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Echolocation repetition rate as a proxy to monitor population structure and dynamics of sperm whales 回声定位重复率作为监测抹香鲸种群结构和动态的指标
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.278
Alba Solsona-Berga, Natalie Posdaljian, J. Hildebrand, S. Baumann‐Pickering
Characterizing population structure and dynamics is critical for the conservation of endangered species. Monitoring sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus is especially difficult because it requires monitoring different latitudes to capture the dynamics of most populations. Since their remarkable sexual dimorphism in body size is reflected in their sounds, passive acoustic monitoring presents an opportunity to capture contiguous patterns in time, space, and over large scales. We show that the echolocation repetition rate (measured as inter‐click interval, ICI) as a proxy for body length is a suitable approach for large‐scale acoustic monitoring. Body length has previously been estimated from the time interval between pulses (IPI) within sperm whale echolocation clicks. These estimates can only be achieved when whales are oriented toward the recorder or directly facing away, resulting in sparse data. A representative subsample of data demonstrated that ICI and IPI are linearly correlated, allowing conversion of ICI distributions into likely body length categories. This approach was applied to three monitoring sites in the Gulf of Mexico (2010–2017), where sperm whale population structure and male movements were poorly understood. We identified three classes: large animals between 12–15 m (ICI between 0.72 and 1 sec), presumed to correspond to adult males, and small animals below 12 m (ICI between 0.44 and 0.64 sec) likely pertaining to social groups (mixed groups with adult females and their offspring), and the third class with mid‐sized animals (ICI between 0.64 and 0.83 sec) believed to contain adult females or sub‐adult males. Our results revealed spatial and seasonal variability of the population structure including possible male presence throughout the year and migratory patterns of the population. This approach provides a means to efficiently characterize the putative population structure of sperm whales to understand the population's geographical dynamics and population status, which is relevant under rapidly changing habitat conditions.
种群结构和动态特征对濒危物种的保护至关重要。监测抹香鲸(Physeter macrocephalus)尤其困难,因为它需要监测不同的纬度来捕捉大多数种群的动态。由于它们在体型上的显著性别二态性反映在它们的声音中,被动声学监测提供了在时间、空间和大尺度上捕捉连续模式的机会。我们表明,回声定位重复率(以点击间隔测量,ICI)作为身体长度的代表是一种适合大规模声学监测的方法。体长以前是通过抹香鲸回声定位咔嚓声中的脉冲间隔时间(IPI)来估计的。这些估计只能在鲸鱼朝向记录仪或直接背对记录仪时实现,导致数据稀疏。数据的代表性子样本表明,ICI和IPI是线性相关的,允许将ICI分布转换为可能的体长类别。这种方法被应用于墨西哥湾的三个监测点(2010-2017年),在那里抹香鲸的种群结构和雄性运动知之甚少。我们确定了三个类别:12 - 15米之间的大型动物(ICI在0.72到1秒之间),被认为与成年雄性相对应,12米以下的小动物(ICI在0.44到0.64秒之间)可能属于社会群体(成年雌性及其后代的混合群体),第三类中型动物(ICI在0.64到0.83秒之间)被认为包含成年雌性或亚成年雄性。我们的研究结果揭示了种群结构的空间和季节变化,包括全年可能的雄性存在和种群的迁徙模式。该方法提供了一种有效表征抹香鲸推定种群结构的手段,从而了解种群的地理动态和种群状况,这与快速变化的栖息地条件有关。
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引用次数: 2
Issue Information 问题信息
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.220
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引用次数: 0
Time‐series remote sensing of rice paddy expansion in the Yellow River Delta: Towards sustainable ecological conservation in the context of water scarcity 黄河三角洲稻田扩展的时间序列遥感:缺水背景下的可持续生态保护
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-11-26 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.320
Chong Huang, Chenchen Zhang
