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Treeline remote sensing: from tracking treeline shifts to multi‐dimensional monitoring of ecotonal change 树线遥感:从跟踪树线变化到生态系统变化的多维监测
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.351
M. Garbarino, D. Morresi, Nicolò Anselmetto, P. Weisberg
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of bird migration in a radar wind profiler and a dedicated bird radar 雷达风廓线仪和专用鸟类雷达中鸟类迁徙的比较
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.350
Nadja Weisshaupt, M. Hervo, B. Haest
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引用次数: 0
Commercial drones can provide accurate and effective monitoring of the world's rarest primate 商用无人机可以对世界上最稀有的灵长类动物进行准确有效的监测
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.341
Hui Zhang, S. Turvey, Shree P. Pandey, Xiqiang Song, Zhong-yu Sun, Nan Wang
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引用次数: 2
Drone‐mounted audio‐visual deterrence of bats: implications for reducing aerial wildlife mortality by wind turbines 无人机对蝙蝠的视听威慑:风力涡轮机对减少空中野生动物死亡率的影响
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.316
Yuval Werber, Gadi Hareli, Omer Yinon, Nir Sapir, Y. Yovel
Wind energy is a major and rapidly expanding renewable energy source. Horizontal‐axis wind turbines, the main tool in this industry, induce mortality in flying animals and consequently bring about conservation concerns and regulatory restrictions. We utilized a unique combination of RADAR, LIDAR and ultrasonic acoustic recorders to test the utility of a novel technology meant to prevent wind turbine‐related mortality in bats. Our drone‐mounted deterrent device produces a pulsating combination of strong auditory and visual signals while moving through the air. LIDAR was used to assess the device's impact below its flight altitude and RADAR to assess its influence above its flight altitude. Continuous acoustic recordings from ground level to ~400 m above‐ground‐level were used to monitor bat activity in the research site. We recorded the nightly altitudinal distributions of multiple bat species throughout the experiment. Analysis revealed a significant change in activity while the deterrent was flying compared to baseline conditions. We also recorded a significant ~40% decrease below and a significant ~50% increase above the deterrent's flight altitude during its operation compared to the post‐flight control. The tested technology is independent of wind farm activities and does not require modifying wind turbine form or operation procedures. The device differs from previously proposed solutions by being dynamic – moving in the airspace and emitting constantly changing signals – thus decreasing the probability of animal habituation. Our findings suggest that the deterrent could dramatically decrease wind turbine‐related mortality by deterring bats from approaching rotor‐swept airspace. Focused implementation in conditions where bat activity and energy production are in conflict may provide a practical, cost‐effective mortality mitigation solution compared to current alternatives. Thus, our results should be considered by the wind‐turbine industry and environmental monitoring and animal conservation organizations, as well as by regulatory agencies, when pursuing alleviation of wind turbine‐related mortality.
风能是一种主要且快速发展的可再生能源。水平轴风力涡轮机是该行业的主要工具,会导致飞行动物死亡,从而带来保护问题和监管限制。我们利用雷达、激光雷达和超声波记录仪的独特组合来测试一种新技术的实用性,该技术旨在防止蝙蝠因风力涡轮机而死亡。我们安装在无人机上的威慑装置在空中移动时会产生强烈的听觉和视觉信号的脉动组合。激光雷达用于评估该设备在飞行高度以下的影响,雷达用于评估其在飞行高度以上的影响。从地面到约400米的连续声学记录 m用于监测研究地点的蝙蝠活动。在整个实验过程中,我们记录了多种蝙蝠的夜间海拔分布。分析显示,与基线条件相比,威慑力量飞行时的活动发生了重大变化。我们还记录到,与飞行后控制相比,在威慑物运行期间,其飞行高度显著下降约40%,显著上升约50%。测试技术独立于风电场活动,不需要修改风力涡轮机的形式或操作程序。该设备与之前提出的解决方案的不同之处在于,它是动态的——在空域中移动并发出不断变化的信号——从而降低了动物习惯化的概率。我们的研究结果表明,通过阻止蝙蝠接近旋翼掠过的空域,这种威慑可以显著降低与风力涡轮机相关的死亡率。与目前的替代方案相比,在蝙蝠活动和能源生产发生冲突的条件下重点实施可能会提供一种实用、成本效益高的死亡率缓解解决方案。因此,在寻求降低风机相关死亡率时,风机行业、环境监测和动物保护组织以及监管机构应考虑我们的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Use of Airborne Laser Scanning to assess effects of understorey vegetation structure on nest‐site selection and breeding performance in an Australian passerine bird 利用机载激光扫描评估澳大利亚雀形目鸟类下层植被结构对巢址选择和繁殖性能的影响
