Kenyan Pius Phlieger, Katelyn Green, Daniel S. Jones
Nitrification is the process by which ammonia is oxidized to nitrate, and is an important biogeochemical reaction in the global nitrogen cycle. This process is catalyzed by ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), which is encoded by the amoA gene. Both bacteria (ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, or AOB) and archaea (ammonia-oxidizing archaea, or AOA) are capable of carrying out ammonia oxidation. This project focuses on the phylogenetic analysis of novel amoA genes from microorganisms found in caves. Through this project, amoA genes from two new metagenomes from Lehman Caves in Nevada and Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico are being analyzed. Other amoA sequences used for phylogenetic comparison are being compiled from the scientific literature, including amoA studies that go back more than 23 years, as well as from metagenomes from other cave systems. At least one bacterial and one archaeal amoA have been identified so far, and preliminary BLAST analysis showed that these likely originated from close relatives of known ammonia oxidizers, including Nitrosomonas spp., and an unknown archaea. Detailed phylogenetic analysis shows that the amoA from the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium is most closely related to Nitrosomonas spp. and to amoA recovered from other caves, as well as several pmoA sequences, indicating potential use of trace methane. We are now performing additional phylogenetic analyses to further classify these new amoA sequences and explore the evolution of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in caves, as well as to further explore the potential use of trace methane as an energy resource in desert caves. The work from this project will be used in future research aimed at uncovering new ammonia-oxidizing cave microorganisms and exploring their role in the subterranean nitrogen cycle.
{"title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of Ammonia Monooxygenase (amoa) Genes From Desert Caves","authors":"Kenyan Pius Phlieger, Katelyn Green, Daniel S. Jones","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2931","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrification is the process by which ammonia is oxidized to nitrate, and is an important biogeochemical reaction in the global nitrogen cycle. This process is catalyzed by ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), which is encoded by the amoA gene. Both bacteria (ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, or AOB) and archaea (ammonia-oxidizing archaea, or AOA) are capable of carrying out ammonia oxidation. This project focuses on the phylogenetic analysis of novel amoA genes from microorganisms found in caves. Through this project, amoA genes from two new metagenomes from Lehman Caves in Nevada and Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico are being analyzed. Other amoA sequences used for phylogenetic comparison are being compiled from the scientific literature, including amoA studies that go back more than 23 years, as well as from metagenomes from other cave systems. At least one bacterial and one archaeal amoA have been identified so far, and preliminary BLAST analysis showed that these likely originated from close relatives of known ammonia oxidizers, including Nitrosomonas spp., and an unknown archaea. Detailed phylogenetic analysis shows that the amoA from the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium is most closely related to Nitrosomonas spp. and to amoA recovered from other caves, as well as several pmoA sequences, indicating potential use of trace methane. We are now performing additional phylogenetic analyses to further classify these new amoA sequences and explore the evolution of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in caves, as well as to further explore the potential use of trace methane as an energy resource in desert caves. The work from this project will be used in future research aimed at uncovering new ammonia-oxidizing cave microorganisms and exploring their role in the subterranean nitrogen cycle.","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127955369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geochemical and isotopic data from the literature for aquifers around El Paso del Norte area is gathered and analyzed to identify mixing patterns and study their hydraulic connectivity. Most of the aquifers are recognized as part of the Rio Grande aquifer system and represent an interlinked series of basins. Existing information on groundwater flow direction and interbasin flow help interpret the data. Using environmental tracers, groundwater groups were identified and characterized, including possible instances of mixing among them. The results were then compared to dendrograms produced from a multivariate analysis of the data as well as to published classification schemes. This study specifically identifies a number of samples in the Valle de Juárez aquifer that match the signature of groundwater groups found near the Jornada-Mesilla divide as well as mixing with the Hueco Bolson endmembers. Groundwater from Conejos-Médanos resembles a mix of at least two distinct water types identified in the Laguna de Patos aquifer; their similarities with a number of samples in the Mesilla Basin, Diablo Plateau, and southern Hueco Bolson suggest mixing and/or a common source or lithology. Springs from the Diablo Plateau and Red Light Draw located at normal faults along the southeastern Hueco boundary are discharging groundwater with similar characteristics. A number of regional geochemical trends were also identified. The results illustrate aquifer dynamics and highlight the importance of data integration for the analysis of regional and local systems, which has implications for water management, quality, and availability topics.