Large river deltas are usually ecologically important wetland habitats, but also fertile agricultural exploitation areas, creating a conflict of long‐running substantial interest between agricultural expansion and wetland conservation. Over the past several years, large‐scale cultivation of water‐consuming rice has been growing rapidly in the semi‐arid climate of the Yellow River Delta (YRD). Timely monitoring of rice cultivation dynamics is of great significance for sustainable ecological conservation of the delta, which has insufficient freshwater resources. This study proposed a stratified metrics‐based method that integrates statistical spectral indices and phenological metrics at different growing stages to improve the accuracy of rice paddy classification in areas where rice and wetlands coexist. We applied the method to time‐series Sentinel‐1/2 images to produce annual rice paddy maps of the YRD from 2016 to 2021. Together with rice paddy data from 2011 to 2015 from Statistical Yearbooks of Dongying Bureau of Statistics, we investigated the expansion dynamics over the past decade and in this paper discuss the advantages and disadvantages of rice cultivation expansion over wetland ecosystem conservation. Rapid expansion of rice cultivation intensifies water conflicts, and adversely affects wetland restoration in the YRD. Considering the important ecological services of rice paddies as alternative habitats, we argue for maintaining a reasonable scale of rice paddies and optimizing their distribution as a potential solution to achieving the overall sustainable conservation of the YRD in the context of water scarcity.
大型河流三角洲通常是生态上重要的湿地栖息地,但也是肥沃的农业开发区,这在农业扩张和湿地保护之间造成了长期的实质性利益冲突。在过去的几年里,在黄河三角洲的半干旱气候中,耗水水稻的大规模种植迅速发展。及时监测水稻种植动态对淡水资源不足的三角洲的可持续生态保护具有重要意义。本研究提出了一种基于分层指标的方法,该方法结合了不同生长阶段的统计光谱指数和酚学指标,以提高水稻和湿地共存地区水稻分类的准确性。我们将该方法应用于时间序列Sentinel‐1/2图像,生成了2016年至2021年长江三角洲的年度水稻图。结合东营市统计局《统计年鉴》2011-2015年的水稻数据,我们调查了过去十年的水稻种植扩张动态,并讨论了水稻种植扩张相对于湿地生态系统保护的优势和劣势。水稻种植的快速扩张加剧了水资源冲突,并对长江三角洲的湿地恢复产生了不利影响。考虑到稻田作为替代栖息地的重要生态服务,我们主张在缺水的情况下,保持合理的稻田规模并优化其分布,以此作为实现长江三角洲整体可持续保护的潜在解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Using Unoccupied Aerial Vehicles to estimate availability and group size error for aerial surveys of coastal dolphins 使用无人驾驶飞行器估计沿海海豚航空调查的可用性和群体大小误差
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-11-24 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.313
A. Brown, S. Allen, Nat Kelly, A. Hodgson
Aerial surveys are frequently used to estimate the abundance of marine mammals, but their accuracy is dependent upon obtaining a measure of the availability of animals to visual detection. Existing methods for characterizing availability have limitations and do not necessarily reflect true availability. Here, we present a method of using small, vessel‐launched, multi‐rotor Unoccupied Aerial Vehicles (UAVs, or drones) to collect video of dolphins to characterize availability and investigate error surrounding group size estimates. We collected over 20 h of aerial video of dive‐surfacing behaviour across 32 encounters with Australian humpback dolphins Sousa sahulensis off north‐western Australia. Mean surfacing and dive periods were 7.85 sec (se = 0.26) and 39.27 sec (se = 1.31) respectively. Dolphin encounters were split into 56 focal follows of consistent group composition to which example approaches to estimating availability were applied. Non‐instantaneous availability estimates, assuming a 7 sec observation window, ranged between 0.22 and 0.88, with a mean availability of 0.46 (CV = 0.34). Availability tended to increase with increasing group size. We found a downward bias in group size estimation, with true group size typically one individual more than would have been estimated by a human observer during a standard aerial survey. The variability of availability estimates between focal follows highlights the importance of sampling across a variety of group sizes, compositions and environmental conditions. Through data re‐sampling exercises, we explored the influence of sample size on availability estimates and their precision, with results providing an indication of target sample sizes to minimize bias in future research. We show that UAVs can provide an effective and relatively inexpensive method of characterizing dolphin availability with several advantages over existing approaches. The example estimates obtained for humpback dolphins are within the range of values obtained for other shallow‐water, small cetaceans, and will directly inform a government‐run program of aerial surveys in the region.
