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Large-scale measurement and analysis of one-way delay in hybrid multicast networks 混合组播网络中单向时延的大规模测量与分析
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/LCN.2012.6423669
Sebastian Meiling, T. Schmidt, Matthias Wählisch
Group communication plays an important role in the distribution of real-time data for IPTV, multimedia conferencing, or online multiplayer games, but IP multicast remains unsupported in today's global Internet. Hybrid solutions that bridge between overlay and underlay multicast are a promising escape from the deployment dilemma of multicast. In this paper, we examine the real-time capabilities of hybrid multicast in a globally distributed environment based on our adaptive architecture H8Mcast within the Planet-Lab testbed. We present a large-scale measurement study and analysis of one-way packet delay distributions in several realistic group scenarios. The unique results in global traces of hybrid multicast data have been achieved by carefully tracking packets and continuously correcting clock offsets. Companion measurements of unicast-based distribution are part of our analysis, as well as the comparative discussion of our results with previous findings from theory and simulation. Our measurements reveal that about 50% of global group members experience a real-time compliant service within the conversational time bounds of 150 ms.
群通信在IPTV、多媒体会议或在线多人游戏的实时数据分发中起着重要作用,但IP多播在当今的全球互联网中仍然不受支持。在覆盖组播和底层组播之间架起桥梁的混合解决方案有望摆脱组播的部署困境。在本文中,我们在Planet-Lab测试平台上,基于我们的自适应架构H8Mcast,研究了混合多播在全球分布式环境中的实时能力。我们提出了一个大规模的测量研究和分析单向数据包延迟分布在几个现实的群体场景。通过仔细跟踪数据包和不断校正时钟偏移,实现了混合组播数据全局跟踪的独特结果。基于单播分布的配套测量是我们分析的一部分,以及我们的结果与先前的理论和模拟结果的比较讨论。我们的测量显示,大约50%的全球群组成员在150毫秒的会话时间范围内体验到实时兼容的服务。
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引用次数: 9
CDN Request Routing to reduce network access cost CDN请求路由,降低网络访问成本
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/LCN.2012.6423682
V. Khare, Beichuan Zhang
Content Delivery Networks (CDN) are overlay network of servers being used to deliver growing traffic demands on the Internet. As a result, CDNs are facing ever-increasing operating costs. Internet Service Providers (ISP) charge CDNs on server traffic, computed using common usage-based charging models, e.g. 95th Percentile charging. We propose Network Cost Aware Request Routing, NetReq, that assign user requests to reduce server charging volume. We compare NetReq against nearest-available server request routing in large scale simulations for both Web and multicast traffic requests. NetReq reduces charging volume for both traffic request types, thereby reducing cost. NetReq provides comparable network performance for multicast traffic by introducing end-to-end delay as a constraint in the request-routing. NetReq marginally increases network performance for Web traffic, when content maybe available at every server.
内容分发网络(CDN)是由服务器组成的覆盖网络,用于在Internet上提供日益增长的流量需求。因此,cdn面临着不断增加的运营成本。互联网服务提供商(ISP)根据服务器流量向cdn收费,使用常见的基于使用情况的收费模型计算,例如第95百分位收费。我们提出网络成本感知请求路由,NetReq,分配用户请求以减少服务器收费量。我们将NetReq与最近可用服务器请求路由进行比较,并对Web和多播流量请求进行大规模模拟。NetReq减少了两种流量请求类型的收费量,从而降低了成本。NetReq通过在请求路由中引入端到端延迟作为约束,为多播流量提供了可比较的网络性能。当内容可能在每个服务器上可用时,NetReq略微提高了Web流量的网络性能。
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引用次数: 4
A geolocation-based Vertical Handover Decision Algorithm for Vehicular Networks 基于地理位置的车辆网络垂直切换决策算法
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/LCN.2012.6423648
J. Márquez-Barja, C. Calafate, Juan-Carlos Cano, P. Manzoni
Due to the increasing popularity of mobile devices and the growing development of wireless networks, nowadays automobiles are able to communicate among them and with the infrastructure using different wireless technologies, thus improving not only communications but also safety on the roads. In order to improve communications by maintaining the Quality of Service (QoS) required by applications (e.g. throughput, latency) while the car is moving, switching from one base station to another, Vertical Handover techniques are the most adequate solution. In this work we present a Vertical Handover Decision Algorithm powered by the IEEE 802.21 protocol which takes advantage of the current devices deployed in the vehicle's on-board unit by considering geolocation, car navigation and realistic propagation model of different underlying networks such as Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and UMTS. Results demonstrate that QoS can be guaranteed when location and networking parameters (such as packet delay and bandwidth offered) are jointly considered.
