Pub Date : 2019-07-06DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85868
R. Ahmad
In recent years with the rapid economic globalization, pollution by industries and agriculture has increased, which results in decrease in the quality of ground and surface water. Pollution by heavy metals has become a serious health issue world-wide due to their nonbiodegradable and persistent nature. Therefore, extensive research has been done to develop ecofriendly and effective methods for removal of heavy metals, such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, electrodialysis, membrane filtration, and adsorption. Among these methods, adsorption is the most recognized technique for wastewater treatment due to high-removal efficiency and ease in operation without yielding harmful by-products. Recently, nanocomposites based on biopolymer-grafted synthetic adsorbent have been used in various industrial applications including wastewater treatment. Therefore, the present chapter will be devoted for the removal of toxic heavy metals from wastewater by using bionanocomposite.
{"title":"Polyaniline/ZnO Nanocomposite: A Novel Adsorbent for the Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solution","authors":"R. Ahmad","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85868","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years with the rapid economic globalization, pollution by industries and agriculture has increased, which results in decrease in the quality of ground and surface water. Pollution by heavy metals has become a serious health issue world-wide due to their nonbiodegradable and persistent nature. Therefore, extensive research has been done to develop ecofriendly and effective methods for removal of heavy metals, such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, electrodialysis, membrane filtration, and adsorption. Among these methods, adsorption is the most recognized technique for wastewater treatment due to high-removal efficiency and ease in operation without yielding harmful by-products. Recently, nanocomposites based on biopolymer-grafted synthetic adsorbent have been used in various industrial applications including wastewater treatment. Therefore, the present chapter will be devoted for the removal of toxic heavy metals from wastewater by using bionanocomposite.","PeriodicalId":210842,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Composite Materials Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123407070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-29DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85220
D. Tucker
NASA is currently investigating nuclear thermal propulsion as an alternative to chemical propulsion for manned missions to the outer planets. There are a number of materials being considered for use as fuel elements. These materials include tricarbides and CERMETS such as W/UO 2 , Mo/UO 2 , W/UN and Mo/UN. All of these materials require high temperature processing to achieve the required densities. It has been found that Spark Plasma Sintering is a good choice for sintering these materials to the required densities while maintaining a uniform grain size. In this chapter a brief history of NASA ’ s research into nuclear thermal propulsion will be given, followed by specific research by this author and others to produce CERMET fuels.
{"title":"CERMETS for Use in Nuclear Thermal Propulsion","authors":"D. Tucker","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85220","url":null,"abstract":"NASA is currently investigating nuclear thermal propulsion as an alternative to chemical propulsion for manned missions to the outer planets. There are a number of materials being considered for use as fuel elements. These materials include tricarbides and CERMETS such as W/UO 2 , Mo/UO 2 , W/UN and Mo/UN. All of these materials require high temperature processing to achieve the required densities. It has been found that Spark Plasma Sintering is a good choice for sintering these materials to the required densities while maintaining a uniform grain size. In this chapter a brief history of NASA ’ s research into nuclear thermal propulsion will be given, followed by specific research by this author and others to produce CERMET fuels.","PeriodicalId":210842,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Composite Materials Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122673824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-19DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83584
V. Verma, A. Khvan
Advanced mechanical and wear properties and applications of composites with bases of light weight metals have led to the need of aluminium (Al) metal matrix composites (MMCs). In today’s time aluminium (Al) metal matrix composites (MMCs) are considered the most potential material for structural and functional applications. Composite materials with aluminium matrices are used in defence, aerospace, automotive and aviation, thermal management areas. Beneficial properties with reduced prices have enlarged their applications. To obtain desired physical and mechanical properties like high hardness, high strength, high stiffness, high wear, abrasion and corrosion resistance Al is reinforced with different metallic, non-metallic and ceramic elements. Al MMCs are used to make piston, connecting rod, engine cylinders, disc and drum brakes where wear has a great role in the functioning of these components as excessive wear of the mating components sometimes leads to catastrophic failures. Improvement of mechanical, especially tribological properties of hybrid composites were provided by the use of certain reinforce materials such as SiC, Al2O3 and graphite. Hence the present chapter presents a review on aluminium metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with different particulate, whisker, fibres reinforcements highlighting their effect on physical, mechanical and wear behaviour of Al MMCs.
