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A Review on the Role of Poultry in Food Borne Salmonellosis and Its Public Health Importance 家禽在食源性沙门氏菌病中的作用及其公共卫生意义综述
Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.9734/BPI/RAAVS/V1/2683F
J. Manoj, Manoj Kumar Singh
Salmonella organisms cause foodborne disease outbreaks having significant public health concern. Salmonella is more frequently isolated from poultry species than from other livestock animals. All the fractions of poultry production can be affected by Salmonella organisms like hatchery, incubators, breeding facilities, commercial raising operations of layers and broilers, feed preparation units and factories, transportation systems, commercialization facilities and slaughterhouses. Globalization makes it possible for a contaminated foodstuff to affect the health of people in several countries at the same time. Several cases of foodborne salmonellosis originated from poultry products have been reported globally including India. The predominant serovars of Salmonella, having public health importance are mainly S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium. Antibiotic resistant serotypes of poultry origin are alarmingly increasing. Poultry food safety is a function of multiple risk factors. For effective prevention and control of foodborne salmonellosis, there should be programmes for creating awareness among consumers about the food safety and guiding the food handlers and animal breeders mainly of poultry, regarding safe production of food starting from farm to the table.
沙门氏菌引起的食源性疾病暴发具有重大的公共卫生问题。沙门氏菌从家禽中比从其他家畜中更容易分离出来。家禽生产的所有环节都可能受到沙门氏菌的影响,如孵化场、孵化器、繁殖设施、蛋鸡和肉鸡的商业饲养操作、饲料配制单位和工厂、运输系统、商业化设施和屠宰场。全球化使得一种受污染的食品有可能同时影响到几个国家人民的健康。包括印度在内的全球已报告了几例源自家禽产品的食源性沙门氏菌病。具有公共卫生重要性的沙门氏菌的主要血清型是肠炎沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。家禽来源的抗生素耐药血清型正在惊人地增加。家禽食品安全是多种风险因素共同作用的结果。为了有效预防和控制食源性沙门氏菌病,应该制定方案,提高消费者对食品安全的认识,并指导食品加工者和动物饲养者(主要是家禽)从农场到餐桌的食品安全生产。
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引用次数: 0
Study on Physiological Effects of Nicotine 尼古丁生理效应的研究
Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.9734/BPI/RAAVS/V1/10973D
S. Sharif, S. Naz
Nicotine is thought to be the main component present in the smoke of tobacco, which works as a neurotoxic and largely accounts for most of the deleterious effects on body functions. Nicotine affects metabolic and biological processes, hormone secretions as well as hematopoietic systems. It was observed that when the mice were given doses of nicotine it alters their hematological parameters, lipid profile, liver enzymes and reproductive hormones.
尼古丁被认为是烟草烟雾中的主要成分,它是一种神经毒性物质,在很大程度上造成了对身体功能的大部分有害影响。尼古丁影响代谢和生物过程、激素分泌以及造血系统。研究人员观察到,给老鼠注射尼古丁会改变它们的血液学参数、血脂、肝酶和生殖激素。
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引用次数: 0
Study on the Effect of Parity on Milk Letdown Time in Mehsana Buffaloes 胎次对梅哈萨纳水牛泌乳时间影响的研究
Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.9734/BPI/RAAVS/V1/10347D
H. A. Patel, Amit Kumar Srivastava, H. D. Chauhan, J. B. Patel
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of parity on milk let-down time in Mehsana buffaloes. Twenty four Mehsana buffaloes were divided into four groups on the basis of parity (1-4 lactation) and maintained under uniform feeding and housing conditions. Data on letdown time for different parity buffaloes were collected six days in a month at morning and evening milking for six months. The average letdown time was more in evening milking for the month of August, September, November and January, while it was more in morning in the month of October and December and the difference was not-significant. The average letdown time for Mehsana buffaloes in Lactation-I (L1), Lactation-II (L2), Lactation-III (L3) and Lactation-IV (L4) was 71.15, 69.22, 62.30 and 56.65 sec., respectively, with overall average of 64.83 sec. The differences were significant (P<0.01) among lactation. Decreasing trend was observed for letdown time with increasing number of parity. The average letdown time was more during morning milking (65.58 sec) than evening (64.09 sec.) however the difference was not-significant. It may be concluded that the average time required for letdown decreases as the parity advances in the Mehsana buffaloes. Hence, first time calvers should be given teat manipulation before calving and pre-milking udder stimulation must be introduced as milking routine.
