In Pashtuns’ culture, Hujra represents a unique facet of communal development and social uplift. It is a platform for the villagers for discussing various issues including but not limited to problems related to their personal and family matters, agricultural and farming, education and politics, and business and trading, with their focus on the immediate solutions, based on the community’s viewpoints, wisdom and inherited knowledge. The present era has misrepresented the role of Hujra as a forum of cultivating miscreants and ill-mannered posterity. Hence, the fact has been kept at the back burner that cultural codes of Pashtunwali, the unwritten/traditional norms termed as indigenous knowledge, have been transferred to the young generations through a communal Hujra. The present study aims at discussing and unveiling the multi-dimensional roles of Hujra. The study was an exploratory research for which qualitative method was used. The primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with the local/indigenous people, Maliks (Masharan, elders) and youngsters of the village, Daman Afghani, district Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The target population of the study was sixteen (16) individuals randomly selected from the population through Convenience Sampling Technique. The finding of this research focused not only on the role of a communal Hujra but also threw light on the status of a personal Hujra in dissemination of indigenous knowledge. Both play fundamental roles in the preservation of the cultural heritage, aims at promoting indigenous knowledge.
{"title":"Preservation and Dissemination of Indigenous Knowledge in Pashtuns’ Culture: The Role of Hujra as a Learning Hub","authors":"Seema Rehman, Ijaz Ahmad, Salman Hamid Khan","doi":"10.22547/ber/13.4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/13.4.4","url":null,"abstract":"In Pashtuns’ culture, Hujra represents a unique facet of communal development and social uplift. It is a platform for the villagers for discussing various issues including but not limited to problems related to their personal and family matters, agricultural and farming, education and politics, and business and trading, with their focus on the immediate solutions, based on the community’s viewpoints, wisdom and inherited knowledge. The present era has misrepresented the role of Hujra as a forum of cultivating miscreants and ill-mannered posterity. Hence, the fact has been kept at the back burner that cultural codes of Pashtunwali, the unwritten/traditional norms termed as indigenous knowledge, have been transferred to the young generations through a communal Hujra. The present study aims at discussing and unveiling the multi-dimensional roles of Hujra. The study was an exploratory research for which qualitative method was used. The primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with the local/indigenous people, Maliks (Masharan, elders) and youngsters of the village, Daman Afghani, district Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The target population of the study was sixteen (16) individuals randomly selected from the population through Convenience Sampling Technique. The finding of this research focused not only on the role of a communal Hujra but also threw light on the status of a personal Hujra in dissemination of indigenous knowledge. Both play fundamental roles in the preservation of the cultural heritage, aims at promoting indigenous knowledge.","PeriodicalId":210967,"journal":{"name":"Business & Economic Review","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129111267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naimat Ullah Khan, Wajid Sultan, Rahman Ullah Khan
The study explores the financial pattern of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. Financial pattern including overall management of finances sources, the obstacles in financing and to identify the most lucrative sources of financing. The data is gathered through 200 questionnaires distributed in four districts, namely, Peshawar, Mardan, Swat and Haripur of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa using the snowball sampling technique. The reason for choosing KP province is that it has a meager proportion of about 5% in total 3.2 million SMEs in Pakistan. The research explores the financial reasons for such a low number of SMEs in KP. The results of the study show that major problem to SMEs is an access to formal financing sector including high interest rate, high collateral requirements and the complex documentation process to get loans. The major source of financing in KP is equity capital and re-invested profit made by business. The findings also indicate that majority of managers and owners of SMEs are dissatisfied from the banks and policies of Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA). The study suggests that SMEDA should have clear and transparent policies and vision to fulfill the financial needs of SMEs from the formal financial Institutions. Similarly, banks should tailor their products and services according to the needs of SMEs.