{"title":"A Short Review on Al MMC with Reinforcement Addition Effect on Their Mechanical and Wear Behaviour","authors":"V. Verma, A. Khvan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83584","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced mechanical and wear properties and applications of composites with bases of light weight metals have led to the need of aluminium (Al) metal matrix composites (MMCs). In today’s time aluminium (Al) metal matrix composites (MMCs) are considered the most potential material for structural and functional applications. Composite materials with aluminium matrices are used in defence, aerospace, automotive and aviation, thermal management areas. Beneficial properties with reduced prices have enlarged their applications. To obtain desired physical and mechanical properties like high hardness, high strength, high stiffness, high wear, abrasion and corrosion resistance Al is reinforced with different metallic, non-metallic and ceramic elements. Al MMCs are used to make piston, connecting rod, engine cylinders, disc and drum brakes where wear has a great role in the functioning of these components as excessive wear of the mating components sometimes leads to catastrophic failures. Improvement of mechanical, especially tribological properties of hybrid composites were provided by the use of certain reinforce materials such as SiC, Al2O3 and graphite. Hence the present chapter presents a review on aluminium metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with different particulate, whisker, fibres reinforcements highlighting their effect on physical, mechanical and wear behaviour of Al MMCs.","PeriodicalId":210842,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Composite Materials Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121339072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-19DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85112
L. Écsi, P. Élesztős, R. Jerabek, R. Janco, B. Hucko
Contemporary plasticity theories and their related material models for finite deformations are either based on additive decomposition of a strain-rate tensor or on multiplicative decomposition of a deformation gradient tensor into an elastic part and a plastic part. From the standpoint of the nonlinear continuum mechanics, the former theories, which are used to model hypoelastic-plastic materials, are rather incomplete theories, while the latter theories, which are used to model hyperelastic-plastic materials, are not even continuum-based theories, while none of their related material models are thermodynamically consistent. Recently, a nonlinear continuum theory for finite deformations of elastoplastic media was proposed, which allows for the development of objective and thermodynamically consistent material models. Therefore, the analysis results of the models are independent of the description and the particularities of their mathematical formulation. Here by the description we mean total or updated Lagrangian description and by the particularities of formulation, the ability to describe the model in various stress spaces using internal mechanical power conjugate stress measures and strain rates. In this chapter, an alternative framework for developing objective and thermodynamically consistent hypoelastic-plastic- and hyperelastic-plastic-based material models is presented using the first nonlinear continuum theory of finite deformations of elastoplastic media.
{"title":"An Alternative Framework for Developing Material Models for Finite-Strain Elastoplasticity","authors":"L. Écsi, P. Élesztős, R. Jerabek, R. Janco, B. Hucko","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85112","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary plasticity theories and their related material models for finite deformations are either based on additive decomposition of a strain-rate tensor or on multiplicative decomposition of a deformation gradient tensor into an elastic part and a plastic part. From the standpoint of the nonlinear continuum mechanics, the former theories, which are used to model hypoelastic-plastic materials, are rather incomplete theories, while the latter theories, which are used to model hyperelastic-plastic materials, are not even continuum-based theories, while none of their related material models are thermodynamically consistent. Recently, a nonlinear continuum theory for finite deformations of elastoplastic media was proposed, which allows for the development of objective and thermodynamically consistent material models. Therefore, the analysis results of the models are independent of the description and the particularities of their mathematical formulation. Here by the description we mean total or updated Lagrangian description and by the particularities of formulation, the ability to describe the model in various stress spaces using internal mechanical power conjugate stress measures and strain rates. In this chapter, an alternative framework for developing objective and thermodynamically consistent hypoelastic-plastic- and hyperelastic-plastic-based material models is presented using the first nonlinear continuum theory of finite deformations of elastoplastic media.","PeriodicalId":210842,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Composite Materials Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114254159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79609
Elena O. Nasakina, Mikhail A. Sevostyanov, Alexander S. Baikin, Sergey V. Konushkin, Konstantin V. Sergienko, Mikhail A. Kaplan, Ilya M. Fedyuk, Alexander V. Leonov, Alexey G. Kolmakov
Biocompatible composites obtained using the magnetron sputtering for the production of minimally invasive implantation medical devices (stents) were investigated. Nano- and microdimensional surface layers of Ta, Ti, Ag, and Cu on flat and wire NiTi, Cu, Ti, and SiO 2 substrates were created. The phase composition, surface morphology, and the layer-by-layer composition were investigated on an X-ray diffractometer, SEM, and Auger spectrometer. It was shown that the thickness and the structure of surface layers were affected by the sputtering distance, time, power, and the bias voltage at the substrate. The presence of the transition layer that contains both substrate and target elements and provides high adhesion of the surface layer to the substrate has been demonstrated. The material was tested for corrosion resistance under static conditions by dipping into solutions with various acidities (pH from 1.68 to 9.18) for 2 years, static mechanical properties, and biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. A slight corrosive dissolution was observed only in a medium with a pH of 1.56. Dissolution in the other media is absent. An increase in strength and plasticity in comparison with substrate was attained depending on the nature of the sputtered substance and substrate. Toxicity of samples has not been revealed.
{"title":"Using of Magnetron Sputtering for Biocompatible Composites Creating","authors":"Elena O. Nasakina, Mikhail A. Sevostyanov, Alexander S. Baikin, Sergey V. Konushkin, Konstantin V. Sergienko, Mikhail A. Kaplan, Ilya M. Fedyuk, Alexander V. Leonov, Alexey G. Kolmakov","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79609","url":null,"abstract":"Biocompatible composites obtained using the magnetron sputtering for the production of minimally invasive implantation medical devices (stents) were investigated. Nano- and microdimensional surface layers of Ta, Ti, Ag, and Cu on flat and wire NiTi, Cu, Ti, and SiO 2 substrates were created. The phase composition, surface morphology, and the layer-by-layer composition were investigated on an X-ray diffractometer, SEM, and Auger spectrometer. It was shown that the thickness and the structure of surface layers were affected by the sputtering distance, time, power, and the bias voltage at the substrate. The presence of the transition layer that contains both substrate and target elements and provides high adhesion of the surface layer to the substrate has been demonstrated. The material was tested for corrosion resistance under static conditions by dipping into solutions with various acidities (pH from 1.68 to 9.18) for 2 years, static mechanical properties, and biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. A slight corrosive dissolution was observed only in a medium with a pH of 1.56. Dissolution in the other media is absent. An increase in strength and plasticity in comparison with substrate was attained depending on the nature of the sputtered substance and substrate. Toxicity of samples has not been revealed.","PeriodicalId":210842,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Composite Materials Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116072237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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