由于移动设备的日益普及和无线网络的日益发展,如今汽车能够使用不同的无线技术在它们之间以及与基础设施进行通信,从而不仅提高了通信,而且提高了道路上的安全性。为了在汽车移动、从一个基站切换到另一个基站时,通过保持应用程序所需的服务质量(QoS)(例如吞吐量、延迟)来改善通信,垂直切换技术是最合适的解决方案。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种由IEEE 802.21协议驱动的垂直切换决策算法,该算法通过考虑地理定位、汽车导航和不同底层网络(如Wi-Fi、WiMAX和UMTS)的实际传播模型,利用了车辆车载单元中部署的当前设备。结果表明,当位置和网络参数(如数据包延迟和提供的带宽)共同考虑时,可以保证QoS。
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引用次数: 7
Sub-flow packet sampling for scalable ML classification of interactive traffic 用于交互式流量的可扩展ML分类的子流数据包采样
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/LCN.2012.6423688
S. Zander, Thuy T. T. Nguyen, G. Armitage
Machine Learning (ML) classifiers have been shown to provide accurate, timely and continuous IP flow classification when evaluating sub-flows (short moving windows of packets within flows). They can be used to provide automated QoS management for interactive traffic, such as fast-paced multiplayer games or VoIP. As with other ML classification approaches, previous sub-flow techniques have assumed all packets in all flows are being observed and evaluated. This limits scalability and poses a problem for practical deployment in network core or edge routers. In this paper we propose and evaluate subflow packet sampling (SPS) to reduce an ML sub-flow classifier's resource requirements with minimal compromise of accuracy. While random packet sampling increases classification time from <;1 second to over 30 seconds and can reduce accuracy from 98% to <;90%, our tailored SPS technique retains classification times of <;1 second while providing 98% accuracy.
机器学习(ML)分类器已被证明在评估子流(流中数据包的短移动窗口)时提供准确,及时和连续的IP流分类。它们可用于为交互式流量提供自动化的QoS管理,例如快节奏的多人游戏或VoIP。与其他ML分类方法一样,以前的子流技术假设所有流中的所有数据包都被观察和评估。这限制了可扩展性,并给网络核心或边缘路由器的实际部署带来了问题。在本文中,我们提出并评估了子流分组采样(SPS),以减少ML子流分类器的资源需求,同时最小化准确性。虽然随机分组采样将分类时间从< 1秒增加到30秒以上,并且可以将准确率从98%降低到< 90%,但我们定制的SPS技术在提供98%准确率的同时保留了< 1秒的分类时间。
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引用次数: 7
An opportunistic multicast routing protocol for wireless mesh networks 无线网状网络的机会多播路由协议
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/LCN.2012.6423630
Abdoulmenim Bilh, C. Chou
Opportunistic routing has been shown to outperform traditional routing protocols which use a pre-determined next hop. Most of the opportunistic routing protocols proposed to-date are for unicast while few multicast opportunistic routing protocols have been proposed. This paper proposes an opportunistic multicast routing protocol. The protocol addresses the problem of selection and prioritisation of relay candidates to reduce the overall number of transmissions. It also addresses the problem of reducing protocol overheads. We compare the performance of our proposed protocol against an existing opportunistic multicast routing protocol, and find that our proposed protocol has a higher packet delivery rate and lower number of transmissions per packet delivered.