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-28 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.342
Richard Turner, Ophélie J. D. Lasne, Kara N. Youngentob, S. Shokirov, Helen L. Osmond, L. Kruuk
1 In wild bird populations, the structure of vegetation around nest-sites can influence the risk of predation 2 of dependent young offspring, generating selection for breeding birds to choose nest-sites with 3 vegetation characteristics associated with lower predation rates. However, for researchers, vegetation 4 structure can be difficult to quantify objectively in the field, which might explain why there remains a 5 general lack of understanding of which characteristics are most important in determining rates of 6 predation. Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) offers a powerful means of measuring vegetation structure 7 at unprecedented resolution across different spatial scales. Here, we combined ALS with 11 years of 8 breeding data from a wild population of superb fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus in south-east Australia, a 9 species which nests relatively close to the ground and has high rates of nest and fledgling predation. We 10 derived structural measurements of understorey (0-8 m) vegetation from a contiguous grid of 30 x 30 11 m resolution cells across our c. 65 hectare study area. We tested whether: (i) cells with nests differed in 12 their understorey vegetation structure characteristics compared to those without nests; and (ii) the 13 selection of these sites for nesting was adaptive, by assessing the effects of vegetation characteristics on 14 rates of nest success and fledgling survival, and the subsequent probability of a breeding female having 15 any reproductive success. We found that nest-cells differed from unused cells primarily in having denser 16 vegetation in the lowest layer of the understorey (0-2 m; the ‘groundstorey’ layer). Understorey 17 vegetation was also on average lower in height in nest-cells. However, relationships between 18 understorey vegetation structure characteristics and breeding performance were mixed. Nest success 19 rates decreased with higher volumes of groundstorey vegetation; as did fledgling survival rates, though 20 only in nest-cells with lower height vegetation. Reproductive success was not influenced by any of the 21
在野生鸟类种群中,筑巢地周围的植被结构会影响依赖后代的捕食风险2,从而导致繁殖鸟类选择具有较低捕食率的植被特征的筑巢地。然而,对于研究人员来说,在野外很难客观地量化植被结构,这可能解释了为什么人们仍然普遍缺乏对哪些特征在确定捕食率方面最重要的理解。机载激光扫描(ALS)提供了一种强大的手段,可以在不同的空间尺度上以前所未有的分辨率测量植被结构。在这里,我们将ALS与11年的8个繁殖数据结合起来,这些数据来自澳大利亚东南部的一个超级细尾鹩莺的野生种群Malurus cyaneus,这是一个筑巢相对靠近地面的物种,巢和雏鸟的捕食率很高。我们从30 x 30 11 m分辨率单元的连续网格中获得了下层植被(0-8 m)的结构测量数据,这些单元分布在我们的65公顷研究区域内。我们测试了:(i)有巢的细胞与没有巢的细胞相比,其下层植被结构特征是否存在差异;(ii)通过评估植被特征对筑巢成功率和雏鸟成活率的影响,以及随后雌性繁殖成功率的影响,这些筑巢地点的选择是适应性的。我们发现巢巢细胞与未利用的细胞的主要区别在于在下层(0-2 m;“底层”层)。17层植被的巢室平均高度也较低。18种林下植被结构特征与育种性能之间的关系较为复杂。筑巢成功率随着地面植被的增加而降低;雏鸟的存活率也是如此,尽管只有在植被较低的巢室中才有20%。繁殖成功率不受这21种因素的影响
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引用次数: 0
Remote monitoring of short‐term body mass variation in savanna ungulates 热带草原有蹄类动物短期体重变化的远程监测
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.338
Nicolás Fuentes‐Allende, P. Stephens, Lynne M. MacTavish, Dougal MacTavish, S. G. Willis
Large herbivores in seasonal environments often experience mass variation due to temporal changes in the availability of critical resources like water and forage, as well as due to breeding events. Yet the documentation of mass variation in mammals of highly seasonal savanna habitats, which host the highest densities of grazing ungulates globally, has rarely been explored. Here, we showcase a method to evaluate seasonal mass variation in bovids. Our method used mineral‐baited scales and camera traps to enable us to track the body mass of three species through a period of wet and dry seasons in a South African savanna ecosystem. To illustrate one potential application of the method, we related body mass data to time, weather and resource availability. This showed that individuals altered their body masses markedly between seasons with, for example, female Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) gaining, on