How does a business that wants “do good” while doing well finance its operations? In particular, how does a business of that kind find investors who understand and are committed to both its nonfinancial and financial objectives? This chapter addresses issues at the intersection of corporate governance and corporate finance with those questions in mind. Specifically, the pages that follow assess common foundational elements of social enterprise and crowdfunding and whether crowdfunding may be a promising (or even suitable) source of funding for social enterprise businesses. As young popular and populist corporate governance and corporate finance adventures, social enterprise and crowdfunding hold some attraction for and traction with each other. Yet, the envisioned public benefits of crowdfunded social enterprise may be illusory or infrequently realized in practice, and even if real and realized, the benefits of social enterprise crowdfunding may not outweigh financial, reputational, opportunity, and other risks and costs. In particular, crowdfunded securities offerings for social enterprises present a number of significant challenges. Of course, both social enterprise (including especially benefit corporations and other new mission-driven statutory forms of entity) and crowdfunding (including especially securities crowdfunding) are to a great extent early-stage experiments. The results of these experiments are yet to be revealed. Even if the outcome is that the potential for mutual benefit is not realized or realizable (at all or in certain cases), we no doubt will learn much from the experimental process.
{"title":"Financing Social Enterprise: Is the Crowd the Answer?","authors":"Joan Macleod Heminway","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2997262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2997262","url":null,"abstract":"How does a business that wants “do good” while doing well finance its operations? In particular, how does a business of that kind find investors who understand and are committed to both its nonfinancial and financial objectives? This chapter addresses issues at the intersection of corporate governance and corporate finance with those questions in mind. Specifically, the pages that follow assess common foundational elements of social enterprise and crowdfunding and whether crowdfunding may be a promising (or even suitable) source of funding for social enterprise businesses. \u0000As young popular and populist corporate governance and corporate finance adventures, social enterprise and crowdfunding hold some attraction for and traction with each other. Yet, the envisioned public benefits of crowdfunded social enterprise may be illusory or infrequently realized in practice, and even if real and realized, the benefits of social enterprise crowdfunding may not outweigh financial, reputational, opportunity, and other risks and costs. In particular, crowdfunded securities offerings for social enterprises present a number of significant challenges. Of course, both social enterprise (including especially benefit corporations and other new mission-driven statutory forms of entity) and crowdfunding (including especially securities crowdfunding) are to a great extent early-stage experiments. The results of these experiments are yet to be revealed. Even if the outcome is that the potential for mutual benefit is not realized or realizable (at all or in certain cases), we no doubt will learn much from the experimental process.","PeriodicalId":210981,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Social Responsibility & Social Impact eJournal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127175523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-31DOI: 10.1108/AJAR-2017-02-01-B005
T. Kumar
The study visualizes the link between environment accounting & triple bottom line, quantitative environmental reporting & standard method, voluntary environmental disclosure & legal requirement, size of company & volume of environmental disclosure, material flow analysis & life cycle assessment to achieve sustainable development in Bangladeshi corporation. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to investigate the role of these factors to achieve sustainable development in Bangladeshi corporation. To investigate the role of these factors, ten factors that significantly contribute to achieve sustainable development were determined. A set of closed-minded questionnaire was developed on the basis of these factors to collect the data from employees & employers. Questionnaire was administered by using statistical tools such as matrix, cross tabulation & Paired Samples Tests as a data collection tool and analyses. Research finding shows that sustainability of corporation was associated with the performance of economic, social, and environment. Other factors like quantitative environmental reporting, standard method, voluntary environmental disclosure, legal requirement, size of the company, volume of environmental disclosure, material flow analysis & life cycle assessment were found that they worked as a complement to enhance the performance of economic, social, and environment to achieve sustainable development in Bangladeshi corporation.