航空调查经常用于估计海洋哺乳动物的丰度,但其准确性取决于能否获得可供视觉检测的动物。现有的表征可用性的方法有局限性,不一定反映真实的可用性。在这里,我们提出了一种使用小型船载多旋翼无人驾驶飞行器(UAV或无人机)收集海豚视频的方法,以表征可用性并调查群体规模估计的误差。我们收集了超过20小时的空中视频,记录了在澳大利亚西北部与澳大利亚座头鲸Sousa sahulensis相遇的32次潜水行为。平均浮出水面和潜水时间分别为7.85秒(se=0.26)和39.27秒(se=1.31)。海豚遭遇战被分为56个焦点小组,小组组成一致,应用了评估可用性的示例方法。假设观察窗口为7秒,非瞬时可用性估计值介于0.22和0.88之间,平均可用性为0.46(CV=0.34)。可用性往往随着团队规模的增加而增加。我们发现群体规模估计存在向下的偏差,真实的群体规模通常比人类观测者在标准空中调查中估计的多出一个人。焦点关注之间可用性估计的可变性突出了在各种群体规模、组成和环境条件下采样的重要性。通过数据重新采样,我们探讨了样本量对可用性估计及其精度的影响,结果提供了目标样本量的指示,以最大限度地减少未来研究中的偏差。我们表明,无人机可以提供一种有效且相对便宜的方法来表征海豚的可用性,与现有方法相比有几个优势。座头鲸的示例估计值在其他浅水小型鲸目动物的值范围内,并将直接为该地区政府运营的航空调查项目提供信息。
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引用次数: 3
Prospects for monitoring bird migration along the East Asian‐Australasian Flyway using weather radar 利用气象雷达监测东亚-澳大拉西亚候鸟迁徙的前景
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-27 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.307
Xungang Shi, Cheng Hu, J. Soderholm, J. Chapman, Huafeng Mao, Kai Cui, Zhijun Ma, Dongli Wu, R. Fuller
Each year, billions of birds migrate across the globe, and interpretation of weather radar signals is increasingly being used to document the spatial and temporal migration patterns in Europe and America. Such approaches are yet to be applied in the East Asian‐Australasian Flyway (EAAF), one of the most species‐rich and threatened flyways in the world. Logistical challenges limit direct on‐ground monitoring of migratory birds in many parts of the EAAF, resulting in knowledge gaps on population status and site use that limit evidence‐based conservation planning. Weather radar data have great potential for achieving comprehensive migratory bird monitoring along the EAAF. In this study, we discuss the feasibility and challenges of using weather radar to complement on‐ground bird migration surveys in the flyway. We summarize the location, capacity and data availability of weather radars across EAAF countries, as well as the spatial coverage of the radars with respect to migrants' geographic distribution and migration hotspots along the flyway, with an exemplar analysis of biological movement patterns extracted from Chinese weather radars. There are more than 430 weather radars in EAAF countries, covering on average half of bird species' passage and non‐breeding distributions, as well as 70% of internationally important sites for migratory shorebirds. We conclude that the weather radar network could be a powerful resource for monitoring bird movements over the full annual cycle throughout much of the EAAF, providing estimates of migration traffic rates, site use, and long‐term population trends, especially in remote and less‐surveyed regions. Analyses of weather radar data would complement existing ornithological surveys and help understand the past and present status of the avian community in a highly threatened flyway.