收集并分析了El Paso del Norte地区周围含水层的地球化学和同位素数据，以确定混合模式并研究其水力连通性。大多数含水层被认为是格兰德河含水层系统的一部分，代表了一系列相互联系的盆地。现有的地下水流向和流域间流动信息有助于解释这些数据。使用环境示踪剂，确定和表征了地下水群，包括它们之间可能混合的实例。然后将结果与多变量数据分析产生的树形图以及已发表的分类方案进行比较。这项研究特别确定了Juárez含水层中的一些样本，这些样本与Jornada-Mesilla分水岭附近发现的地下水群的特征相匹配，并且与Hueco Bolson端成员混合。conejos - m达诺斯河的地下水类似于在拉古纳德帕托斯含水层中发现的至少两种不同类型的水的混合物;它们与Mesilla盆地、Diablo高原和Hueco Bolson南部的许多样品相似，表明混合和/或有共同的来源或岩性。位于Hueco边界东南部正断层上的Diablo高原和Red Light Draw的泉水也在排出具有类似特征的地下水。还确定了若干区域地球化学趋势。研究结果说明了含水层动态，并强调了数据集成对区域和地方系统分析的重要性，这对水管理、质量和可用性主题具有重要意义。
{"title":"Groundwater signatures and mixing patterns around El Paso del Norte area of the Rio Grande aquifer system using environmental tracers","authors":"Astrid Y. Lozano Acosta","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2874","url":null,"abstract":"Geochemical and isotopic data from the literature for aquifers around El Paso del Norte area is gathered and analyzed to identify mixing patterns and study their hydraulic connectivity. Most of the aquifers are recognized as part of the Rio Grande aquifer system and represent an interlinked series of basins. Existing information on groundwater flow direction and interbasin flow help interpret the data. Using environmental tracers, groundwater groups were identified and characterized, including possible instances of mixing among them. The results were then compared to dendrograms produced from a multivariate analysis of the data as well as to published classification schemes. This study specifically identifies a number of samples in the Valle de Juárez aquifer that match the signature of groundwater groups found near the Jornada-Mesilla divide as well as mixing with the Hueco Bolson endmembers. Groundwater from Conejos-Médanos resembles a mix of at least two distinct water types identified in the Laguna de Patos aquifer; their similarities with a number of samples in the Mesilla Basin, Diablo Plateau, and southern Hueco Bolson suggest mixing and/or a common source or lithology. Springs from the Diablo Plateau and Red Light Draw located at normal faults along the southeastern Hueco boundary are discharging groundwater with similar characteristics. A number of regional geochemical trends were also identified. The results illustrate aquifer dynamics and highlight the importance of data integration for the analysis of regional and local systems, which has implications for water management, quality, and availability topics.","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132420814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Petrography and Economical Potential of Banded Iron Formation of the Neoproterozoic-Age Buem Formation, Ghana","authors":"Ernest Brakohiapa","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2908","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131042411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel M. Runyan, V. McLemore, Evan J. Owen, Ethan B. Haft
Magnesium is an important critical mineral used in a wide range of industrial products and materials. It is used in the manufacture of certain medicines, fertilizers, electronics, and batteries. Magnesium is utilized as an alloying agent of aluminum to improve mechanical capabilities; aluminum-magnesium alloys are useful in airplane and car construction, where strong lightweight materials are critical. China has much of the processing capacity and is the largest global producer of both magnesium compounds and magnesium metal. Demand for magnesium has increased because of use in car parts and batteries. Although magnesium is found in many minerals, dolomite, magnesite, brucite, carnallite, and olivine are of major commercial importance. In New Mexico, magnesium is produced solely for fertilizer as langbeinite from the Carlsbad Potash District. At least one company is considering producing magnesium from dolomite near Deming. In addition to providing significant yields of magnesium, dolomites are also used as crushed rock in construction as a soil additive and iron smelting. In order to consider mining dolomites for magnesium, the dolomites need to be “high-purity”. We define high-purity dolomites as containing at least 15% MgO. We find that certain dolomites in south-central New Mexico, including those within the Florida and Organ Mountains, contain economically significant grades of magnesium (12-22% MgO). High-purity dolomites exist near Silver City, Deming, and Las Cruces, locations that are feasible for transport and extraction. High-purity dolomite deposits in south-central New Mexico, the mining of which could occur in the future, remain the most plentiful source of magnesium in the state. Research is ongoing as magnesium-rich sites are found and described for any potential future mining activity.