{"title":"Achieving Sustainable Development Through Environmental Accounting from the Global Perspective: Evidence from Bangladesh","authors":"T. Kumar","doi":"10.1108/AJAR-2017-02-01-B005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/AJAR-2017-02-01-B005","url":null,"abstract":"The study visualizes the link between environment accounting & triple bottom line, quantitative environmental reporting & standard method, voluntary environmental disclosure & legal requirement, size of company & volume of environmental disclosure, material flow analysis & life cycle assessment to achieve sustainable development in Bangladeshi corporation. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to investigate the role of these factors to achieve sustainable development in Bangladeshi corporation. To investigate the role of these factors, ten factors that significantly contribute to achieve sustainable development were determined. A set of closed-minded questionnaire was developed on the basis of these factors to collect the data from employees & employers. Questionnaire was administered by using statistical tools such as matrix, cross tabulation & Paired Samples Tests as a data collection tool and analyses. Research finding shows that sustainability of corporation was associated with the performance of economic, social, and environment. Other factors like quantitative environmental reporting, standard method, voluntary environmental disclosure, legal requirement, size of the company, volume of environmental disclosure, material flow analysis & life cycle assessment were found that they worked as a complement to enhance the performance of economic, social, and environment to achieve sustainable development in Bangladeshi corporation.","PeriodicalId":210981,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Social Responsibility & Social Impact eJournal","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133650000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For as long as corporations have existed, debates have persisted among scholars, judges, and policymakers regarding how best to describe their form and function as a positive matter, and how best to organize relations among their various stakeholders as a normative matter. This is hardly surprising given the economic and political stakes involved with control over vast and growing "corporate" resources, and it has become commonplace to speak of various approaches to corporate law in decidedly political terms. In particular, on the fundamental normative issue of the aims to which corporate decision-making ought to be directed, shareholder-centric conceptions of the corporation have long been described as politically right-leaning while stakeholder-oriented conceptions have conversely been described as politically left-leaning. When the frame of reference for this normative debate shifts away from state corporate law, however, a curious reversal occurs. Notably, when the debate shifts to federal political and judicial contexts, one often finds actors associated with the political left championing expansion of shareholders' corporate governance powers, and those associated with the political right advancing more stakeholder-centric conceptions of the corporation. The aim of this article is to explain this disconnect and explore its implications for the development of U.S. corporate governance, with particular reference to the varied and evolving corporate governance views of the political left - the side of the spectrum where, I argue, the more dramatic and illuminating shifts have occurred over recent decades, and where the state/federal divide is more difficult to explain. A widespread and fundamental reorientation of the Democratic Party toward decidedly centrist national politics fundamentally altered the role of corporate governance and related issues in the project of assembling a competitive coalition capable of appealing to working- and middle-class voters. Grappling with the legal, regulatory, and institutional frameworks - as well as the economic and cultural trends - that conditioned and incentivized this shift will prove critical to understanding the state/federal divide regarding what the "progressive" corporate governance agenda ought to be and how the situation might change as the Democratic Party formulates responses to the November 2016 election. I begin with a brief terminological discussion, examining how various labels associated with the political left tend to be employed in relevant contexts, as well as varying ways of defining the field of "corporate governance" itself. I then provide an overview of "progressive" thinking about corporate governance in the context of state corporate law, contrasting those views with the very different perspectives associated with center-left political actors at the federal level. Based on this descriptive account, I then examine various legal, regulatory, and institutional frameworks,
{"title":"Center-Left Politics and Corporate Governance: What Is the 'Progressive' Agenda?","authors":"Christopher M. Bruner","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2917253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2917253","url":null,"abstract":"For as long as corporations have existed, debates have persisted among scholars, judges, and policymakers regarding how best to describe their form and function as a positive matter, and how best to organize relations among their various stakeholders as a normative matter. This is hardly surprising given the economic and political stakes involved with control over vast and growing \"corporate\" resources, and it has become commonplace to speak of various approaches to corporate law in decidedly political terms. In particular, on the fundamental normative issue of the aims to which corporate decision-making ought to be directed, shareholder-centric conceptions of the corporation have long been described as politically right-leaning while stakeholder-oriented conceptions have conversely been described as politically left-leaning. When the frame of reference for this normative debate shifts away from state corporate law, however, a curious reversal occurs. Notably, when the debate shifts to federal political and judicial contexts, one often finds actors associated with the political left championing expansion of shareholders' corporate governance powers, and those associated with the political right advancing more stakeholder-centric conceptions of the corporation. \u0000 \u0000The aim of this article is to explain this disconnect and explore its implications for the development of U.S. corporate governance, with particular reference to the varied and evolving corporate governance views of the political left - the side of the spectrum where, I argue, the more dramatic and illuminating shifts have occurred over recent decades, and where the state/federal divide is more difficult to explain. A widespread and fundamental reorientation of the Democratic Party toward decidedly centrist national politics fundamentally altered the role of corporate governance and related issues in the project of assembling a competitive coalition capable of appealing to working- and middle-class voters. Grappling with the legal, regulatory, and institutional frameworks - as well as the economic and cultural trends - that conditioned and incentivized this shift will prove critical to understanding the state/federal divide regarding what the \"progressive\" corporate governance agenda ought to be and how the situation might change as the Democratic Party formulates responses to the November 2016 election. \u0000 \u0000I begin with a brief terminological discussion, examining how various labels associated with the political left tend to be employed in relevant contexts, as well as varying ways of defining the field of \"corporate governance\" itself. I then provide an overview of \"progressive\" thinking about corporate governance in the context of state corporate law, contrasting those views with the very different perspectives associated with center-left political actors at the federal level. \u0000 \u0000Based on this descriptive account, I then examine various legal, regulatory, and institutional frameworks, ","PeriodicalId":210981,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Social Responsibility & Social Impact eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129474386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an increasingly relevant aspect in the current economic and financial scenario. A typical argument in the literature is that CSR reduces the risk of conflicts with stakeholders. In this paper we test whether: i) CSR risk factors are uncorrelated with those traditionally considered, ii) exist a pricing anomaly related to a social responsible behavior that could be captured by CSR risk factors, and iii) a multifactor model that includes a CSR risk factor performs better in explaining the cross section of expected returns. Our finding documents that CSR risk factors are uncorrelated with those traditionally used by asset pricing literature. We find that large stocks are more exposed than small stocks to this source of risk and that, even if the pricing anomaly is still significant, an asset pricing model augmented with a CSR risk factor performs better than standard models in explaining the cross section of stock returns.
