Focusing on kupiao, a rudimentary document of accounting, this chapter explores the accounting system of the Imperial Workshops in Qing China. Spurred by a series of institutional reforms, a complex budgeting and auditing system developed at the Imperial Workshops during the eighteenth century. As the records of day-to-day transactions between various Works and other departments, kupiao instantiated the operation of production and finance as a correlated system. Tracing the paper trails of kupiao, therefore, we locate the manufacturing processes of the Workshops at the intersection of artisanal collaboration and the administrative cycles of budgeting and audits in which various bureaus participated. By comparing the accounting systems of the Imperial Workshops and the Qing state, moreover, we argue that the former modelled after the zouxiao system of the state. Both systems shared as their principles rigorous accountability and the pursuit of checks and balances.
{"title":"Kupiao and the Accounting System of the Imperial Household Workshops","authors":"Yijun Wang, Kyoungjin Bae","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1tfw0z6.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1tfw0z6.12","url":null,"abstract":"Focusing on kupiao, a rudimentary document of accounting, this chapter\u0000 explores the accounting system of the Imperial Workshops in Qing China.\u0000 Spurred by a series of institutional reforms, a complex budgeting and auditing\u0000 system developed at the Imperial Workshops during the eighteenth\u0000 century. As the records of day-to-day transactions between various Works\u0000 and other departments, kupiao instantiated the operation of production\u0000 and finance as a correlated system. Tracing the paper trails of kupiao,\u0000 therefore, we locate the manufacturing processes of the Workshops at the\u0000 intersection of artisanal collaboration and the administrative cycles of\u0000 budgeting and audits in which various bureaus participated. By comparing\u0000 the accounting systems of the Imperial Workshops and the Qing state,\u0000 moreover, we argue that the former modelled after the zouxiao system of\u0000 the state. Both systems shared as their principles rigorous accountability\u0000 and the pursuit of checks and balances.","PeriodicalId":210612,"journal":{"name":"Making the Palace Machine Work","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120882166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-12DOI: 10.5117/9789463720359_ch06
Yulian Wu
This chapter examines jade shipments relating to the Gao-pu case to reconstruct the complex process of transporting from Xinjiang to Beijing in the late eighteenth century. The relay stations in Xinjiang and post stations in northern China served the palace as crucial links to this new territory. Focusing on the route within Xinjiang, this chapter argues that Xinjiang officials’ management of jade delivery was developed closely around local ecology: they worked with animal and human resources of the local communities which were familiar with the landscape and knowledgeable about various ecological and environmental elements. Constructing transport infrastructure, therefore, provided a mechanism through which court officials localized and inculcated Qing ruling power into the material and natural world of Xinjiang.
{"title":"Transporting Jade","authors":"Yulian Wu","doi":"10.5117/9789463720359_ch06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5117/9789463720359_ch06","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines jade shipments relating to the Gao-pu case to\u0000 reconstruct the complex process of transporting from Xinjiang to Beijing\u0000 in the late eighteenth century. The relay stations in Xinjiang and post\u0000 stations in northern China served the palace as crucial links to this new\u0000 territory. Focusing on the route within Xinjiang, this chapter argues that\u0000 Xinjiang officials’ management of jade delivery was developed closely\u0000 around local ecology: they worked with animal and human resources\u0000 of the local communities which were familiar with the landscape and\u0000 knowledgeable about various ecological and environmental elements.\u0000 Constructing transport infrastructure, therefore, provided a mechanism\u0000 through which court officials localized and inculcated Qing ruling power\u0000 into the material and natural world of Xinjiang.","PeriodicalId":210612,"journal":{"name":"Making the Palace Machine Work","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121388504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-12DOI: 10.5117/9789463720359_coda
D. Ko, Kai Chen, Martin Siebert
{"title":"Coda","authors":"D. Ko, Kai Chen, Martin Siebert","doi":"10.5117/9789463720359_coda","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5117/9789463720359_coda","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":210612,"journal":{"name":"Making the Palace Machine Work","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126501709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-12DOI: 10.5117/9789463720359_ch01
C. Moll-Murata
This chapter asks about the personnel working at and for the Qing court. It explores their numbers, working conditions, labour relations, and social positions with a temporal focus on the mid and late Qing. Labour relations, in accordance with the definitions of the Global Collaboratory on the History of Labour Relations, include the non-working, reciprocal, tributary, and commodified types. All of these types were represented at the Qing courts in various constellations. The paper outlines work incentives and sanctions based on Palace Regulations and Precedents (Qinding gongzhong xianxing zeli) and personal accounts of a palace maid and a eunuch in the early twentieth century and gives insights into the interaction of humans with the institutional mechanisms of the palace machine.
{"title":"Working the Qing Palace Machine","authors":"C. Moll-Murata","doi":"10.5117/9789463720359_ch01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5117/9789463720359_ch01","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter asks about the personnel working at and for the Qing court.\u0000 It explores their numbers, working conditions, labour relations, and social\u0000 positions with a temporal focus on the mid and late Qing. Labour relations,\u0000 in accordance with the definitions of the Global Collaboratory on the\u0000 History of Labour Relations, include the non-working, reciprocal, tributary,\u0000 and commodified types. All of these types were represented at the Qing\u0000 courts in various constellations. The paper outlines work incentives and\u0000 sanctions based on Palace Regulations and Precedents (Qinding gongzhong\u0000 xianxing zeli) and personal accounts of a palace maid and a eunuch in the\u0000 early twentieth century and gives insights into the interaction of humans\u0000 with the institutional mechanisms of the palace machine.","PeriodicalId":210612,"journal":{"name":"Making the Palace Machine Work","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127737360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drawing on the example of the Imperial Household Department, this essay offers a reflection on the cultural practices of Qing governance. It argues that a reading of the Qing state’s mobilization of material resources through an economic lens reveals only part of the story. The classification of objects and the underlying material epistemologies did not merely represent a concern with calculating monetary value; they also served as an ordering mechanism through which the ruling elite visualized the subjects of the empire. The examples provided in the essay illustrate some of the ways in which the Qing state produced structural resources (such as systems of classification) to manage its imperial and colonial expansion.
{"title":"Decluttering","authors":"Elif Akçetin","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1tfw0z6.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1tfw0z6.19","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on the example of the Imperial Household Department, this\u0000 essay offers a reflection on the cultural practices of Qing governance. It\u0000 argues that a reading of the Qing state’s mobilization of material resources\u0000 through an economic lens reveals only part of the story. The classification\u0000 of objects and the underlying material epistemologies did not merely\u0000 represent a concern with calculating monetary value; they also served\u0000 as an ordering mechanism through which the ruling elite visualized the\u0000 subjects of the empire. The examples provided in the essay illustrate some\u0000 of the ways in which the Qing state produced structural resources (such as\u0000 systems of classification) to manage its imperial and colonial expansion.","PeriodicalId":210612,"journal":{"name":"Making the Palace Machine Work","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123115044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Note on the Frontmatter Maps and Cover Image","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1tfw0z6.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1tfw0z6.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":210612,"journal":{"name":"Making the Palace Machine Work","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116064852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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