{"title":"High-Magnesium Dolomites in South-Central New Mexico","authors":"Daniel M. Runyan, V. McLemore, Evan J. Owen, Ethan B. Haft","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2924","url":null,"abstract":"Magnesium is an important critical mineral used in a wide range of industrial products and materials. It is used in the manufacture of certain medicines, fertilizers, electronics, and batteries. Magnesium is utilized as an alloying agent of aluminum to improve mechanical capabilities; aluminum-magnesium alloys are useful in airplane and car construction, where strong lightweight materials are critical. China has much of the processing capacity and is the largest global producer of both magnesium compounds and magnesium metal. Demand for magnesium has increased because of use in car parts and batteries. Although magnesium is found in many minerals, dolomite, magnesite, brucite, carnallite, and olivine are of major commercial importance. In New Mexico, magnesium is produced solely for fertilizer as langbeinite from the Carlsbad Potash District. At least one company is considering producing magnesium from dolomite near Deming. In addition to providing significant yields of magnesium, dolomites are also used as crushed rock in construction as a soil additive and iron smelting. In order to consider mining dolomites for magnesium, the dolomites need to be “high-purity”. We define high-purity dolomites as containing at least 15% MgO. We find that certain dolomites in south-central New Mexico, including those within the Florida and Organ Mountains, contain economically significant grades of magnesium (12-22% MgO). High-purity dolomites exist near Silver City, Deming, and Las Cruces, locations that are feasible for transport and extraction. High-purity dolomite deposits in south-central New Mexico, the mining of which could occur in the future, remain the most plentiful source of magnesium in the state. Research is ongoing as magnesium-rich sites are found and described for any potential future mining activity.","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128204437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Alpine High gas field discovery was announced by Apache in September, 2016, touting gas reserves of 75 TCF, mainly from the Mississippian Barnett and Devonian Woodford shales (Apache website, 2016) as posted by Benson (2017). Low gas prices and lack of pipeline infrastructure have delayed much development, but was scheduled to resume in the fall, 2022. The authors are part of a team of energy specialists, put together for the JMB company, to evaluate their Hovey Ranches and surrounding areas to assess the total energy potential in Brewster and Jeff Davis Counties. The original Apache acreage block of over 200,000 acres, mostly in western Reeves County appears to follow a paper published by Swift et al., (1994), whose outline showed potential conventional gas plays in Reeves County based on Woodford structure map and reprocessed 1970s vintage 2-D seismic data. The major up-to-the-west reverse fault No.1, lies just west of the Jeff Davis County line. A previous interpretation by Pearson (1985) mapped the Capitan Permian reef thick overlying the northwest trending Devonian shelf. A Permian thick was mapped in the subsurface by Standen et al., (2009, Figure 18). An Ellenberger high was mapped under Alpine and trending northwest by Ammon (1981, Figure 11). Deep Ellenberger gas was found at Gomez field and other large fields in the 1960s causing the oil pipeline to be diverted back to California for natural gas consumption. The structural high is covered by the Star Mountain rhyolite (37 myo) portrayed regionally by McLeod (2009). A quarter mile wide by 200-foot-high ridge of Star Mountain rhyolite extends nearly 10 miles southeast from Little Star Mountain (probable vent) just west of fault No. 1, mapped at Woodford shale depth. It is interpreted that this dike extends at depth, following fault fractures and may have heated the Barnett and Woodford shales during the introduction of hydrocarbon expulsion. These areas should be avoided in future drilling. Six wells have been drilled by Coterra, formerly Cabot Oil and Gas, and affiliates over the past four years, along this Star Mountain trend, including two 4000 foot horizontal laterals. They have been fraced in the Woodford, but no results are available. Coterra acreage leases have been dropped. Northwest trending faults were mapped by King (1930) in the Glass Mountains. The Woodford produces oil in the Marathon fold belt (Reed and Strickler, 1990). Will high gas prices rejuvenate the unconventional plays on the west side of the Delaware Basin? Late timing of hydrocarbon generation may allow a vast area of unconventional hydrocarbon exploration.
