qinxin, D. Songhuai
Through the sensitivity analysis of large-scale grid reliability, we can determine the key equipment influencing the power supply reliability of the system, and thus effectively find out the bottlenecks limiting the system reliability. In this Paper, the circuit outage model is established, and the former complex large-scale grid with various equipments is divided to two levels: circuit and grid which can be calculated and analyzed in order. Therefore, the complexity of sensitivity computing of large-scale grid is reduced effectively. The circuit equivalent model and grid reliability indicator are deduced by the min. cut set algorithm, based on which various sensitivity indicators of grid reliability indicators against original reliability parameters of equipment are acquired. The routine computing and analysis of National Electric Power Facilities have fully verified its correctness and practicality. The correctness of the algorithm and procedure is described in this Paper through the actual system of Northwest Grid.
{"title":"Research on sensitivity analysis method of large-scale grid reliability based on circuit outage model","authors":"Lui JingJing, Sun Lu, Li Qinxin, D. Songhuai","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066142","url":null,"abstract":"Through the sensitivity analysis of large-scale grid reliability, we can determine the key equipment influencing the power supply reliability of the system, and thus effectively find out the bottlenecks limiting the system reliability. In this Paper, the circuit outage model is established, and the former complex large-scale grid with various equipments is divided to two levels: circuit and grid which can be calculated and analyzed in order. Therefore, the complexity of sensitivity computing of large-scale grid is reduced effectively. The circuit equivalent model and grid reliability indicator are deduced by the min. cut set algorithm, based on which various sensitivity indicators of grid reliability indicators against original reliability parameters of equipment are acquired. The routine computing and analysis of National Electric Power Facilities have fully verified its correctness and practicality. The correctness of the algorithm and procedure is described in this Paper through the actual system of Northwest Grid.","PeriodicalId":206418,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"45 34","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113958061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066194
S. Smeenk, A. Lathouwers, R. Smeets, L. Yan-song
Transformers belong to the crucial components in distribution and transmission networks. Reliable use for many years needs to be guaranteed. Besides quality assurance of the manufacturer type testing is the most common way to prove this reliability under normal and extreme conditions. In addition, for dry-type transformers, special tests to prove climatic (C), environmental (E) and fire behaviour (F) class are defined in the international standard IEC 60076-11. End users, e.g. utilities and wind turbine manufacturers, are demanding proof of the claimed qualities of dry-type transformers increasingly. The independent KEMA laboratories, owned by DNV-GL, gained large testing experience for C and E class verification. In 2013 also verification for F class was added to KEMA laboratories portfolio, where now experience has been built-up. For C class verification, a thermal shock test is to be performed. The most common failure is the appearance of cracks, found during visual inspection after the test. The most important part for E2 class verification is the performance of a condensation test, where the transformer is energized while salt condensation is to be present on the surfaces of the object. Failures are flashovers causing voltage breakdowns and serious tracking degrading the transformers dielectric qualities. As part of the F class verification, a complete assembled phase of a transformer is set on fire in a test chamber equipped with air inlet and chimney. Temperatures in the chimney above the allowed limits will lead to unsuccessful results. In the last five years, many (> 40) dry-type distribution transformers (power range up to 3,5 MVA) were tested for verification of one or more of these classes. Often (> 50%) the requirements as per IEC 60076-11 and/or clients specifications could not be met. In some cases design changes and retests were required to meet the requirements, in other cases test programs were stopped due to failure of the object. This paper will explain the importance of the above mentioned tests. Also explanation will be given on the testing methods and procedures required for reliable and reproducible tests, results and conclusions. Climatic, environmental and fire behaviour tests are important special tests proving utilities and other end users of dry-type transformers the quality of the product.
{"title":"Climatic, environmental and fire behaviour class verification on dry-type transformers; KEMA laboratories testing","authors":"S. Smeenk, A. Lathouwers, R. Smeets, L. Yan-song","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066194","url":null,"abstract":"Transformers belong to the crucial components in distribution and transmission networks. Reliable use for many years needs to be guaranteed. Besides quality assurance of the manufacturer type testing is the most common way to prove this reliability under normal and extreme conditions. In addition, for dry-type transformers, special tests to prove climatic (C), environmental (E) and fire behaviour (F) class are defined in the international standard IEC 60076-11. End users, e.g. utilities and wind turbine manufacturers, are demanding proof of the claimed qualities of dry-type transformers increasingly. The independent KEMA laboratories, owned by DNV-GL, gained large testing experience for C and E class verification. In 2013 also verification for F class was added to KEMA laboratories portfolio, where now experience has been built-up. For C class verification, a thermal shock test is to be performed. The most common failure is the appearance of cracks, found during visual inspection after the test. The most important part for E2 class verification is the performance of a condensation test, where the transformer is energized while salt condensation is to be present on the surfaces of the object. Failures are flashovers causing voltage breakdowns and serious tracking degrading the transformers dielectric qualities. As part of the F class verification, a complete assembled phase of a transformer is set on fire in a test chamber equipped with air inlet and chimney. Temperatures in the chimney above the allowed limits will lead to unsuccessful results. In the last five years, many (> 40) dry-type distribution transformers (power range up to 3,5 MVA) were tested for verification of one or more of these classes. Often (> 50%) the requirements as per IEC 60076-11 and/or clients specifications could not be met. In some cases design changes and retests were required to meet the requirements, in other cases test programs were stopped due to failure of the object. This paper will explain the importance of the above mentioned tests. Also explanation will be given on the testing methods and procedures required for reliable and reproducible tests, results and conclusions. Climatic, environmental and fire behaviour tests are important special tests proving utilities and other end users of dry-type transformers the quality of the product.","PeriodicalId":206418,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"244 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114803845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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