{"title":"Fishing the Corporate Social Responsibility Risk Factors","authors":"L. Becchetti, R. Ciciretti, Ambrogio Dalò","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2730765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2730765","url":null,"abstract":"Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an increasingly relevant aspect in the current economic and financial scenario. A typical argument in the literature is that CSR reduces the risk of conflicts with stakeholders. In this paper we test whether: i) CSR risk factors are uncorrelated with those traditionally considered, ii) exist a pricing anomaly related to a social responsible behavior that could be captured by CSR risk factors, and iii) a multifactor model that includes a CSR risk factor performs better in explaining the cross section of expected returns. Our finding documents that CSR risk factors are uncorrelated with those traditionally used by asset pricing literature. We find that large stocks are more exposed than small stocks to this source of risk and that, even if the pricing anomaly is still significant, an asset pricing model augmented with a CSR risk factor performs better than standard models in explaining the cross section of stock returns.","PeriodicalId":210981,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Social Responsibility & Social Impact eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123866321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the following article, the theory of knowledge management (TKM) is described as the systematisation of an organisation’s practices to facilitate consistent service and product delivery across divisions and regions. Organisation theory is approached from the postmodern perspective and expressed as comprising five separate elements: organisational activism, workplace humanism, societal context, multiple disciplines, and the value given to historical knowledge. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is addressed in its importance as a popular project for organisations, however, studies show that CSR does not present long-term value for most firms. Chia’s (1996) consideration of being-realism in organisational theory is evaluated, questioning the rationality of depicting strategies and goals with physicality in order to compare them. Mills, Boylstein, & Lorean (2001) provide an argument for a society heavily influenced by technology which causes individuals to feel a deep sense of impending doom, which is examined against related studies. Finally, Newton’s (1996) comparison of postmodernist theory, organisational theory, and feminist study within the context of actions in the postmodernist movement, is reviewed. The article concludes by critiquing postmodernist applications of organisational theory and their applicability when faced with real-world constraining elements, such as physical risks and time factors. It is suggested that this uneven transition outside of academics makes creating a functional organisational CSR model for ecommerce corporations impractical in long-range planning.
{"title":"Essay on Corporate Social Responsibility in eCommerce Companies","authors":"M. Groh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2875603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2875603","url":null,"abstract":"In the following article, the theory of knowledge management (TKM) is described as the systematisation of an organisation’s practices to facilitate consistent service and product delivery across divisions and regions. Organisation theory is approached from the postmodern perspective and expressed as comprising five separate elements: organisational activism, workplace humanism, societal context, multiple disciplines, and the value given to historical knowledge. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is addressed in its importance as a popular project for organisations, however, studies show that CSR does not present long-term value for most firms. Chia’s (1996) consideration of being-realism in organisational theory is evaluated, questioning the rationality of depicting strategies and goals with physicality in order to compare them. Mills, Boylstein, & Lorean (2001) provide an argument for a society heavily influenced by technology which causes individuals to feel a deep sense of impending doom, which is examined against related studies. Finally, Newton’s (1996) comparison of postmodernist theory, organisational theory, and feminist study within the context of actions in the postmodernist movement, is reviewed. The article concludes by critiquing postmodernist applications of organisational theory and their applicability when faced with real-world constraining elements, such as physical risks and time factors. It is suggested that this uneven transition outside of academics makes creating a functional organisational CSR model for ecommerce corporations impractical in long-range planning.","PeriodicalId":210981,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Social Responsibility & Social Impact eJournal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126905113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses the pitfalls of trade protectionism and argues the case for free trade. An extensive bibliography on trade is also included, which has links to more than 100 articles on various aspect of trade.