{"title":"Financial Pattern of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEe) of Pakistan","authors":"Naimat Ullah Khan, Wajid Sultan, Rahman Ullah Khan","doi":"10.22547/ber/13.4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/13.4.1","url":null,"abstract":"The study explores the financial pattern of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. Financial pattern including overall management of finances sources, the obstacles in financing and to identify the most lucrative sources of financing. The data is gathered through 200 questionnaires distributed in four districts, namely, Peshawar, Mardan, Swat and Haripur of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa using the snowball sampling technique. The reason for choosing KP province is that it has a meager proportion of about 5% in total 3.2 million SMEs in Pakistan. The research explores the financial reasons for such a low number of SMEs in KP. The results of the study show that major problem to SMEs is an access to formal financing sector including high interest rate, high collateral requirements and the complex documentation process to get loans. The major source of financing in KP is equity capital and re-invested profit made by business. The findings also indicate that majority of managers and owners of SMEs are dissatisfied from the banks and policies of Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA). The study suggests that SMEDA should have clear and transparent policies and vision to fulfill the financial needs of SMEs from the formal financial Institutions. Similarly, banks should tailor their products and services according to the needs of SMEs.","PeriodicalId":210967,"journal":{"name":"Business & Economic Review","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114048321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Public universities are going through a tough time in Pakistan and some of the old universities are facing severe financial crisis to the extent that they cannot even pay their employees. This drift took a long time, and it is mainly due to increase in the intellectual liabilities. While intellectual capital is seen as non-physical resources which helps to create value, intellectual liabilities are the intangible rigidities that destroys the value. This paper explores the creation of intellectual liabilities in universities due to different prevailing processes and practices and the ignorance of its implications by the management, using a public sector university as a case study. Actor-Network Theory is utilized to develop the understanding of the phenomenon, to appreciate the complexity of reality and understanding how social effects are generated as a result of associations between different actors in a network A qualitative research approach was adopted, and primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis have bene utilized for its analysis. Findings suggest that intellectual liabilities have a destructive role in universities. The findings can prove useful to human resource managers, policy decision-makers, as well as government and academic institutions in understanding what intellectual liabilities is and how they can develop gradually if not prevented.
{"title":"Exploring Intellectual Liabilities in Universities – Case Study of a Public Sector University","authors":"Muhammad Zain Gohar, Awais Alam Khan","doi":"10.22547/ber/13.4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/13.4.5","url":null,"abstract":"Public universities are going through a tough time in Pakistan and some of the old universities are facing severe financial crisis to the extent that they cannot even pay their employees. This drift took a long time, and it is mainly due to increase in the intellectual liabilities. While intellectual capital is seen as non-physical resources which helps to create value, intellectual liabilities are the intangible rigidities that destroys the value. This paper explores the creation of intellectual liabilities in universities due to different prevailing processes and practices and the ignorance of its implications by the management, using a public sector university as a case study. Actor-Network Theory is utilized to develop the understanding of the phenomenon, to appreciate the complexity of reality and understanding how social effects are generated as a result of associations between different actors in a network A qualitative research approach was adopted, and primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis have bene utilized for its analysis. Findings suggest that intellectual liabilities have a destructive role in universities. The findings can prove useful to human resource managers, policy decision-makers, as well as government and academic institutions in understanding what intellectual liabilities is and how they can develop gradually if not prevented.","PeriodicalId":210967,"journal":{"name":"Business & Economic Review","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128121644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper empirically investigates how firm level, industrial level, market level and macroeconomic volatilities influencePakistani non-financial firms’ sales growth. It also examines how interactions between different kinds of volatilities affect sales growth. The empirical analysis is carried out using unbalanced annual panel data set covering the period 1988-2017.The results indicate that although all types of volatilities assert negative impacts, the intensity of the impact is quite different across different volatilities. Macroeconomic volatility has the highest adverse impact followed by firm volatility. Unexpectedly, the results provide evidence that one type of volatility significantly reduces the adverse impact of other type of volatility. These findings imply that firms may design and implement more effective sales growth strategies in periods when they face more than on type of volatility.