本试验研究了胎次对梅哈萨纳水牛排乳时间的影响。选取24头梅哈萨纳水牛,按胎次(1-4泌乳)分为4组,饲养和圈养条件均匀。收集不同胎次水牛每月6天的早晚挤奶时间数据,历时6个月。8月、9月、11月和1月的平均放奶时间以晚间较多,10月和12月的平均放奶时间以早晨较多,差异不显著。泌乳期ⅰ(L1)、泌乳期ⅱ(L2)、泌乳期ⅲ(L3)和泌乳期ⅳ(L4)的平均失速时间分别为71.15、69.22、62.30和56.65秒,总体平均失速时间为64.83秒,各泌乳期差异均显著(P<0.01)。随着奇偶数的增加,降速时间呈减小趋势。平均失望时间上午(65.58秒)比晚上(64.09秒)长,但差异不显著。可以得出这样的结论:在梅哈萨纳水牛中,随着胎次的增加,平均下潜所需的时间也在减少。因此,首次产犊的奶牛应在产犊前进行乳房操作,并在产奶前进行乳房刺激。
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引用次数: 0
Leptospirosis in Pigs: A Silent Economic Drawback in Piggery Industry 猪的钩端螺旋体病:养猪业一个无声的经济缺陷
Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.9734/BPI/RAAVS/V1/9170D
Machunda Ndazi, B. Mwang’onde
This chapter reports the epidemiology of Leptospirosis in pigs. Leptospirosis is a cosmopolitan zoonotic disease caused by the genus leptospira. The disease is endemic in tropical regions and affects wild, domestic animals and human beings. Pigs from intensively housed, free-range and feral can be infected provided that they directly or indirectly contact with urine from infected reservoir host animals. Clinical manifestations of leptospirosis in pigs range from asymptomatic to chronic depending mainly on the infecting serovar and the age of the animals. Chronic manifestation is associated with loss in productivity of pigs due to placentitis, abortions, stillbirth, infertility and weak neonatal pigs. The laboratory tests used in the diagnosis of leptospirosis include culture, molecular method and serology. Antibiotics such as tetracyclines, dihydrostreptomycin, streptomycin, doxycycline and erythromycin can be used to treat the disease. Control measure of leptospirosis includes vaccination, water sanitation, rodent control and farm hygiene.
本章报道猪钩端螺旋体病的流行病学。钩端螺旋体病是由钩端螺旋体属引起的世界性人畜共患疾病。该病在热带地区流行,影响野生动物、家畜和人类。集中饲养、自由放养和野生的猪只要直接或间接接触受感染宿主动物的尿液,就可能被感染。猪钩端螺旋体病的临床表现从无症状到慢性不等,主要取决于感染血清型和动物年龄。慢性表现与由于胎盘炎、流产、死产、不育和新生儿虚弱而导致的猪生产力下降有关。用于钩端螺旋体病诊断的实验室检测包括培养、分子法和血清学。抗生素如四环素、双氢链霉素、链霉素、强力霉素和红霉素可用于治疗该病。钩端螺旋体病的控制措施包括疫苗接种、水卫生、灭鼠和农场卫生。
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引用次数: 0
An Advance Study on Dairy Buffalo Development through Investment in Genetic Improvement 利用遗传改良投资培育水牛的研究进展
Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.9734/BPI/RAAVS/V1/10147D
I. Soliman
Dairy products are an important source of animal protein in Asian countries, especially for nutritionally vulnerable groups and vegetarians. As a result, the approach to increasing domestic milk supply is to increase buffalo milk yield through genetic improvement from the sperm of a selected buffalo sire with a high predicted milk difference. As a case study, data was collected from Artificial Insemination Centers in Egypt to use a dynamic mathematical investment model to estimate the rate of return (IRR) on genetic investment. Aside from the economic variables, the reproductive characteristics and feed efficiency are the most important variables in IRR. The anticipated most likely amount of IRR, 19.71%, was feasible. An increase of 10% in the number of conception services, age at First Calving, and service period would reduce the IRR by 7.51 percent. The IRR would drop by 9% if feed efficiency dropped by 10%. IRR would be reduced by 7% if feed costs, semen prices, and milk prices all fell by 10%. To import buffalo sires' semen of high predicted milk difference at moderate prices till establishment, domestic genetic merit is required.
