A clinical trial is each trial conducted in humans to discover or confirm the clinical, pharmacological, including pharmacodynamic, effects of action of one or more investigational medicinal products, or to identify the adverse reactions to one or more investigational medicinal products, or to monitor absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of one or more investigational medicinal products, taking into consideration their safety and efficacy. It ought to be remembered that clinical trials may be conducted with the use of medicinal products. Clinical trials must be conducted in a way which is in line with the primary principle that clinical trial participants’ rights, safety, health, and welfare override the interest of science and society.
{"title":"LEGAL ASPECTS OF CLINICAL TRIALS IN POLAND","authors":"Katarzyna Syroka-Marczewska","doi":"10.31743/RECL.4312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31743/RECL.4312","url":null,"abstract":"A clinical trial is each trial conducted in humans to discover or confirm the clinical, pharmacological, including pharmacodynamic, effects of action of one or more investigational medicinal products, or to identify the adverse reactions to one or more investigational medicinal products, or to monitor absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of one or more investigational medicinal products, taking into consideration their safety and efficacy. It ought to be remembered that clinical trials may be conducted with the use of medicinal products. Clinical trials must be conducted in a way which is in line with the primary principle that clinical trial participants’ rights, safety, health, and welfare override the interest of science and society.","PeriodicalId":20823,"journal":{"name":"Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas","volume":"143 1","pages":"67-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76219881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marriage and family relations have been in the focus of law since the beginnings of American legal history. Many legal historians underline that during the colonial period the family played very important role and therefore the growth of stable families was generally a top priority for early colonial governments. This was one of the ways to help the development of colony and the creation of stable society. Besides, differences in origin and evolution of colonies influenced the shape of law and that is why many institutions were not uniformly regulated. Therefore the research on the development of law in British colonies in North America deserves
{"title":"MARRIAGE AND THE NOTION OF CONSENT IN EARLY AMERICAN LAW","authors":"Paulina Liszka","doi":"10.31743/recl.4977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31743/recl.4977","url":null,"abstract":"Marriage and family relations have been in the focus of law since the beginnings of American legal history. Many legal historians underline that during the colonial period the family played very important role and therefore the growth of stable families was generally a top priority for early colonial governments. This was one of the ways to help the development of colony and the creation of stable society. Besides, differences in origin and evolution of colonies influenced the shape of law and that is why many institutions were not uniformly regulated. Therefore the research on the development of law in British colonies in North America deserves","PeriodicalId":20823,"journal":{"name":"Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas","volume":"1 1","pages":"39-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85399960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annulment and nullity of marriage are two institutions that function in two separate and independent legal systems. Despite some similarities, they cannot be used interchangeably. The differences between the annulment and declaring nullity of marriage follow mainly from the fact that the canonical marriage between baptized persons is a sacrament, a lifelong and indissoluble bond. For this reason, once validly contracted, it cannot be annulled or dissolved by divorce, but only by the death of a spouse or a dispensation from an unconsummated marriage and the privilege of faith. In the case when marriage is contracted, despite the existence of impediments to marriage, the ecclesiastical tribunal, after completing the relevant proceedings, declares its nullity whereby this judgment is of a declarative nature. In the case of annulment of marriage, the legislator provided for some restriction as to the persons authorized to file a claim, and it also listed the situations in which, even though marriage was contracted in breach of law, its annulment is not possible. Therefore, convalidation by force of law is permissible. Such validation and such restrictions have not been provided by the ecclesiastical legislator, although the convalidation of marriage is possible as long as the matrimonial consent continues and some additional conditions have been satisfied. The judgment regarding the annulment of marriage is constitutive, although the effects of annulment have retroactive effects, whereby the legislator stated that for certain relationships, the rules of divorce shall be applicable. * Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Ecclesiastical Litigation Law of the Catholic University of Lublin, al. Unii Lubelskiej 15, 20-108 Lublin, g.bzdyrak@diecezja.lublin.pl
{"title":"ANNULMENT OF MARRIAGE IN POLISH LAW AND DECLARATION OF NULLITY OF MARRIAGE IN CANON LAW – A COMPARATIVE STUDY","authors":"G. Bzdyrak","doi":"10.31743/recl.4979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31743/recl.4979","url":null,"abstract":"Annulment and nullity of marriage are two institutions that function in two separate and independent legal systems. Despite some similarities, they cannot be used interchangeably. The differences between the annulment and declaring nullity of marriage follow mainly from the fact that the canonical marriage between baptized persons is a sacrament, a lifelong and indissoluble bond. For this reason, once validly contracted, it cannot be annulled or dissolved by divorce, but only by the death of a spouse or a dispensation from an unconsummated marriage and the privilege of faith. In the case when marriage is contracted, despite the existence of impediments to marriage, the ecclesiastical tribunal, after completing the