average, >21 kg over the 15‐week wet‐season period in 1 year. These changes were positively related to factors such as vegetation productivity (assessed using NDVI) and the frequency of rains. This method enables easy, non‐lethal and non‐invasive acquisition of mass data. The equipment is easy to deploy concurrently over large areas. Monitoring by this method has a variety of possible applications, potentially providing a useful early‐warning indicator of body condition to inform management, or providing information about ecological states, such as parturition or the reproductive effort of males. Given the longer and harsher dry seasons experienced in many arid systems in recent decades, and projected in future, this method may provide a straightforward means of monitoring long‐term body condition in animals as a result of environmental change.
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引用次数: 0
The vulnerability and resilience of seagrass ecosystems to marine heatwaves in New Zealand: a remote sensing analysis of seascape metrics using PlanetScope imagery 新西兰海草生态系统对海洋热浪的脆弱性和复原力:使用PlanetScope图像对海景指标的遥感分析
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.343
K. J. Clemente, M. Thomsen, R. Zimmerman
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引用次数: 0
Global monitoring of soil multifunctionality in drylands using satellite imagery and field data 利用卫星图像和野外数据对旱地土壤多功能性进行全球监测
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.340
R. Hernández-Clemente, A. Hornero, V. González-Dugo, M. Berdugo, J. Quero, J. Jiménez, F. Maestre
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引用次数: 0
Accurate delineation of individual tree crowns in tropical forests from aerial RGB imagery using Mask R‐CNN 利用掩模R - CNN从航空RGB图像中准确描绘热带森林中的单个树冠
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-13 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.332
James G. C. Ball, Sebastian H. M. Hickman, Tobias D. Jackson, Xian Jing Koay, James Hirst, William Jay, Matthew Archer, Mélaine Aubry‐Kientz, Grégoire Vincent, David A. Coomes
Abstract Tropical forests are a major component of the global carbon cycle and home to two‐thirds of terrestrial species. Upper‐canopy trees store the majority of forest carbon and can be vulnerable to drought events and storms. Monitoring their growth and mortality is essential to understanding forest resilience to climate change, but in the context of forest carbon storage, large trees are underrepresented in traditional field surveys, so estimates are poorly constrained. Aerial photographs provide spectral and textural information to discriminate between tree crowns in diverse, complex tropical canopies, potentially opening the door to landscape monitoring of large trees. Here we describe a new deep convolutional neural network method, Detectree2 , which builds on the Mask R‐CNN computer vision framework to recognize the irregular edges of individual tree crowns from airborne RGB imagery. We trained and evaluated this model with 3797 manually delineated tree crowns at three sites in Malaysian Borneo and one site in French Guiana. As an example application, we combined the delineations with repeat lidar surveys (taken between 3 and 6 years apart) of the four sites to estimate the growth and mortality of upper‐canopy trees. Detectree2 delineated 65 000 upper‐canopy trees across 14 km 2 of aerial images. The skill of the automatic method in delineating unseen test trees was good ( F 1 score = 0.64) and for the tallest category of trees was excellent ( F 1 score = 0.74). As predicted from previous field studies, we found that growth rate declined with tree height and tall trees had higher mortality rates than intermediate‐size trees. Our approach demonstrates that deep learning methods can automatically segment trees in widely accessible RGB imagery. This tool (provided as an open‐source Python package) has many potential applications in forest ecology and conservation, from estimating carbon stocks to monitoring forest phenology and restoration. Python package available to install at https://github.com/PatBall1/Detectree2 .