2016年9月，阿帕奇宣布发现Alpine High气田，天然气储量为75万亿立方英尺，主要来自密西西比Barnett和泥盆系Woodford页岩(Apache网站，2016年)。低天然气价格和缺乏管道基础设施推迟了许多开发，但计划在2022年秋季恢复。作者是JMB公司能源专家团队的一员，负责评估他们的霍维牧场和周边地区，以评估布鲁斯特和杰夫戴维斯县的总能源潜力。最初的Apache区块面积超过20万英亩，大部分位于里夫斯县西部，似乎是遵循Swift等人(1994)发表的一篇论文，该论文根据Woodford构造图和重新处理的20世纪70年代复古二维地震数据，概述了里夫斯县潜在的常规天然气区。向西的主要逆断层1号，位于杰夫戴维斯县线以西。Pearson(1985)先前的解释将Capitan二叠纪礁绘制在西北走向的泥盆纪陆架上。Standen等人(2009年，图18)在地下绘制了一个二叠纪厚层。阿蒙(Ammon)在阿尔卑斯山脉下绘制了一个向西北方向的埃伦伯格高压(1981年，图11)。20世纪60年代，在戈麦斯油田和其他大型油田发现了深层Ellenberger天然气，导致石油管道被转回加州用于天然气消费。构造高地被McLeod(2009)区域性描绘的星山流纹岩(37米)所覆盖。在Woodford页岩深度，从1号断层以西的小星山(可能是喷口)向东南延伸近10英里，有四分之一英里宽，200英尺高的星山流纹岩脊。据解释，这条岩脉在深度上延伸，沿着断裂断裂延伸，并可能在油气排出过程中加热了Barnett和Woodford页岩。在今后的钻井作业中，应避免在这些区域钻井。在过去的四年里，Coterra(前身为Cabot Oil and Gas)及其附属公司沿着Star Mountain趋势钻了6口井，其中包括2口4000英尺的水平分支井。他们已经在伍德福德进行了测试，但没有结果。Coterra的土地租约已被取消。King(1930)在玻璃山绘制了西北向断层图。伍德福德产油于马拉松褶皱带(Reed and Strickler, 1990)。高企的天然气价格会让特拉华盆地西部的非常规油气重新焕发活力吗?较晚的生烃时间可能允许大面积的非常规油气勘探。
{"title":"Western Alpine High Potential, West Flank Delaware Basin, Texas","authors":"A. Benson, E. Benson","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2897","url":null,"abstract":"The Alpine High gas field discovery was announced by Apache in September, 2016, touting gas reserves of 75 TCF, mainly from the Mississippian Barnett and Devonian Woodford shales (Apache website, 2016) as posted by Benson (2017). Low gas prices and lack of pipeline infrastructure have delayed much development, but was scheduled to resume in the fall, 2022. The authors are part of a team of energy specialists, put together for the JMB company, to evaluate their Hovey Ranches and surrounding areas to assess the total energy potential in Brewster and Jeff Davis Counties. The original Apache acreage block of over 200,000 acres, mostly in western Reeves County appears to follow a paper published by Swift et al., (1994), whose outline showed potential conventional gas plays in Reeves County based on Woodford structure map and reprocessed 1970s vintage 2-D seismic data. The major up-to-the-west reverse fault No.1, lies just west of the Jeff Davis County line. A previous interpretation by Pearson (1985) mapped the Capitan Permian reef thick overlying the northwest trending Devonian shelf. A Permian thick was mapped in the subsurface by Standen et al., (2009, Figure 18). An Ellenberger high was mapped under Alpine and trending northwest by Ammon (1981, Figure 11). Deep Ellenberger gas was found at Gomez field and other large fields in the 1960s causing the oil pipeline to be diverted back to California for natural gas consumption. The structural high is covered by the Star Mountain rhyolite (37 myo) portrayed regionally by McLeod (2009). A quarter mile wide by 200-foot-high ridge of Star Mountain rhyolite extends nearly 10 miles southeast from Little Star Mountain (probable vent) just west of fault No. 1, mapped at Woodford shale depth. It is interpreted that this dike extends at depth, following fault fractures and may have heated the Barnett and Woodford shales during the introduction of hydrocarbon expulsion. These areas should be avoided in future drilling. Six wells have been drilled by Coterra, formerly Cabot Oil and Gas, and affiliates over the past four years, along this Star Mountain trend, including two 4000 foot horizontal laterals. They have been fraced in the Woodford, but no results are available. Coterra acreage leases have been dropped. Northwest trending faults were mapped by King (1930) in the Glass Mountains. The Woodford produces oil in the Marathon fold belt (Reed and Strickler, 1990). Will high gas prices rejuvenate the unconventional plays on the west side of the Delaware Basin? Late timing of hydrocarbon generation may allow a vast area of unconventional hydrocarbon exploration.","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116357953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The First Record of the Echinoid Genus Mecaster From the Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of New Mexico","authors":"Michael P. Foley, S. Lucas","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2884","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116816556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Salladin, Thomas A. Valenzuela, B. Hampton, K. Hobbs