机会路由已被证明优于使用预先确定的下一跳的传统路由协议。目前提出的机会路由协议大多是针对单播的,而针对组播的机会路由协议很少。提出了一种机会组播路由协议。该协议解决了中继候选的选择和优先级问题,以减少传输的总数。它还解决了减少协议开销的问题。我们将提出的协议与现有的机会组播路由协议的性能进行了比较,发现我们提出的协议具有更高的分组传输速率和更低的每个分组传输数。
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引用次数: 4
An approach for bounding breach path detection reliability in wireless sensor networks 无线传感器网络边界缺口路径检测可靠性的一种方法
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/LCN.2012.6423678
M. Shazly, E. Elmallah, J. Harms
This paper considers wireless sensor networks (WSNs) deployed to provide surveillance against intruders that wish to cross a given area. Due to limited resources, low manufacturing cost, and operation in harsh environments, nodes in such networks are subject to random failure in the field. Hence, there is a need to develop suitable reliability assessment mechanisms to quantify a WSN's ability to perform successfully. Here, we consider one such measure, called the breach path detection reliability (BPDREL), that applies to networks where any intruder crossing a line segment between some adjacent operating pairs of sensor nodes can be detected, and the network perimeter is made of a polygon of such line segments. Each breach path across the network is associated with a pair of entry-exit sides on the perimeter. Our measure takes into account intrusion events associated with any user-specified set of such entry-exit sides. Computing the exact BPDREL can be shown to be #P-hard. We extend existing results on the BPDREL by developing an approach for deriving lower bounds on the problem for arbitrary WSNs where the sink node is located on the network's perimeter. The resulting algorithm is used to analyze the impact of varying various network parameters on the overall network reliability.
本文考虑部署无线传感器网络(wsn),以提供对希望穿越给定区域的入侵者的监视。由于资源有限、制造成本低、运行环境恶劣等原因,此类网络中的节点在现场容易发生随机故障。因此,需要开发合适的可靠性评估机制来量化WSN成功执行的能力。在这里,我们考虑一种这样的度量,称为入侵路径检测可靠性(BPDREL),它适用于可以检测到在一些相邻操作对传感器节点之间跨越线段的任何入侵者的网络,并且网络周长由这些线段的多边形组成。网络上的每个缺口路径都与外围的一对进出口侧相关联。我们的措施考虑了与任何用户指定的此类进出口侧集相关的入侵事件。计算精确的BPDREL是非常困难的。我们扩展了BPDREL上已有的结果,开发了一种方法来推导汇聚节点位于网络周边的任意WSNs问题的下界。利用所得算法分析了网络各参数变化对整体网络可靠性的影响。
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引用次数: 5
Facilitating Non-collocated coexistence for WiFi and 4G wireless networks 促进WiFi和4G无线网络不共存
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/LCN.2012.6423607
P. Rathod, A. Karandikar, A. Sahoo
In this paper, we discuss the problem of non-collocated coexistence of WiFi and 4G technologies such as WiMAX and LTE due to adjacent channel interference. The existing literature has many solutions and schemes to address the problem of shared channel coexistence and adjacent channel coexistence on multi-radio platforms. Results for Non-collocated coexistence in adjacent channels in wireless remain very scattered and few. Radio devices operating on Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) 4G wireless technologies like IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) and LTE-A require very low noise floor. BWA spectrum allocations in 2.3 GHz and 2.5GHz have resulted in these networks to be very close to 2.4 GHz ISM band used by WiFi. We show, with measurements on our test-bed and from existing results, that the low-cost filters on WiFi devices are not very effective in controlling the out-of-band emissions to satisfy the low noise floor requirements of 4G. We propose schemes to mitigate the problem of adjacent channel interference by a time sharing mechanism across technologies by protecting packet receptions on both IEEE 802.11 and the IEEE 802.16 side. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme to protect WiMAX packets by ensuring a controlled silence zone in the WiFi network using a test-bed. We also show that there is very limited adverse impact, due to the use of our scheme, on the system throughput of the non-collocated WiFi network operating in the adjacent channel.
在本文中,我们讨论了WiFi和4G技术(如WiMAX和LTE)由于相邻信道干扰而不能共存的问题。现有文献对多无线电平台上的共享信道共存和相邻信道共存问题有很多解决方案和方案。无线中相邻信道非并置共存的结果仍然非常分散和稀少。运行在宽带无线接入(BWA) 4G无线技术上的无线电设备,如IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)和LTE-A,需要非常低的本底噪声。2.3 GHz和2.5GHz的BWA频谱分配使得这些网络非常接近WiFi使用的2.4 GHz ISM频段。我们通过测试平台和现有结果的测量表明,WiFi设备上的低成本滤波器在控制带外发射以满足4G低噪声底要求方面不是很有效。我们提出了一种方案,通过在IEEE 802.11和IEEE 802.16侧保护分组接收,通过跨技术的分时机制来减轻相邻信道干扰问题。我们证明了我们的方案的有效性,以保护WiMAX数据包,确保一个受控的沉默区在WiFi网络使用测试平台。我们还表明,由于使用我们的方案,对相邻信道中运行的非并置WiFi网络的系统吞吐量的不利影响非常有限。
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引用次数: 4
On the impact of wireless network traffic location and access technology on mobile device energy consumption 研究无线网络流量定位和接入技术对移动设备能耗的影响
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/LCN.2012.6423608
R. Trestian, Olga Ormond, Gabriel-Miro Muntean
In the context of wireless user's increasing demands for better device power and battery management, this paper investigates some factors that can impact the power consumption on the energy consumption of mobile devices. The focus is on two factors when performing multimedia streaming: the impact of the traffic location within a WLAN; and the impact of the radio access network technology (WLAN, HSDPA, UMTS). The energy measurement results show that by changing the quality level of the multimedia stream the energy can be greatly conserved while the user perceived quality level is still acceptable. Moreover, by using the cellular interface much more energy is consumed (up to 61%) than by using the WLAN interface.