每年,数十亿的鸟类在全球范围内迁徙,天气雷达信号的解释越来越多地用于记录欧洲和美洲的时空迁徙模式。东亚-澳大拉西亚飞道(EAAF)是世界上物种最丰富、最受威胁的飞道之一,但这些方法尚未应用于该飞道。后勤方面的挑战限制了对EAAF许多地区候鸟的直接地面监测,导致关于种群状况和场地使用的知识差距,从而限制了基于证据的保护规划。气象雷达数据对实现东亚高原候鸟综合监测具有很大潜力。在本研究中,我们讨论了利用气象雷达补充飞行路线上地面鸟类迁徙调查的可行性和挑战。我们总结了东亚地区气象雷达的位置、容量和数据可用性,以及雷达对候鸟地理分布和迁徙热点的空间覆盖,并以中国气象雷达提取的生物运动模式为例进行了分析。EAAF国家有430多个气象雷达,平均覆盖了一半的鸟类过境和非繁殖分布,以及70%的国际重要候鸟栖息地。我们得出的结论是,天气雷达网络可以作为一个强大的资源,在整个EAAF的整个年周期内监测鸟类的运动,提供迁徙交通率、场地使用和长期人口趋势的估计,特别是在偏远和较少调查的地区。气象雷达数据的分析将补充现有的鸟类学调查,并有助于了解高度受威胁飞行路线上鸟类群落的过去和现在的状况。
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引用次数: 0
Mapping mangrove leaf area index (LAI) by combining remote sensing images with PROSAIL‐D and XGBoost methods 将遥感影像与PROSAIL‐D和XGBoost方法相结合绘制红树林叶面积指数(LAI)
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-25 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.315
Demei Zhao, Jianing Zhen, Yinghui Zhang, Jing Miao, Z. Shen, Xiapeng Jiang, Junjie Wang, Jincheng Jiang, Yuzhi Tang, Guofeng Wu
Leaf area index (LAI) is a vital parameter reflecting vegetation structure, physio‐ecological process and growth development. Accurate estimation of mangrove LAI is fundamental for assessing the ecological restoration and sustainable development of mangrove ecosystems. To date, very few studies have explored the hybrid method of radiative transfer model (RTM) and machine‐learning model in retrieving mangrove LAI with different satellite sensors. This study investigated the capabilities of combining the PROSAIL‐D model, XGBoost (extreme gradient boosting) and remote sensing images in estimating mangrove LAI, considering the spatial resolutions and spectral vegetation indices (VIs) of Landsat‐8, Sentinel‐2, Worldview‐2 and Zhuhai‐1 images, and further explored the role of eco‐environmental factors in the spatial distribution of LAI in Gaoqiao Mangrove Reserve, China. The results showed that the Zhuhai‐1 acquires the best estimation accuracy ( RVal2 (the determination coefficient of validation) = 0.86, RPD (residual prediction deviation) = 3.36 and RMSE (root mean square error) = 0.31), followed by Worldview‐2 ( RVal2 = 0.84, RPD = 2.64 and RMSE = 0.33), Sentinel‐2 ( RVal2 = 0.34, RPD = 1.33 and RMSE = 0.62) and Landsat‐8 ( RVal2 = 0.29, RPD = 1.03 and RMSE = 0.71). The newly developed three‐band VIs ( B443−B864/B443+B864−2×B561 with Landsat‐8, B490−B842/B490+B842−2×B705 with Sentinel‐2, B427−B832/B908−B832 with Worldview‐2 and B896−B700/B776−B700 with Zhuhai‐1) were efficient estimators of mangrove LAI. Moreover, elevation and species composition could greatly affect the spatial distribution of mangrove LAI. We concluded that the hybrid method of PROSAIL‐D and XGBoost model using VIs derived from Zhuhai‐1 hyperspectral image could be deemed as basic method and input variables of mapping mangrove LAI, and could be effectively and widely applied in generating mangrove LAI products at the regional and national scales.