relevant proceedings, declares its nullity whereby this judgment is of a declarative nature. In the case of annulment of marriage, the legislator provided for some restriction as to the persons authorized to file a claim, and it also listed the situations in which, even though marriage was contracted in breach of law, its annulment is not possible. Therefore, convalidation by force of law is permissible. Such validation and such restrictions have not been provided by the ecclesiastical legislator, although the convalidation of marriage is possible as long as the matrimonial consent continues and some additional conditions have been satisfied. The judgment regarding the annulment of marriage is constitutive, although the effects of annulment have retroactive effects, whereby the legislator stated that for certain relationships, the rules of divorce shall be applicable. * Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Ecclesiastical Litigation Law of the Catholic University of Lublin, al. Unii Lubelskiej 15, 20-108 Lublin, g.bzdyrak@diecezja.lublin.pl","PeriodicalId":20823,"journal":{"name":"Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas","volume":"15 1","pages":"65-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74750322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"JUS COGENS REVISITED","authors":"Magdalena Matusiak-Frącczak","doi":"10.31743/recl.4978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31743/recl.4978","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20823,"journal":{"name":"Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas","volume":"5 1","pages":"55-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87271459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A property tax (or millage tax) is a levy on property that the owner is required to pay. The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located; it may be paid to a national government, a federated state, a county or geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This is in contrast to a rent and mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value. There are four broad types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable man-made objects), and intangible property. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and improvements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residential, commercial, industrial and vacant real property. A special assessment tax is sometimes confused with property tax. These are two distinct forms of taxation: one (ad valorem tax) relies upon the fair market value of the property being taxed for justification, and the other (special assessment) relies upon a special enhancement called a “benefit” for its justification. Keyword: property tax, real property, ad valorem taxation, land, mortgage value * Dr, Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomii i Innowacji w Lublinie. ** Dr hab., prof. nadzw., Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomii i Innowacji w Lublinie.
物业税(或里程税)是业主必须支付的物业税。税收由财产所在司法管辖区的管理当局征收;它可以支付给一个国家政府，一个联邦州，一个县或地理区域，或一个直辖市。多个司法管辖区可能对同一财产征税。这与租金和抵押贷款税形成对比，后者是基于租金或抵押贷款价值的百分比。有四大类财产:土地、土地改良物(不可移动的人造物体，如建筑物)、个人财产(可移动的人造物体)和无形财产。不动产(也叫不动产或不动产)是指土地和改良物的结合。在财产税制度下，政府要求和/或对每一处房产的货币价值进行评估，并按该价值的比例征税。财产税的征收形式因国家和司法管辖区而异。不动产通常根据其分类征税。分类是基于相似用途对属性进行分组。不同类别的财产按不同的税率征税。不同类别的物业包括住宅、商业、工业和空置物业。特别评估税有时会与财产税混淆。这是两种不同形式的税收:一种(从价税)依赖于被征税财产的公平市场价值来证明其合理性，另一种(特殊评估)依赖于一种称为“利益”的特殊增强来证明其合理性。关键词:财产税，不动产，从价税，土地，抵押价值*博士，Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomii i Innowacji w Lublinie。**郝博士。Nadzw教授。， Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomii i Innowacji w Lublinie
{"title":"LEGAL AND THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF PROPERTY TAXES","authors":"Agnieszka Żywicka, T. Wołowiec","doi":"10.31743/recl.5076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31743/recl.5076","url":null,"abstract":"A property tax (or millage tax) is a levy on property that the owner is required to pay. The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located; it may be paid to a national government, a federated state, a county or geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This is in contrast to a rent and mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value. There are four broad types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable man-made objects), and intangible property. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and improvements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residential, commercial, industrial and vacant real property. A special assessment tax is sometimes confused with property tax. These are two distinct forms of taxation: one (ad valorem tax) relies upon the fair market value of the property being taxed for justification, and the other (special assessment) relies upon a special enhancement called a “benefit” for its justification. Keyword: property tax, real property, ad valorem taxation, land, mortgage value * Dr, Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomii i Innowacji w Lublinie. ** Dr hab., prof. nadzw., Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomii i Innowacji w Lublinie.","PeriodicalId":20823,"journal":{"name":"Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas","volume":"38 1","pages":"195-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88459679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Specialized authorities in the field of environmental protection have existed since the beginning of the creation of the system of organization of environmental services and the amount of them has been steadily widening. This has been particularly evident in case of nature conservation law which is a part of environmental law. The fact of existence of authorities having specialized knowledge is particularly important in the context of new environmental tasks resulting from the implementation of European Union legal norms often using professional knowledge. The purpose of this article is to present the specialized authorities functioning in the field of nature conservation, the scope of taking advantage of their professional knowledge potential. The article also aims at taking of trial of assessment of adopted regulations accuracy concerning the division of tasks and competences of public authorities with regard to administration of forms of nature conservation, as well as presenting de lege ferenda comments aiming at nature conservation tasks performing more effectively.