在无线用户对设备电源和电池管理要求越来越高的背景下,本文研究了影响功耗对移动设备能耗的一些因素。在执行多媒体流媒体时,重点关注两个因素:无线局域网内流量位置的影响;以及无线接入网络技术(WLAN、HSDPA、UMTS)的影响。能量测量结果表明,通过改变多媒体流的质量等级,可以在用户感知的质量等级仍然可以接受的情况下大大节约能量。此外,通过使用蜂窝接口比使用WLAN接口消耗更多的能量(高达61%)。
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引用次数: 16
Efficient geocasting to multiple regions in large-scale wireless sensor networks 大规模无线传感器网络中多区域的有效地理投影
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/LCN.2012.6423661
C. Truong, K. Römer
Recently, large sensor networks with several thousands of nodes are being deployed over large geographic areas in the context of smart city projects. In these settings, there is often a need to send a message to all sensors contained in one of multiple geographic regions, for example, to query for a free parking spot in several streets. We present Recursive Multi-region Geocasting (RMG), a novel multi-region geocast routing protocol which addresses the problem of delivering data from a source to multiple remote geocast regions in large-scale wireless sensor networks. The key idea is to treat a remote group of geocast regions as a point destination and forward data packets along a straight line towards the group, until a division point at which the group is divided, and the packet is forwarded towards the sub-groups in the same fashion. RMG is lightweight as no state has to be maintained at the nodes and the computations are simple. Simulation shows that our protocol achieves lower path length overhead and network relay load while incurring less computation overhead when compared to state-of-the-art protocols.
最近,在智慧城市项目的背景下,拥有数千个节点的大型传感器网络正在部署在大的地理区域。在这些设置中,通常需要向多个地理区域中的一个包含的所有传感器发送消息,例如,查询几条街道上的免费停车位。提出了递归多区域地播路由协议(RMG),该协议解决了大规模无线传感器网络中从一个源向多个远程地播区域传输数据的问题。其关键思想是将地理广播区域的远程组视为一个点目的地,并沿直线向该组转发数据包,直到该组被划分为一个分割点,然后以相同的方式向子组转发数据包。RMG是轻量级的,因为不需要在节点上维护状态,计算也很简单。仿真结果表明,与现有协议相比,我们的协议实现了更低的路径长度开销和网络中继负载,同时产生更少的计算开销。
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引用次数: 5
A study of P2P traffic localization by network delay insertion 基于网络延迟插入的P2P业务定位研究
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/LCN.2012.6423589
HyunYong Lee, A. Nakao
In this paper, we examine a new kind of P2P traffic localization approach exploiting the peer selection adaptation (i.e., preferring peers who are likely to provide better performance), called Netpherd. Netpherd tries to affect the peer selection adaptation to localize the P2P traffic by manipulating the network performance. To manipulate the network performance, Netpherd adds an artificial delay to inter-domain traffic going to target peer. Evaluation results show that Netpherd localizes the P2P traffic while improving the content download performance.
在本文中,我们研究了一种新的P2P流量定位方法,利用对等选择适应(即,更倾向于可能提供更好性能的对等),称为Netpherd。Netpherd试图通过操纵网络性能来影响对等体选择的适应,从而使P2P流量本地化。为了操纵网络性能,Netpherd对到达目标对等体的域间流量增加了人为延迟。评估结果表明,Netpherd在提高内容下载性能的同时,使P2P流量实现了局部化。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
37th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks
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