乳制品是亚洲国家动物蛋白的重要来源,特别是对营养脆弱群体和素食者而言。因此,增加国内牛奶供应的方法是通过对选定的具有高预测奶差的水牛父系的精子进行遗传改良来增加水牛奶产量。以埃及人工授精中心为研究对象,利用动态数学投资模型估算遗传投资的收益率。在IRR中,除经济变量外,繁殖特性和饲料效率是最重要的变量。预测IRR的最可能值为19.71%,是可行的。在受孕服务次数、第一次产犊年龄和服务期限方面增加10%,将使内部收益率降低7.51%。饲料效率每下降10%,IRR将下降9%。如果饲料成本、精液价格和牛奶价格都下降10%,内部收益率将降低7%。在建立之前,要以中等价格进口高预测乳差的水牛种精液,需要国内遗传优势。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of the Changes in Hormones of Somatotropic Axis during Transition Period in Murrah Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) Supplemented with Vitamin E 补充维生素E对墨拉水牛(Bubalus bubalis)过渡期体适性轴激素变化的评价
Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.9734/BPI/RAAVS/V1/10266D
B. Mili, S. Pandita, B. S. B. Kumar, M. S. Parmar
The goal of this study was to see how vitamin E supplementation affected the GH-insulin–IGF-1 axis in Murrah buffaloes throughout the transition phase. The Murrah buffaloes (n = 12) were chosen from the National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) cattle herd during their late gestation and divided into two groups of six each. Group I buffaloes were fed simply the control diet, whereas group II buffaloes were given 2000 IU/day/head vitamin E combined with the control feed. Blood sample were collected from each buffalo at weekly interval from day -21 to day +21 relative to parturition by jugular veinpuncture. Growth hormone (GH) -IGF-1 and insulin were quantified by bovine specific ELISA test kit. During the transition phase, there was no significant difference in insulin and GH concentrations in the blood between the two groups, according to the findings. However, the amount of insulin and IGF-I reduction was much larger in Group I. The fall in these hormone levels during the transition phase was determined to be a physiological event linked to a negative energy balance. During the transition phase, dietary treatment with Vitamin E showed no effect on peripheral profiles of these hormones.
本研究的目的是观察补充维生素E如何影响Murrah水牛在整个过渡阶段的gh -胰岛素- igf -1轴。从国家乳业研究所(NDRI)妊娠后期的牛群中选择12头默拉水牛,分为两组,每组6头。ⅰ组仅饲喂对照饲料,ⅱ组在对照饲料的基础上饲喂2000 IU/天/头的维生素E。采用颈静脉穿刺法于分娩后第21天至第21天每隔一周采集一次水牛血液。用牛特异性酶联免疫吸附测定试剂盒测定生长激素(GH) -IGF-1和胰岛素含量。根据研究结果,在过渡阶段,两组之间血液中的胰岛素和生长激素浓度没有显著差异。然而,胰岛素和igf - 1的减少量在第一组中要大得多。在过渡阶段,这些激素水平的下降被确定为与负能量平衡相关的生理事件。在过渡阶段,饲粮中添加维生素E对这些激素的外周分布没有影响。
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引用次数: 0
The Chalactalistcs of Inhalational Anesthesia for Cats 猫吸入麻醉的特点
Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.9734/BPI/RAAVS/V1/2787F
T. Sano
Objective: While clinical use of sevoflurane has been increasing in veterinary medicine, this anaesthetic can cause dose-dependent hypotension, hypoventilation, impaired cardiac contractility, and hypothermia. Because of these side effects, sevoflurane must be carefully titrated and vigilantly monitored to avoid excessive anaesthetic depth. One of the anaesthetic depth evaluation using a minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) has been defined as “produces immobility in 50% of animals exposed to noxious stimulus.” Limited information regarding the MAC of sevoflurane required for blunting adrenergic responses (MAC-BAR) in cats currently exists. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the MAC and MAC-BAR of sevoflurane required to prevent autonomic responses and purposeful movements in cats. Methods: Six adult healthy domestic short haired cats (1year old, 3 males and 3 females) were anaesthetized with sevoflurane on two occasions with a minimum 14-day washout period to determine sevoflurane MAC and MACBAR. Results: The difference between sevoflurane MAC (2.92 ±0.47%) and MAC-BAR (3.24 ± 0.41%) was not statistically significant. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: These results suggested that the detrimental cardiovascular side effects such as hypotension and impaired cardiac contractility can easily occur in sevoflurane-anaesthetized cats.