热带森林是全球碳循环的主要组成部分,也是三分之二陆生物种的家园。上冠层树木储存了大部分的森林碳,可能容易受到干旱事件和风暴的影响。监测它们的生长和死亡对于了解森林对气候变化的适应能力至关重要,但在森林碳储量的背景下,传统的实地调查中大树的代表性不足,因此估算结果的约束很差。航空照片提供了光谱和纹理信息,可以区分不同、复杂的热带树冠中的树冠,这可能为大型树木的景观监测打开了大门。在这里,我们描述了一种新的深度卷积神经网络方法Detectree2,它建立在Mask R - CNN计算机视觉框架的基础上,从机载RGB图像中识别单个树冠的不规则边缘。我们在马来西亚婆罗洲的三个地点和法属圭亚那的一个地点对3797个人工绘制的树冠进行了训练和评估。作为一个应用实例,我们结合了四个地点的重复激光雷达调查(间隔3到6年)来估计上冠层树木的生长和死亡率。Detectree2在14公里的航空图像中描绘了65000棵上冠层树木。自动方法对未见测试树的圈定能力较好(f1得分= 0.64),对最高类别树的圈定能力较好(f1得分= 0.74)。正如以前的野外研究预测的那样,我们发现生长速率随树高而下降,高大树木的死亡率高于中等大小的树木。我们的方法表明,深度学习方法可以在广泛访问的RGB图像中自动分割树。这个工具(作为一个开源的Python包提供)在森林生态和保护中有许多潜在的应用,从估算碳储量到监测森林物候和恢复。Python包可在https://github.com/PatBall1/Detectree2上安装。
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引用次数: 8
Capturing long‐tailed individual tree diversity using an airborne imaging and a multi‐temporal hierarchical model 使用航空成像和多时相分层模型捕捉长尾个体树木多样性
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.335
Ben. G. Weinstein, S. Marconi, Sarah J. Graves, Alina Zare, Aditya Singh, Stephanie A. Bohlman, L. Magee, Daniel J. Johnson, P. Townsend, E. White
Measuring forest biodiversity using terrestrial surveys is expensive and can only capture common species abundance in large heterogeneous landscapes. In contrast, combining airborne imagery with computer vision can generate individual tree data at the scales of hundreds of thousands of trees. To train computer vision models, ground‐based species labels are combined with airborne reflectance data. Due to the difficulty of finding rare species in a large landscape, many classification models only include the most abundant species, leading to biased predictions at broad scales. For example, if only common species are used to train the model, this assumes that these samples are representative across the entire landscape. Extending classification models to include rare species requires targeted data collection and algorithmic improvements to overcome large data imbalances between dominant and rare taxa. We use a targeted sampling workflow to the Ordway Swisher Biological Station within the US National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), where traditional forestry plots had identified six canopy tree species with more than 10 individuals at the site. Combining iterative model development with rare species sampling, we extend a training dataset to include 14 species. Using a multi‐temporal hierarchical model, we demonstrate the ability to include species predicted at <1% frequency in landscape without losing performance on the dominant species. The final model has over 75% accuracy for 14 species with improved rare species classification compared to 61% accuracy of a baseline deep learning model. After filtering out dead trees, we generate landscape species maps of individual crowns for over 670 000 individual trees. We find distinct patches of forest composed of rarer species at the full‐site scale, highlighting the importance of capturing species diversity in training data. We estimate the relative abundance of 14 species within the landscape and provide three measures of uncertainty to generate a range of counts for each species. For example, we estimate that the dominant species, Pinus palustris accounts for c. 28% of predicted stems, with models predicting a range of counts between 160 000 and 210 000 individuals. These maps provide the first estimates of canopy tree diversity within a NEON site to include rare species and provide a blueprint for capturing tree diversity using airborne computer vision at broad scales.
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation
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