{"title":"New U-Pb Detrital Zircon Geochronology From the Eocene San Jose Formation, Eastern San Juan Basin, Northwestern New Mexico","authors":"N. Salladin, Thomas A. Valenzuela, B. Hampton, K. Hobbs","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2951","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"324 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116635948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Roussel, Zachary M. Shephard, F. Brinkerhoff, R. Travis
{"title":"Determining surface water and groundwater returns from Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge to the Rio Grande","authors":"S. Roussel, Zachary M. Shephard, F. Brinkerhoff, R. Travis","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2917","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124452467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 1.2 Ma Valles Caldera in northern New Mexico hosts a hydrothermal system that has been characterized by Goff and Janik, 2000 and references therein as consistent with a young igneous model. This study aims to determine the geochemical processes that govern the attenuation of chemical components released by hydrothermal activity in streams draining the Jemez mountains. The Sulphur Springs are the primary vents of the Valles acid-sulfate hydrothermal system, emitting waters with pH <3 and high concentrations of Al (60-800 mg/L) and SO 42-(1,800-10,000 mg/L). Sulphur Springs discharges into Sulphur Creek, imparting a similarly low-pH, high-Al, high-SO 42-signature. Further downstream, these signatures are attenuated by the interaction of Sulphur Creek with the similarly low-pH Redondo Creek and the circumneutral, snowmelt-fed Río San Antonio. The Sulphur Creek field area is a particularly useful natural laboratory to conduct this study due to the wide range of in-stream pH and salinity conditions. Additionally, Sulphur Creek waters mix with waters of diverse composition of both hydrothermal and meteoric origin at multiple confluences along its run. The wide range of conditions found in this field area make it possible to discriminate between many processes that control attenuation. This study uses major ion and stable isotope compositions and field parameters of collected water samples as geochemical tracers to identify attenuation processes. Due to the low pH of many of the samples, charge balancing of the waters required additional steps, including partitioning total sulfate species into SO 42-and HSO 4-and geochemical modelling using software such as PhreeqC. Data collected for this study suggests the importance of dilution and pH-changes in attenuating high concentrations of dissolved solids. Mixing analysis at the many confluences Sulphur Creek has along its flowpath is required to identify attenuation on a more granular level. Furthermore, additional investigation is needed to identify seasonal changes in the geochemistry of the system that may have an impact on the attenuation of the hydrothermal components. Hydrothermally-affected waters from the Yellowstone caldera are used for comparison with Valles waters in this study
{"title":"Environmental Fate of Sulfur in Sulphur Creek, Valles Caldera, Nm: Implications for Water Quality and Metal Transport","authors":"Daniel Lavery, L. Crossey, Abdul-Mehdi S. Ali","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2899","url":null,"abstract":"The 1.2 Ma Valles Caldera in northern New Mexico hosts a hydrothermal system that has been characterized by Goff and Janik, 2000 and references therein as consistent with a young igneous model. This study aims to determine the geochemical processes that govern the attenuation of chemical components released by hydrothermal activity in streams draining the Jemez mountains. The Sulphur Springs are the primary vents of the Valles acid-sulfate hydrothermal system, emitting waters with pH <3 and high concentrations of Al (60-800 mg/L) and SO 42-(1,800-10,000 mg/L). Sulphur Springs discharges into Sulphur Creek, imparting a similarly low-pH, high-Al, high-SO 42-signature. Further downstream, these signatures are attenuated by the interaction