叶面积指数是反映植被结构、生理生态过程和生长发育的重要参数。准确估计红树林LAI是评估红树林生态系统生态恢复和可持续发展的基础。到目前为止,很少有研究探索辐射传输模型(RTM)和机器学习模型的混合方法来检索不同卫星传感器的红树林LAI。本研究考察了结合PROSAIL‐D模型、XGBoost(极端梯度增强)和遥感图像估计红树林LAI的能力,同时考虑了Landsat‐8、Sentinel‐2、Worldview‐2和珠海‐1图像的空间分辨率和光谱植被指数,进一步探讨了生态环境因子在高桥红树林保护区LAI空间分布中的作用。结果表明,珠海-1获得了最佳的估计精度(RVal2(验证的确定系数)=0.86,RPD(残差预测偏差)=3.36和RMSE(均方根误差)=0.31),其次是世界观-2(RVal2=0.84,RPD=2.64和RMSE=0.33),Sentinel‐2(RVal2=0.34,RPD=1.33,RMSE=0.62)和Landsat‐8(RVal0=0.29,RPD=1.03,RMSE=0.71)。新开发的三波段VI(B443−B864/B443+B864−2×B561与Landsat‑8,B490−B842/B490+B842−2×B705与Sentinel‑2,B427−B832/B908−B832与Worldview‐2,B896−B700/B776−B700与珠海‐1)是红树林LAI的有效估计量。此外,海拔和物种组成对红树林LAI的空间分布有很大影响。我们得出的结论是,PROSAIL‐D和XGBoost模型的混合方法使用珠海-1高光谱图像中的VIs,可以作为绘制红树林LAI的基本方法和输入变量,可以在区域和国家尺度上有效而广泛地应用于生成红树林LAI产品。
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引用次数: 6
Using airborne lidar to characterize North European terrestrial high‐dark‐diversity habitats 利用机载激光雷达表征北欧陆地高暗多样性栖息地
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-21 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.314
J. Moeslund, K. K. Clausen, L. Dalby, Camilla Fløjgaard, M. Pärtel, N. Pfeifer, M. Hollaus, Ane Kirstine Brunbjerg
A key aspect of nature conservation is knowledge of which aspects of nature to conserve or restore to favor the characteristic diversity of plants in a given area. Here, we used a large plant dataset with >40 000 plots combined with airborne laser scanning (lidar) data to reveal the local characteristics of habitats having a high plant dark diversity—that is, absence of suitable species—at national extent (>43 000 km2). Such habitats have potential for reaching high realized diversity levels and hence are important in a conservation context. We calculated 10 different lidar based metrics (both terrain and vegetation structure) and combined these with seven different field‐based measures (soil chemistry and species indicators). We then used Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation for modelling plant dark diversity across 33 North European habitat types (open landscapes and forests) selected by the European communities to be important. In open habitat types high‐dark‐diversity habitats had relatively low pH, high nitrogen content, tall homogenous vegetation, and overall relatively homogenous terrains (high terrain openness) although with a rather high degree of local microtopographical variations. High‐dark‐diversity habitats in forests had relatively tall vegetation, few natural‐forest indicators, low potential solar radiation input and a low cover of small woody plants. Our results highlight important vegetation, terrain‐ and soil‐related factors that managers and policymakers should be aware of in conservation and restoration projects to ensure a natural plant diversity, for example low nutrient loads, natural microtopography and possibly also open forests with old‐growth elements such as dead wood and rot attacks.