目的:虽然七氟醚在兽医学中的临床应用越来越多,但这种麻醉剂可导致剂量依赖性低血压、通气不足、心脏收缩力受损和体温过低。由于这些副作用,七氟醚必须仔细滴定和警惕监测,以避免麻醉深度过大。使用最小肺泡浓度(MAC)的麻醉深度评估之一被定义为“在暴露于有害刺激的50%的动物中产生不动”。目前,关于七氟醚用于减弱猫肾上腺素能反应(MAC- bar)所需的MAC的信息有限。因此,本研究旨在比较七氟醚的MAC和MAC- bar,以防止猫的自主反应和有目的的运动。方法:6只健康家养短毛猫(1岁,公母各3只),分两次七氟醚麻醉,洗脱期不少于14 d,测定七氟醚MAC和MACBAR。结果:七氟醚MAC(2.92±0.47%)与MAC- bar(3.24±0.41%)的差异无统计学意义。结论及临床意义:七氟醚麻醉猫容易出现低血压、心脏收缩力受损等心血管不良反应。
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引用次数: 0
Improvement of Camel Milk Coagulation: Usefulness of an Enzymatic Extract from the Kaolin Layer of Chicken Gizzard 改善驼奶凝固:鸡砂囊高岭土层酶提物的有效性
Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.9734/BPI/RAAVS/V1/9387D
A. Sboui, I. Fguiri, M. Dbara, M. Hammadi, T. Khorchani
This research was conducted aiming to improve the coagulation abilities of camel milk using an enzymatic extract from the Kaolin Layer (EKL) of chicken gizzards as a substitute to commercial rennet. The crude extract was prepared by dissolving dry Kaolin layer powder on a mixture of Nacl/CaCO3. The milk clotting activity (MCA) of the crude extract was determined basing to Berridge method. The EKL optimum coagulation conditions were as follows: pH=5, temperature=45°C; and a concentration of CaCl2: 0.09M.  In addition, the enzymatic extract showed an important coagulant power mainly for camel milk: UP = 0.630 ± 0.04 against a coagulation frequency of 0.672 ± 0.05 for bovine milk. EKL can be used as a coagulant agent in cheese production for both camel and cow milk.
本研究旨在利用鸡砂囊高岭土层(EKL)的酶提取物替代商品凝乳酶,提高驼奶的凝血能力。将干燥的高岭土层粉溶解在Nacl/CaCO3混合物上制备粗提物。采用贝里奇法测定粗提物的凝乳活性。EKL最佳混凝条件为:pH=5,温度=45℃;CaCl2浓度:0.09M。此外,酶提物对驼奶具有重要的混凝作用:UP = 0.630±0.04,对牛乳的混凝频率为0.672±0.05。EKL可作为凝固剂用于驼奶和牛奶的奶酪生产。
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引用次数: 0
A Short Review on Chicken Heterophil 鸡嗜异性恋症研究综述
Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.9734/BPI/RAAVS/V1/3112F
N. Laxmi
In birds the major leukocytes involved in phagocytosis function are heterophils. Heterophils are polymorphonuclear leukocytes. They are a part of the innate immune system. When chickens are encountered by pathogens, they generate the primary response. Heterophils are counterparts of neutrophils in mammals, like neutrophils, their response to pathogens is quick, and get activated quickly which is by chemotaxis of heterophils. Detection of Bacteria, their proteins or their structures is through certain specialized receptors present in the immune cells called as Toll Like Receptors (TLR’s). They contain antimicrobial substances which are released when encountered by pathogens. Their functions are genetically controlled. They are highly phagocytic and antimicrobial activity is characterised through various ways.