{"title":"Impact of Volatility on Firm Sales Growth Some Insights from Pakistan","authors":"R. Rauf, A. Rashid","doi":"10.22547/ber/13.4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/13.4.3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper empirically investigates how firm level, industrial level, market level and macroeconomic volatilities influencePakistani non-financial firms’ sales growth. It also examines how interactions between different kinds of volatilities affect sales growth. The empirical analysis is carried out using unbalanced annual panel data set covering the period 1988-2017.The results indicate that although all types of volatilities assert negative impacts, the intensity of the impact is quite different across different volatilities. Macroeconomic volatility has the highest adverse impact followed by firm volatility. Unexpectedly, the results provide evidence that one type of volatility significantly reduces the adverse impact of other type of volatility. These findings imply that firms may design and implement more effective sales growth strategies in periods when they face more than on type of volatility.","PeriodicalId":210967,"journal":{"name":"Business & Economic Review","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124988203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Bakhtiar Khan, Zilakat Khan Malik, Wasim Shahid Malik
Fiscal decentralization is aimed to improve Public Services Delivery as the subnational governments get control of additional revenue and expenditures responsibilities and are in a better position to provide basic services to the local people. The 7th NFC Award is considered as a big step toward fiscal federalism wherein the criteria for horizontal and vertical distribution of resources has been changed to accommodate major demands of the federating units. This research paper has been an attempt to identify that to what extent the new fiscal arrangements under the 7th NFC Award has been successful to improve health services delivery in Pakistan. For this study data on various health indicators has been collected for the period 2001 to 2019 divided into two groups i.e., pre 7th NFC period (2001 to 2010) and post 7th NFC Award period (2011 to 2019). To identify the impact of 7th NFC Award on health services delivery in Pakistan various variables were selected including Infant Mortality, Under Five Years’ Mortality, Life Expectancy at Birth and Health Expenditures (%GDP) as dependent or endogenous variables at national level whereas for comparison at provincial level Life expectancy at birth and Under Five Years mortality were used as dependent variables. The variables were tested at the national level as well as the provincial level and interprovincial comparison was also performed. For the analysis purpose different techniques for trend analysis were applied including the Chow breakpoint test, recursive coefficient, Wald-Coefficient Restriction test, Equality of Variance test, trend estimates, Durbin Watson Test and Forecast analysis. Additionally, the Difference-in-Difference approach was also applied to compare other provinces as treatment groups i.e., Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan with Punjab as a control group. The results suggest health indicators have responded positively to the additional funds’ transfer and Life expectancy at birth, Infant mortality and Under Five years’ mortality have improved at national level. Life expectancy and under five years’ mortality has generally improved in all provinces except for life expectancy in KP. While comparing the performance of other provinces with Punjab it is found that life expectancy at birth, infant mortality and Under Five years’ mortality have improved in Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa while Baluchistan did not improve health indicators in comparison to Punjab. However, to realize further benefits of the fiscal decentralization it is suggested that additional fund transfer is not a sufficient factor to bring change and should be complemented by administrative and legislative actions on part of the government. Innovations and the role of the private sector are crucial in improving public services delivery in health sector. Moreover, the capacity of the government machinery and the ability to develop plans and strategies is important to realize the benefits of the fiscal decentralizati