自然保护的一个关键方面是了解要保护或恢复自然的哪些方面,以利于特定地区植物的特征多样性。在这里,我们使用了一个大于40的大型植物数据集 000个地块与机载激光扫描(lidar)数据相结合,揭示了在全国范围内具有高植物暗多样性(即缺乏合适物种)的栖息地的当地特征(>43 000 平方公里)。这种栖息地有可能达到已实现的高多样性水平,因此在保护环境中很重要。我们计算了10种不同的基于激光雷达的指标(地形和植被结构),并将其与7种不同的实地指标(土壤化学和物种指标)相结合。然后,我们使用集成嵌套拉普拉斯近似对欧洲社区选择的33种北欧栖息地类型(开阔景观和森林)的植物暗多样性进行建模。在开放栖息地类型中,高暗多样性栖息地具有相对较低的pH值、高氮含量、高大同质的植被和总体相对同质的地形(高地形开放性),尽管局部微观地形变化程度相当高。森林中的高暗多样性栖息地植被相对较高,自然森林指标较少,潜在的太阳辐射输入较低,小型木本植物覆盖率较低。我们的研究结果强调了管理者和政策制定者在保护和恢复项目中应该意识到的重要植被、地形和土壤相关因素,以确保自然植物多样性,例如低营养负荷、自然微地形,以及可能存在枯木和腐病等老生长元素的开放森林。
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引用次数: 2
Long‐duration remote underwater videos reveal that grazing by fishes is highly variable through time and dominated by non‐indigenous species 长时间的远程水下视频显示,鱼类的放牧随时间变化很大,并由非本地物种主导
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-21 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.311
Camille Magneville, Marie‐Lou Leréec Le Bricquir, T. Dailianis, Grigorios Skouradakis, T. Claverie, S. Villéger
In the marine environment, fish contribute to key ecological processes such as controlling food‐webs through top‐down impacts, especially on algae. To date, the assessment of fish grazing activity has mostly been performed using short‐term (<1 h) censuses by divers or remote cameras which do not allow estimating the variability of grazing rate within and between days. However, understanding the temporal variation of fish activity and hence contribution of species to ecosystem functioning is of particular interest in the context of biological invasion. Here, using long‐duration remote underwater cameras, we recorded fish abundance and grazing events over three consecutive days in October 2019 in a shallow Mediterranean ecosystem from northern Crete. This novel approach allowed us to assess temporal variation of abundance and grazing activity of the two native (Sarpa salpa and Sparisoma cretense) and the two non‐indigenous fish species (Siganus rivulatus and Siganus luridus). Non‐indigenous Siganus rivulatus was the most common species in the studied coastal habitat, followed by the two native species while the non‐indigenous Siganus luridus was scarce. Overall, the non‐indigenous S. rivulatus and the native S. salpa are responsible for more than 90% of the recorded grazing activity with similar bite rates between the two species. More than 70% of the grazing activity arose in grazing pulses in the afternoon, supporting the diel feeding hypothesis according to which feeding is greater in the afternoon when nutritive quality of macrophytes is the highest. In addition, some of the highest peaks in grazing activity were driven by a few individuals. Hence, surveys of only abundance could not provide accurate estimates of herbivory. Last, Siganus rivulatus presence did not significantly affect grazing activity of the native Sarpa salpa. Our results demonstrate that long‐duration remote underwater videos are a useful tool to accurately assess the contribution of fishes to ecosystem functioning.