在鸟类中,参与吞噬功能的主要白细胞是嗜白细胞。嗜异性粒细胞是多形核白细胞。它们是先天免疫系统的一部分。当鸡遇到病原体时,它们会产生初级反应。嗜中性粒细胞是哺乳动物中性粒细胞的对应物,就像中性粒细胞一样,它们对病原体的反应很快,通过嗜中性粒细胞的趋化性很快被激活。细菌及其蛋白质或结构的检测是通过存在于免疫细胞中的某些特殊受体,称为Toll样受体(TLR 's)。它们含有抗微生物物质,当遇到病原体时会释放出来。它们的功能是基因控制的。它们具有很强的吞噬能力和抗菌活性。
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引用次数: 0
An Assessment of the Suitability of Soils Supporting Oilpalm Plantations in the Coastal Plains Sand, Imo State, Nigeria 尼日利亚伊莫州沿海平原沙地油棕种植土壤适宜性评价
Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.9734/BPI/RAAVS/V1/11316D
E. Ukaegbu, S. Osuaku, C. Okolo
Oilpalm yields have been declining, thus soils in the coastal plains sand of Imo State that support Oilpalms have been investigated. Each of the 10 sites surveyed had a bulked sample obtained at 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths and analysed in the laboratory. The surface of the soil was dominated by sandyloam, but the subsurface was dominated by sandy clayloam. Ranges of values of parameters at the topsoil were: pH(4.1 – 5.6), ECEC (5.7 – 8.7 cmol/kg), BS (36 – 87%), OM (1 – 4.7 g/kg), TN (0.01 – 0.14 g/kg), Av. P (6 –  /kg), Fe (0 – 233 mg/kg), Cu (0 – 1.2 mg/kg), Zn (0.3 – 14 mg/kg), Mn (5.7 – 145.6 mg/kg). Fertility Capability Classification (fcc) identified in the soils the condition modifiers – g (gley – in the valleys), e (low cec), h (strong acidity), and k (low content of k). But by suitability rating, the main limiting factors were – OM (N), TN (S3/N), K (S3/S2). In general, the soils were appropriate (S2). for Oilpalm growth. Slight drainage of alluvial sites, mild liming (especially of alluvial soils), liberal nitrogenous fertiliser treatment, and moderate potassium fertiliser application are all recommended. The parametric method of assessment was more realistic than the non-parametric method of assessment.
油棕产量一直在下降,因此对伊莫州沿海平原上支持油棕的土壤进行了调查。在调查的10个地点中,每个地点都有在0-20厘米和20-40厘米深度获得的大块样本,并在实验室进行分析。土壤表层以砂质粘土为主,地下以砂质粘土为主。表层土壤各参数取值范围为:pH(4.1 ~ 5.6)、ECEC (5.7 ~ 8.7 cmol/kg)、BS(36 ~ 87%)、OM (1 ~ 4.7 g/kg)、TN (0.01 ~ 0.14 g/kg)、Av. P (6 ~ /kg)、Fe (0 ~ 233 mg/kg)、Cu (0 ~ 1.2 mg/kg)、Zn (0.3 ~ 14 mg/kg)、Mn (5.7 ~ 145.6 mg/kg)。土壤肥力分类(fcc)确定了土壤条件调节剂g(谷地)、e(低cec)、h(强酸性)和k(低钾含量),但适宜性评价主要限制因子为- OM (N)、TN (S3/N)、k (S3/S2)。总的来说,土壤是适宜的(S2)。油棕的生长建议对冲积区进行轻度排水,轻度石灰化(特别是冲积土),大量施用氮肥,适量施用钾肥。参数评价方法比非参数评价方法更具有现实性。
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引用次数: 0
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Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 1
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