of Sulphur Creek with the similarly low-pH Redondo Creek and the circumneutral, snowmelt-fed Río San Antonio. The Sulphur Creek field area is a particularly useful natural laboratory to conduct this study due to the wide range of in-stream pH and salinity conditions. Additionally, Sulphur Creek waters mix with waters of diverse composition of both hydrothermal and meteoric origin at multiple confluences along its run. The wide range of conditions found in this field area make it possible to discriminate between many processes that control attenuation. This study uses major ion and stable isotope compositions and field parameters of collected water samples as geochemical tracers to identify attenuation processes. Due to the low pH of many of the samples, charge balancing of the waters required additional steps, including partitioning total sulfate species into SO 42-and HSO 4-and geochemical modelling using software such as PhreeqC. Data collected for this study suggests the importance of dilution and pH-changes in attenuating high concentrations of dissolved solids. Mixing analysis at the many confluences Sulphur Creek has along its flowpath is required to identify attenuation on a more granular level. Furthermore, additional investigation is needed to identify seasonal changes in the geochemistry of the system that may have an impact on the attenuation of the hydrothermal components. Hydrothermally-affected waters from the Yellowstone caldera are used for comparison with Valles waters in this study","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122804825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Forest fires are well known to impact the quality of water in a watershed from hillside erosion and fire sedimentation as well as the quantity of water entering the system from decreased soil infiltration, lessened vegetation interception, and increased catchment evapotranspiration. The Gallinas Watershed in northern New Mexico was impacted by the 2022 Hermits Peak/Calf Canyon (HP/CC) Fire, the largest wildfire in New Mexico’s history (>340,000 acres). Approximately 115,542 acres burned in the Headwaters Gallinas River Watershed, 21% of which were classified by the USFS Burned Area Emergency Response team as high burn severity. As of April 8, 2023, the snow water equivalent (SWE) data from the NRCS Wesner Springs snow monitoring station at the Gallinas River’s source (Elk Mountain; 11,151 feet) stands at 17.0 in, which is trending at 142% higher than the 30-year median of 12.0 in. The above-average snowpack raises concerns for increased snowmelt in the watersheds, with heightened concern for earlier onset and higher levels of peak flows due to post-fire watershed conditions. This undergraduate study consists of monitoring in near real-time the SWE, air temperature, and soil moisture at Wesner Springs and comparing these to both historic and 2023 Gallinas River discharge with emphasis on the period during the spring snowmelt (March through May) to test what if any impact the 2022 HP/CC forest fire is having on hydrologic conditions. Historically, the hydrographs for Gallinas Creek near Montezuma, NM (USGS 08380500) show broad, diffuse, and moderate increases in discharge from March to May from snow melt in contrast to the narrow, sharp, and marked increases in discharges from June to August from monsoon rains. Review of the Gallinas River streamflow data from March 2023 to present shows a flashy spring discharge with narrow and sharp peaks at 4 to 7 times above average similar to monsoonal precipitation response rather than snowmelt response. These data suggest that the snowmelt is running off the burned hillsides rather than infiltrating the subsurface. The NRCS has calculated a forecast volume (50% exceedance probability) of 215% of the 30-year median at Gallinas Creek near Montezuma. Historically, peak discharge on the Gallinas occurs around May 15 th based on the 96-year record, but has been occurring earlier during the millennium drought. This year, with the higher SWE and post-fire conditions, monitoring in near real-time is imperative to forecast flood stages, manage fire sedimentation, and protect water supplies.