在海洋环境中,鱼类通过自上而下的影响对关键的生态过程做出贡献,例如控制食物网,特别是对藻类的影响。迄今为止,对鱼类放牧活动的评估主要是使用潜水员或远程摄像机进行的短期(<1小时)普查,这无法估计天内和天之间的放牧率变化。然而,在生物入侵的背景下,了解鱼类活动的时间变化以及物种对生态系统功能的贡献具有特别的意义。在这里,我们使用长时间远程水下摄像机,于2019年10月在克里特岛北部的地中海浅层生态系统中连续三天记录了鱼类丰度和放牧事件。这种新颖的方法使我们能够评估两种本地鱼类(萨尔帕和cretense Sparisoma)和两种非本地鱼类(Siganus rivulatus和luridus)的丰度和放牧活动的时间变化。沿海生境中最常见的物种是非本地的河鼻鹬,其次是2种本地种,而非本地的luridus较少。总体而言,非本地S. rivulatus和本地S. salpa占记录的放牧活动的90%以上,两者的咬伤率相似。超过70%的放牧活动发生在下午的放牧脉冲中,这支持了日采假说,即下午的摄食量更大,因为下午是大型植物营养品质最高的时候。此外,一些放牧活动的最高峰是由少数个体驱动的。因此,仅对丰度的调查不能提供对草食性的准确估计。最后,小水蚤的存在对本地萨尔帕的放牧活动没有显著影响。我们的研究结果表明,长时间的远程水下视频是准确评估鱼类对生态系统功能贡献的有用工具。
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引用次数: 3
Automating sandhill crane counts from nocturnal thermal aerial imagery using deep learning 利用深度学习从夜间热航拍图像中自动计算沙丘起重机
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-18 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.301
Emilio Luz-Ricca, K. Landolt, B. Pickens, M. Koneff
Population monitoring is essential to management and conservation efforts for migratory birds, but traditional low‐altitude aerial surveys with human observers are plagued by individual observer bias and risk to flight crews. Aerial surveys that use remote sensing can reduce bias and risk, but manual counting of wildlife in imagery is laborious and may be cost‐prohibitive. Therefore, automated methods for counting are critical to cost‐efficient application of remote sensing for wildlife surveys covering large areas. We conducted nocturnal surveys of sandhill cranes (Antigone canadensis) during spring migration in the Central Platte River Valley of Nebraska, USA, using midwave thermal infrared sensors. We developed a framework for automated counting of sandhill cranes from thermal imagery using deep learning, assessed and compared the performance of two automated counting models, and quantified the effect of spatial resolution on counting accuracy. Aerial thermal imagery data were collected in March 2018 and 2021; 40 images were analyzed. We applied two deep learning models: an object detection approach, Faster R‐CNN and a recently developed pixel‐density estimation approach, ASPDNet. Model performance was determined using data independent of the training imagery. The effect of spatial resolution was quantified with a beta regression on relative error. Our results showed model accuracy of 9% mean percent error for ASPDNet and 18% for Faster R‐CNN. Most error was related to the undercounting of sandhill cranes. ASPDNet had <50% of the error of Faster R‐CNN as measured by mean percent error, root‐mean‐squared error and mean absolute error. Spatial resolution affected accuracy of both models, with error rate increasing with coarser resolution, particularly with Faster R‐CNN. Deep learning models, particularly pixel‐density estimators, can accurately automate counting of migratory birds in a dense, aggregate setting such as nocturnal roosting sites.
种群监测对候鸟的管理和保护工作至关重要,但传统的由人类观察员进行的低空空中调查受到观察员个人偏见和机组人员风险的困扰。使用遥感的航空调查可以减少偏差和风险,但人工计算图像中的野生动物是费力的,而且可能成本过高。因此,自动化的计数方法对于在大面积野生动物调查中应用具有成本效益的遥感至关重要。利用中波热红外传感器对美国内布拉斯加州中部普拉特河谷春季迁徙期间的沙丘鹤(Antigone canadensis)进行夜间调查。我们利用深度学习技术开发了一个基于热图像的沙丘鹤自动计数框架,评估和比较了两种自动计数模型的性能,并量化了空间分辨率对计数精度的影响。航空热成像数据收集于2018年3月和2021年3月;分析了40张图像。我们应用了两种深度学习模型:目标检测方法,Faster R - CNN和最近开发的像素密度估计方法ASPDNet。使用独立于训练图像的数据来确定模型的性能。空间分辨率对相对误差的影响通过β回归进行量化。我们的结果表明,ASPDNet模型的平均误差为9%,Faster R - CNN模型的平均误差为18%。大多数误差与漏报沙丘鹤有关。通过平均百分比误差、均方根误差和平均绝对误差来衡量,ASPDNet的误差小于Faster R - CNN的50%。空间分辨率对两种模型的精度都有影响,随着分辨率的增加,错误率也在增加,尤其是使用更快的R - CNN。深度学习模型,特别是像素密度估计器,可以准确地自动计数密集聚集环境中的候鸟,如夜间栖息地点。