{"title":"Implications of the 7th NFC Award on Health Services in Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Bakhtiar Khan, Zilakat Khan Malik, Wasim Shahid Malik","doi":"10.22547/ber/13.4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/13.4.2","url":null,"abstract":"Fiscal decentralization is aimed to improve Public Services Delivery as the subnational governments get control of additional revenue and expenditures responsibilities and are in a better position to provide basic services to the local people. The 7th NFC Award is considered as a big step toward fiscal federalism wherein the criteria for horizontal and vertical distribution of resources has been changed to accommodate major demands of the federating units. This research paper has been an attempt to identify that to what extent the new fiscal arrangements under the 7th NFC Award has been successful to improve health services delivery in Pakistan. For this study data on various health indicators has been collected for the period 2001 to 2019 divided into two groups i.e., pre 7th NFC period (2001 to 2010) and post 7th NFC Award period (2011 to 2019). To identify the impact of 7th NFC Award on health services delivery in Pakistan various variables were selected including Infant Mortality, Under Five Years’ Mortality, Life Expectancy at Birth and Health Expenditures (%GDP) as dependent or endogenous variables at national level whereas for comparison at provincial level Life expectancy at birth and Under Five Years mortality were used as dependent variables. The variables were tested at the national level as well as the provincial level and interprovincial comparison was also performed. For the analysis purpose different techniques for trend analysis were applied including the Chow breakpoint test, recursive coefficient, Wald-Coefficient Restriction test, Equality of Variance test, trend estimates, Durbin Watson Test and Forecast analysis. Additionally, the Difference-in-Difference approach was also applied to compare other provinces as treatment groups i.e., Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan with Punjab as a control group. The results suggest health indicators have responded positively to the additional funds’ transfer and Life expectancy at birth, Infant mortality and Under Five years’ mortality have improved at national level. Life expectancy and under five years’ mortality has generally improved in all provinces except for life expectancy in KP. While comparing the performance of other provinces with Punjab it is found that life expectancy at birth, infant mortality and Under Five years’ mortality have improved in Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa while Baluchistan did not improve health indicators in comparison to Punjab. However, to realize further benefits of the fiscal decentralization it is suggested that additional fund transfer is not a sufficient factor to bring change and should be complemented by administrative and legislative actions on part of the government. Innovations and the role of the private sector are crucial in improving public services delivery in health sector. Moreover, the capacity of the government machinery and the ability to develop plans and strategies is important to realize the benefits of the fiscal decentralizati","PeriodicalId":210967,"journal":{"name":"Business & Economic Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128509442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bullying at work and its impact on employees' intention to leave are the focus of this study. Specifically, this research aims to determine the link between workplace bullying and emotional exhaustion and the intention to leave. Data were gathered from 234 employees working in the Saif group of Pakistan through questionnaires. The study sample was drawn using the convenience sampling technique. The non-probability sampling technique was used because of the Covid 19 situation; as per government notification, only 50% of the staff was present in the offices. This study used SPSS V. 25 for direct relationships, Hayes model 4 for mediation analysis, and for model fitness, we used CFA (Amos 22). The results show that workplace bullying has a statistically significant and positive impact on the intention to quit and emotional exhaustion plays a significant role in mediating this connection (β=0.38***, SE=0.074, LLCI=0.3077 and ULCI=0.6176). Based on these results, we conclude that workplace bullying is a mayor cause of employees' exhaustion and compels them to depart from an organisation at some point. In light of these results, supervisors or line managers play a vital role in organisational sustainability by retaining skilful employees by making the workplace environment friendly and cooperative in the long run.