{"title":"PUBLIC AUTHORITIES ADMINISTERING THE FORMS OF NATURE CONSERVATION IN POLAND","authors":"Kamila Sobieraj","doi":"10.31743/recl.4976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31743/recl.4976","url":null,"abstract":"Specialized authorities in the field of environmental protection have existed since the beginning of the creation of the system of organization of environmental services and the amount of them has been steadily widening. This has been particularly evident in case of nature conservation law which is a part of environmental law. The fact of existence of authorities having specialized knowledge is particularly important in the context of new environmental tasks resulting from the implementation of European Union legal norms often using professional knowledge. The purpose of this article is to present the specialized authorities functioning in the field of nature conservation, the scope of taking advantage of their professional knowledge potential. The article also aims at taking of trial of assessment of adopted regulations accuracy concerning the division of tasks and competences of public authorities with regard to administration of forms of nature conservation, as well as presenting de lege ferenda comments aiming at nature conservation tasks performing more effectively.","PeriodicalId":20823,"journal":{"name":"Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas","volume":"18 1","pages":"27-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81714456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To sum up, professional liability is an additional mode of responsibility, not included in the common law . Professional liability occurs when medical personnel violate provisions on the practice of the profession or act against the rules of professional ethics . Professional responsibility is borne for a breach of the principles of medical ethics or provisions relating to the practice of medical profession . Medical personnel may be punished for professional misconduct by: admonition, reprimand, prohibition on holding managerial positions in organizational health care entities for a period from one to five years, prohibition on holding a position of one’s choice in the bodies of self-government for the period from one to five years, limitation on activities within the profession for a period from six months to two years, suspension of the right to practice the profession for a period from one to five years, deprivation of the right to practice the profession . A doctor and dentist have the right to appeal against the decision of the Medical Court at II instance in any case, regardless of the imposed punishment . A nurse and midwife may appeal against the decision of the Supreme Court of Nurses and Midwives only in the case the penalty of suspension or deprivation of the right to practice the profession . There is a widespread opinion that it is very difficult for a victim to get a positive outcome in the medical courts, even in the cases of obvious medical errors or negligence .
{"title":"PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY IN SELECTED MEDICAL PROFESSIONS","authors":"A. Jacek, K. Ozog","doi":"10.31743/RECL.11764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31743/RECL.11764","url":null,"abstract":"To sum up, professional liability is an additional mode of responsibility, not included in the common law . Professional liability occurs when medical personnel violate provisions on the practice of the profession or act against the rules of professional ethics . Professional responsibility is borne for a breach of the principles of medical ethics or provisions relating to the practice of medical profession . Medical personnel may be punished for professional misconduct by: admonition, reprimand, prohibition on holding managerial positions in organizational health care entities for a period from one to five years, prohibition on holding a position of one’s choice in the bodies of self-government for the period from one to five years, limitation on activities within the profession for a period from six months to two years, suspension of the right to practice the profession for a period from one to five years, deprivation of the right to practice the profession . A doctor and dentist have the right to appeal against the decision of the Medical Court at II instance in any case, regardless of the imposed punishment . A nurse and midwife may appeal against the decision of the Supreme Court of Nurses and Midwives only in the case the penalty of suspension or deprivation of the right to practice the profession . There is a widespread opinion that it is very difficult for a victim to get a positive outcome in the medical courts, even in the cases of obvious medical errors or negligence .","PeriodicalId":20823,"journal":{"name":"Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas","volume":"1 1","pages":"73-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86494036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-06DOI: 10.1002/recl.18840031208
H. B. Roozeboom
{"title":"Dissociation de l'hydrate de l'acide bromhydrique","authors":"H. B. Roozeboom","doi":"10.1002/recl.18840031208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/recl.18840031208","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20823,"journal":{"name":"Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas","volume":"27 1","pages":"433-434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75578165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-06DOI: 10.1002/RECL.18860050203
M. Reicher
{"title":"Sur la vitesse de la saponification","authors":"M. Reicher","doi":"10.1002/RECL.18860050203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/RECL.18860050203","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20823,"journal":{"name":"Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas","volume":"40 1","pages":"51-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74046327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-06DOI: 10.1002/RECL.18860050806
J. E. D. Vry
{"title":"Sur un dosage exact de la quinine et de la cinchonidine dans le sulfate de quinine commercial","authors":"J. E. D. Vry","doi":"10.1002/RECL.18860050806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/RECL.18860050806","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20823,"journal":{"name":"Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas","volume":"58 1","pages":"263-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80171661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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