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引用次数: 0
Characterizing bedforms in shallow seas as an integrative predictor of seafloor stability and the occurrence of macrozoobenthic species 表征浅海河床作为海底稳定性和大型底栖动物物种发生的综合预测因子
IF 5.5 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-18 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.312
K. Meijer, O. Franken, T. van der Heide, S. Holthuijsen, W. Visser, L. L. Govers, H. Olff
In soft‐bottom marine ecosystems, bedform variation is induced by wind‐ and tidal‐driven hydrodynamics. The resulting megaripples, sand waves and sandbanks form a spatially and temporally heterogeneous seafloor landscape. The strong physical forces imposed by the migration of these bedforms are important determinants for the occurrence of different macrozoobenthic species. Quantifying the effect of these forces can help in differentiating natural‐ and anthropogenically induced physical stressors. However, large‐scale mapping of seabed morphology at high resolution using multibeam echosounder is challenging, costly and time‐consuming, especially in shallow seas, prohibiting wide swaths. Instead, their bathymetry is typically studied using single‐beam transects that are interpolated to bathymetric grids with a relatively coarse resolution (20 m). However, this leaves out information on smaller scale (<20 m) bedforms that can be ecologically relevant. In the Dutch Wadden sea, a shallow tidal system, we characterized bedform variation at high resolution using single‐beam data for the first time. We calculated a 2‐D Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI) at sub‐meter resolution along the single‐beam transects and interpolated the results to a full 3‐D grid. We then validated the result by relating TRI to independently modeled hydrodynamic parameters and to the distribution of macrozoobenthic species. We found that TRI successfully integrates the variation of tidal‐driven bed shear stress and wave‐driven orbital velocity. In addition, we found TRI to be a good predictor of the occurrence of macrozoobenthic species. The inferred small‐scale bedforms provide valuable information for separating the relative importance of natural dynamics versus anthropogenic disturbances such as dredging and bottom trawling activities. We discuss that by repurposing already available single‐beam data in this way, bedforms can be characterized at high resolution without the need for additional equipment or mapping campaigns, yielding novel input to decision‐making on marine management and conservation.
在软底海洋生态系统中,床型变化是由风和潮汐驱动的流体动力学引起的。由此产生的巨大涟漪、沙波和沙洲形成了空间和时间上的异质海底景观。这些床型迁移所施加的强大物理力是不同大型底栖动物物种出现的重要决定因素。量化这些力量的影响有助于区分自然和人类诱发的身体压力源。然而,使用多波束回声测深仪以高分辨率对海床形态进行大规模测绘具有挑战性、成本高昂且耗时,尤其是在浅海,禁止大片海域。相反,他们的测深通常使用单波束样条进行研究,这些样条被插值到具有相对粗略分辨率的测深网格中(20 m) 。然而,这忽略了较小规模的信息(<20 m) 可能与生态相关的床型。在荷兰瓦德登海(一个浅水潮汐系统),我们首次使用单波束数据以高分辨率表征了床型变化。我们沿着单光束样带计算了亚米分辨率的二维地形坚固性指数(TRI),并将结果插值到完整的三维网格中。然后,我们通过将TRI与独立建模的流体动力学参数和大型底栖动物物种的分布联系起来,验证了这一结果。我们发现TRI成功地整合了潮汐驱动床剪切应力和波浪驱动轨道速度的变化。此外,我们发现TRI是大型底栖动物物种发生的一个很好的预测因子。推断出的小尺度床型为区分自然动力学与人为干扰(如疏浚和底拖网捕鱼活动)的相对重要性提供了有价值的信息。我们讨论了通过以这种方式重新利用现有的单波束数据,可以在不需要额外设备或测绘活动的情况下以高分辨率对海床进行表征,从而为海洋管理和保护的决策提供新的输入。
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引用次数: 1
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Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation
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