工作中的欺凌行为及其对员工离职意向的影响是本研究的重点。具体而言，本研究旨在确定职场欺凌与情绪耗竭和离职意图之间的联系。通过问卷调查收集了234名在巴基斯坦赛义夫集团工作的员工的数据。研究样本采用方便抽样技术抽取。考虑到新冠肺炎疫情，采用了非概率抽样技术;根据政府的通知，只有50%的员工在办公室。本研究使用SPSS V. 25进行直接关系分析，Hayes模型4进行中介分析，模型适应度使用CFA (Amos 22)。结果表明，职场欺凌对辞职意向有显著的正向影响，情绪耗竭在其中介作用中起显著作用(β=0.38***， SE=0.074, LLCI=0.3077, ULCI=0.6176)。基于这些结果，我们得出结论，职场欺凌是员工精疲力竭的主要原因，并迫使他们在某个时候离开组织。根据这些结果，主管或直线经理在组织的可持续性中发挥着至关重要的作用，通过使工作场所环境友好和长期合作来留住熟练的员工。
{"title":"Workplace Bullying and Intention to Leave: The Mediating Role of Emotional Exhaustion","authors":"J. Khan, Amna Ali, H. Nisar","doi":"10.22547/ber/13.3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/13.3.5","url":null,"abstract":"Bullying at work and its impact on employees' intention to leave are the focus of this study. Specifically, this research aims to determine the link between workplace bullying and emotional exhaustion and the intention to leave. Data were gathered from 234 employees working in the Saif group of Pakistan through questionnaires. The study sample was drawn using the convenience sampling technique. The non-probability sampling technique was used because of the Covid 19 situation; as per government notification, only 50% of the staff was present in the offices. This study used SPSS V. 25 for direct relationships, Hayes model 4 for mediation analysis, and for model fitness, we used CFA (Amos 22). The results show that workplace bullying has a statistically significant and positive impact on the intention to quit and emotional exhaustion plays a significant role in mediating this connection (β=0.38***, SE=0.074, LLCI=0.3077 and ULCI=0.6176). Based on these results, we conclude that workplace bullying is a mayor cause of employees' exhaustion and compels them to depart from an organisation at some point. In light of these results, supervisors or line managers play a vital role in organisational sustainability by retaining skilful employees by making the workplace environment friendly and cooperative in the long run.","PeriodicalId":210967,"journal":{"name":"Business & Economic Review","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124692663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Planning a workforce in the health sector of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa requires assessment of demand and supply of the healthcare services. The epidemiological mix shows the number of doctors needed in a specific field, which determines the demand for doctors in that area. This paper aims to study the supply of doctors and understand the trend of career choice of the postgraduate medical trainees, choosing different specialities. Data for this purpose is collected from Postgraduate Medical Institute (PGMI), by retrieving the doctors' records through their induction notifications, issued bi-annually. The supply of doctors is operationalized with the help of the career choice they make by opting for a particular speciality. The variables thus studied are the number of trainees inducted every year by PGMI, the number of doctors inducted against each speciality, and the gender of the doctor opting for a specific speciality. The sample consists of doctors inducted for postgraduate training from 2014 to 2019. It includes twelve induction sessions, with approximately 500 inductions in every session, depending on several variables. There are a total of 6,743 doctors that satisfy these conditions and are included in the study. The distribution of doctors is assessed using descriptive statistics, and the relationship of gender with speciality selection is tested using Chi-Square Analysis. The results show a skewed trend toward some specialities that the students have been choosing throughout the years. Simultaneously, the association of gender with the speciality selection of doctors is also empirically proven. Male students have inclination towards Medicine and Surgery, whereas females tend to choose gynaecology more than any other speciality. Similarly, Anaesthesia and Radiology are suffering due to the shortage of doctors.The paper also reports these findings in details with the annual trends for each of these specialities. It indicates that the policymakers would need to take steps to match the epidemiological demands in the future. The findings of this paper can be helpful in pre-emptively highlighting the shortage of workfoce in some specialities and their abundance in others. Various steps can be taken timely to handle the issues that can hinder service provision in the health sector, especially in the pandemic when the uncertainties are increasing.