众所周知，森林火灾会因山坡侵蚀和火灾沉积而影响流域的水质，也会因土壤入渗减少、植被截流减少和流域蒸散量增加而影响进入系统的水量。新墨西哥州北部的加利纳斯流域受到2022年隐士峰/小牛峡谷(HP/CC)大火的影响，这是新墨西哥州历史上最大的野火(超过34万英亩)。在加利纳斯河流域，大约115,542英亩的土地被烧毁，其中21%被美国农业部烧伤地区应急响应小组列为高烧伤严重程度。截至2023年4月8日，来自加利纳斯河源头(麋鹿山;11,151英尺)的水深为17.0英寸，比30年来的中位数12.0英寸高出142%。超过平均水平的积雪引起了人们对流域融雪增加的担忧，由于火灾后的流域条件，更令人担忧的是更早的出现和更高的峰值流量。这项本科生研究包括近实时监测Wesner Springs的SWE、空气温度和土壤湿度，并将这些数据与历史和2023年的加利纳斯河流量进行比较，重点是春季融雪期间(3月至5月)，以测试2022年HP/CC森林火灾对水文条件的影响。从历史上看，蒙特祖玛附近的加利纳斯河的水文曲线(USGS 08380500)显示，从3月到5月，由于融雪，流量广泛、分散、适度地增加，而从6月到8月，由于季风降雨，流量狭窄、急剧、显著地增加。对galinas河2023年3月至今的流量数据进行回顾，发现春季流量异常，峰值窄而尖，是平均水平的4 ~ 7倍，与季风降水响应相似，而不是融雪响应。这些数据表明，融雪正在从被烧毁的山坡上流出，而不是渗入地下。NRCS已经计算出蒙特祖玛附近Gallinas Creek 30年中位数的预测容量(超过50%的概率)为215%。从历史上看，根据96年的记录，加利纳斯河的峰值在5月15日左右出现，但在千年干旱期间出现的时间更早。今年，随着SWE和火灾后条件的提高，实时监测对于预测洪水阶段、管理火灾沉淀和保护供水至关重要。
{"title":"Hydrologic Response of the Gallinas River to 2023 Spring Snowmelt Post-2022 Hermits Peak/calf Canyon Fire","authors":"Mary Frances Bibb, J. Lindline","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2925","url":null,"abstract":"Forest fires are well known to impact the quality of water in a watershed from hillside erosion and fire sedimentation as well as the quantity of water entering the system from decreased soil infiltration, lessened vegetation interception, and increased catchment evapotranspiration. The Gallinas Watershed in northern New Mexico was impacted by the 2022 Hermits Peak/Calf Canyon (HP/CC) Fire, the largest wildfire in New Mexico’s history (>340,000 acres). Approximately 115,542 acres burned in the Headwaters Gallinas River Watershed, 21% of which were classified by the USFS Burned Area Emergency Response team as high burn severity. As of April 8, 2023, the snow water equivalent (SWE) data from the NRCS Wesner Springs snow monitoring station at the Gallinas River’s source (Elk Mountain; 11,151 feet) stands at 17.0 in, which is trending at 142% higher than the 30-year median of 12.0 in. The above-average snowpack raises concerns for increased snowmelt in the watersheds, with heightened concern for earlier onset and higher levels of peak flows due to post-fire watershed conditions. This undergraduate study consists of monitoring in near real-time the SWE, air temperature, and soil moisture at Wesner Springs and comparing these to both historic and 2023 Gallinas River discharge with emphasis on the period during the spring snowmelt (March through May) to test what if any impact the 2022 HP/CC forest fire is having on hydrologic conditions. Historically, the hydrographs for Gallinas Creek near Montezuma, NM (USGS 08380500) show broad, diffuse, and moderate increases in discharge from March to May from snow melt in contrast to the narrow, sharp, and marked increases in discharges from June to August from monsoon rains. Review of the Gallinas River streamflow data from March 2023 to present shows a flashy spring discharge with narrow and sharp peaks at 4 to 7 times above average similar to monsoonal precipitation response rather than snowmelt response. These data suggest that the snowmelt is running off the burned hillsides rather than infiltrating the subsurface. The NRCS has calculated a forecast volume (50% exceedance probability) of 215% of the 30-year median at Gallinas Creek near Montezuma. Historically, peak discharge on the Gallinas occurs around May 15 th based on the 96-year record, but has been occurring earlier during the millennium drought. This year, with the higher SWE and post-fire conditions, monitoring in near real-time is imperative to forecast flood stages, manage fire sedimentation, and protect water supplies.","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"33 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120981896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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