{"title":"Business in the Global Community","authors":"Robert W. McGee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2858395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2858395","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the pitfalls of trade protectionism and argues the case for free trade. An extensive bibliography on trade is also included, which has links to more than 100 articles on various aspect of trade.","PeriodicalId":210981,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Social Responsibility & Social Impact eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127881401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41781-3_10
Sumona Ghosh
{"title":"Reporting of CSR Activities in India: Are We Still at a Nascent Stage Even after the Legal Mandate?","authors":"Sumona Ghosh","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-41781-3_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41781-3_10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":210981,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Social Responsibility & Social Impact eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125428591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expenditure on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was made mandatory under a 'comply or explain' approach by the Companies Act, 2013, applicable from year ending 2014. The Act also specifies various heads under which a company can spend. Using business school students, we conduct an experiment to examine two things (1) the impact of companies' choices regarding how much to spend, and (2) companies' choices regarding which head to spend under, on investor likelihood of investment. Our results show that investors neither value nor discount companies that spend more than the minimum amount on CSR and further that they are less likely to invest in companies that spend on incubation and they value such companies lower as compared to companies that spend on education or gender issues. Our results are in line with the empirical data pertaining to the amounts spent by companies.
{"title":"Whether and Where to Spend Mandatory CSR?","authors":"Preet Deep Singh, Sakina Poonawala","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2802866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2802866","url":null,"abstract":"Expenditure on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was made mandatory under a 'comply or explain' approach by the Companies Act, 2013, applicable from year ending 2014. The Act also specifies various heads under which a company can spend. Using business school students, we conduct an experiment to examine two things (1) the impact of companies' choices regarding how much to spend, and (2) companies' choices regarding which head to spend under, on investor likelihood of investment. Our results show that investors neither value nor discount companies that spend more than the minimum amount on CSR and further that they are less likely to invest in companies that spend on incubation and they value such companies lower as compared to companies that spend on education or gender issues. Our results are in line with the empirical data pertaining to the amounts spent by companies.","PeriodicalId":210981,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Social Responsibility & Social Impact eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130517217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the recent decade, the study of the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CRS) and firm’s financial performance has been a hot topic in the academic world. This study examines the linkage between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance. In this study, we investigate the relationship by analyzing the correlation of the corporate social responsibility rating based on KLD scores and several financial performance measurements based on accounting measures. The result indicates that there are significant correlations between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance. Though, this study does not explore the direction of the causality between them, where further research can be done to have a better understanding of the relationship.
{"title":"Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Financial Performance","authors":"Tracy Koo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2768515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2768515","url":null,"abstract":"In the recent decade, the study of the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CRS) and firm’s financial performance has been a hot topic in the academic world. This study examines the linkage between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance. In this study, we investigate the relationship by analyzing the correlation of the corporate social responsibility rating based on KLD scores and several financial performance measurements based on accounting measures. The result indicates that there are significant correlations between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance. Though, this study does not explore the direction of the causality between them, where further research can be done to have a better understanding of the relationship.","PeriodicalId":210981,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Social Responsibility & Social Impact eJournal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131278877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today's advances in big data technologies readily allow for storing large inter-dependent data sets of historical and modeled natural hazard and financial data and unifying their granularity and accuracy with common geo-spatial and risk-type record identifiers. This is a significant component at both single insurance account, and even more so at the larger multi-policy portfolio scale for enabling optimal and socially responsible insurance underwriting practices. This supports insurance risk transfers by creating more accurate and all-uncertainty encompassing pricing techniques, and exposes these techniques and methodologies to all market players, including insurance policy holders via transparent statistical and actuarial principles.
{"title":"Towards Socially Responsible (Re)Insurance Underwriting Practices: Readily Available ‘Big Data’ Contributions to Optimize Catastrophe Risk Management","authors":"Ivelin M. Zvezdov, S. Rath","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2737508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2737508","url":null,"abstract":"Today's advances in big data technologies readily allow for storing large inter-dependent data sets of historical and modeled natural hazard and financial data and unifying their granularity and accuracy with common geo-spatial and risk-type record identifiers. This is a significant component at both single insurance account, and even more so at the larger multi-policy portfolio scale for enabling optimal and socially responsible insurance underwriting practices. This supports insurance risk transfers by creating more accurate and all-uncertainty encompassing pricing techniques, and exposes these techniques and methodologies to all market players, including insurance policy holders via transparent statistical and actuarial principles.","PeriodicalId":210981,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Social Responsibility & Social Impact eJournal","volume":"588 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127092849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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