{"title":"Career Choice of Health Workforce in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","authors":"Saima Wazir","doi":"10.22547/ber/13.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/13.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Planning a workforce in the health sector of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa requires assessment of demand and supply of the healthcare services. The epidemiological mix shows the number of doctors needed in a specific field, which determines the demand for doctors in that area. This paper aims to study the supply of doctors and understand the trend of career choice of the postgraduate medical trainees, choosing different specialities. Data for this purpose is collected from Postgraduate Medical Institute (PGMI), by retrieving the doctors' records through their induction notifications, issued bi-annually. The supply of doctors is operationalized with the help of the career choice they make by opting for a particular speciality. The variables thus studied are the number of trainees inducted every year by PGMI, the number of doctors inducted against each speciality, and the gender of the doctor opting for a specific speciality. The sample consists of doctors inducted for postgraduate training from 2014 to 2019. It includes twelve induction sessions, with approximately 500 inductions in every session, depending on several variables. There are a total of 6,743 doctors that satisfy these conditions and are included in the study. The distribution of doctors is assessed using descriptive statistics, and the relationship of gender with speciality selection is tested using Chi-Square Analysis. The results show a skewed trend toward some specialities that the students have been choosing throughout the years. Simultaneously, the association of gender with the speciality selection of doctors is also empirically proven. Male students have inclination towards Medicine and Surgery, whereas females tend to choose gynaecology more than any other speciality. Similarly, Anaesthesia and Radiology are suffering due to the shortage of doctors.The paper also reports these findings in details with the annual trends for each of these specialities. It indicates that the policymakers would need to take steps to match the epidemiological demands in the future. The findings of this paper can be helpful in pre-emptively highlighting the shortage of workfoce in some specialities and their abundance in others. Various steps can be taken timely to handle the issues that can hinder service provision in the health sector, especially in the pandemic when the uncertainties are increasing.","PeriodicalId":210967,"journal":{"name":"Business & Economic Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116344489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Organizational justice (OJ) literature focuses on the well-established theories of OJ dimensions (distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational justices) and the relative significance of different OJ dimensions on dependent variables (Ambrose & Schminke, 2009). However, literature suggest an equal focus on relevant missing theories of justice to have a complete understanding of this concept. The researchers assume that the inclusion of relevant missing theories in their respective OJ dimensions would yield better results. They used two data sets to test this assumption. One data set, include well-established theories using Colquitt (2001) scale, while the second data set include well-established theories along with the relevant missing theories, such as, external equity, equality, and need etc. They concluded that with the incorporation of relevant missing theories in their respective OJ dimensions; overall, results improved in terms of diagnostic statistics including specifically t-statistics (p-values), F-statistics and R2; however, missing theories claim has not been substantiated.
{"title":"Revisiting the Missing Theories of Organizational Justice","authors":"A. Shah, A. Chishti, Zeeshan Zeb Khattak","doi":"10.22547/ber/13.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/13.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"Organizational justice (OJ) literature focuses on the well-established theories of OJ dimensions (distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational justices) and the relative significance of different OJ dimensions on dependent variables (Ambrose & Schminke, 2009). However, literature suggest an equal focus on relevant missing theories of justice to have a complete understanding of this concept. The researchers assume that the inclusion of relevant missing theories in their respective OJ dimensions would yield better results. They used two data sets to test this assumption. One data set, include well-established theories using Colquitt (2001) scale, while the second data set include well-established theories along with the relevant missing theories, such as, external equity, equality, and need etc. They concluded that with the incorporation of relevant missing theories in their respective OJ dimensions; overall, results improved in terms of diagnostic statistics including specifically t-statistics (p-values), F-statistics and R2; however, missing theories claim has not been substantiated.","PeriodicalId":210967,"journal":{"name":"Business & Economic Review","volume":"184 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114155994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to evaluate the global slack hypothesis as well as to examine the impact of economic openness on the inflation trend and short-run Phillips curve. For this purpose, the study utilized the Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model to investigate how different measures of openness and global factors (global output and inflation) affect inflation over the period 1970 to 2018. In addition, we also investigate the effect of political regimes (1 for autocracy and 0 for democracy) on inflation and its various proxies in Pakistan. Unlike the existing work that has been done in Pakistan, this study has analyzed the global implications directly for inflation as well as the global slack hypothesis. Results indicate that trade openness is inflationary while financial sector development and the broad measure of openness which is the KOF index have had the opposite effect which might suggest the importance of other dimensions of globalization than trade only. One important finding is that the world output shock and world inflation directly transmit to Pakistan price inflation and in this sense, global factors along with economic openness have some association with inflation. The inclusion of political dummy variable has weaker explanatory power with negative sign maintaining that prudent macroeconomic policy during military regimes keep the inflation level lower. The empirical findings also suggest that although, the global slack hypothesis is validated its impact is not increasing over time. However, comparatively the global slack has dominated the domestic slack and in this sense, its importance has increased over time. Consequently, the process of globalization has important implications for inflation and its dynamics in Pakistan.
{"title":"Does Globalization Matter for Inflation in Pakistan? Empirical Evidence from Global Slack Hypothesis","authors":"Mukhtiar Khan, Wajid Ali, Asma Khan","doi":"10.22547/ber/13.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/13.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to evaluate the global slack hypothesis as well as to examine the impact of economic openness on the inflation trend and short-run Phillips curve. For this purpose, the study utilized the Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model to investigate how different measures of openness and global factors (global output and inflation) affect inflation over the period 1970 to 2018. In addition, we also investigate the effect of political regimes (1 for autocracy and 0 for democracy) on inflation and its various proxies in Pakistan. Unlike the existing work that has been done in Pakistan, this study has analyzed the global implications directly for inflation as well as the global slack hypothesis. Results indicate that trade openness is inflationary while financial sector development and the broad measure of openness which is the KOF index have had the opposite effect which might suggest the importance of other dimensions of globalization than trade only. One important finding is that the world output shock and world inflation directly transmit to Pakistan price inflation and in this sense, global factors along with economic openness have some association with inflation. The inclusion of political dummy variable has weaker explanatory power with negative sign maintaining that prudent macroeconomic policy during military regimes keep the inflation level lower. The empirical findings also suggest that although, the global slack hypothesis is validated its impact is not increasing over time. However, comparatively the global slack has dominated the domestic slack and in this sense, its importance has increased over time. Consequently, the process of globalization has important implications for inflation and its dynamics in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":210967,"journal":{"name":"Business & Economic Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117290921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electronic Government (e-government) is a significant and vital application of the information and communication technologies (ICTs) to enable functional relations and communication with key government stakeholders. Governments have launched E-Government system for the basic objective of delivery and transfer of electronic information as well as services to their targeted citizens and for enhancing interaction with businesses and commerce. Therefore, assimilation and integration of E-Government systems in organizations is a strategic need. However, existing literature on E-Government system assimilation and meta-structures of organization (signification, domination, and legitimization) is limited. Therefore, in this paper, based upon structuration theory, we have developed a theoretical model with the aim to investigate the effect of organizational meta-structures of signification, domination, and legitimization on E-Government system assimilation with mediating effect of E-government absorption capacity. To test the proposed model, data collected from 292 ginning firms listed in the Pakistan Cotton Ginning Association (PCGA). The results confirm the direct relation between organizational meta structures and E-Government system assimilation and also support the mediating relationship of E-Government absorption capacity between the E-Government system assimilation and organizational meta structures. Moreover, the theoretical and managerial implications along with limitations and direction for future research also have been discussed in this study.
{"title":"Testing Structuration Theory in E-Government System Assimilation: Mediating Role of Pakistani Cotton Ginners’ Absorption Capacity","authors":"M. Hassan, F. Naz, Shakeel Ahmed","doi":"10.22547/ber/13.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/13.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic Government (e-government) is a significant and vital application of the information and communication technologies (ICTs) to enable functional relations and communication with key government stakeholders. Governments have launched E-Government system for the basic objective of delivery and transfer of electronic information as well as services to their targeted citizens and for enhancing interaction with businesses and commerce. Therefore, assimilation and integration of E-Government systems in organizations is a strategic need. However, existing literature on E-Government system assimilation and meta-structures of organization (signification, domination, and legitimization) is limited. Therefore, in this paper, based upon structuration theory, we have developed a theoretical model with the aim to investigate the effect of organizational meta-structures of signification, domination, and legitimization on E-Government system assimilation with mediating effect of E-government absorption capacity. To test the proposed model, data collected from 292 ginning firms listed in the Pakistan Cotton Ginning Association (PCGA). The results confirm the direct relation between organizational meta structures and E-Government system assimilation and also support the mediating relationship of E-Government absorption capacity between the E-Government system assimilation and organizational meta structures. Moreover, the theoretical and managerial implications along with limitations and direction for future research also have been discussed in this study.","PeriodicalId":210967,"journal":{"name":"Business & Economic Review","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131213494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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