Progress in Retinal and Eye Research最新文献

{"title":"Oculomics: Current concepts and evidence","authors":"Zhuoting Zhu ,&nbsp;Yueye Wang ,&nbsp;Ziyi Qi ,&nbsp;Wenyi Hu ,&nbsp;Xiayin Zhang ,&nbsp;Siegfried K. Wagner ,&nbsp;Yujie Wang ,&nbsp;An Ran Ran ,&nbsp;Joshua Ong ,&nbsp;Ethan Waisberg ,&nbsp;Mouayad Masalkhi ,&nbsp;Alex Suh ,&nbsp;Yih Chung Tham ,&nbsp;Carol Y. Cheung ,&nbsp;Xiaohong Yang ,&nbsp;Honghua Yu ,&nbsp;Zongyuan Ge ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Bin Sheng ,&nbsp;Yun Liu ,&nbsp;Tien Yin Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The eye provides novel insights into general health, as well as pathogenesis and development of systemic diseases. In the past decade, growing evidence has demonstrated that the eye's structure and function mirror multiple systemic health conditions, especially in cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and kidney impairments. This has given rise to the field of oculomics-the application of ophthalmic biomarkers to understand mechanisms, detect and predict disease. The development of this field has been accelerated by three major advances: 1) the availability and widespread clinical adoption of high-resolution and non-invasive ophthalmic imaging (“hardware”); 2) the availability of large studies to interrogate associations (“big data”); 3) the development of novel analytical methods, including artificial intelligence (AI) (“software”). Oculomics offers an opportunity to enhance our understanding of the interplay between the eye and the body, while supporting development of innovative diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools. These advances have been further accelerated by developments in AI, coupled with large-scale linkage datasets linking ocular imaging data with systemic health data. Oculomics also enables the detection, screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of many systemic health conditions. Furthermore, oculomics with AI allows prediction of the risk of systemic diseases, enabling risk stratification, opening up new avenues for prevention or individualized risk prediction and prevention, facilitating personalized medicine. In this review, we summarise current concepts and evidence in the field of oculomics, highlighting the progress that has been made, remaining challenges, and the opportunities for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101350"},"PeriodicalIF":18.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143573856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive scoping review of methodological approaches and clinical applications of tear fluid biomarkers","authors":"Marlies Gijs ,&nbsp;Nienke van de Sande ,&nbsp;Clémence Bonnet ,&nbsp;Jente Schmeetz ,&nbsp;Rosa Fernandes ,&nbsp;Sònia Travé-Huarte ,&nbsp;Marcela Huertas-Bello ,&nbsp;Jeremy Chung Bo Chiang ,&nbsp;Nikolay Boychev ,&nbsp;Shruti Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tear fluid is an emerging source of disease biomarkers, drawing attention due to its quick, inexpensive, and non-invasive collection. The advancements in detection techniques enable the measurement of ultra-low biomarker levels from small sample volumes typical of tear fluid. The lack of standardized protocols for collection, processing, and analysis of tear fluid remains a significant challenge. To address this, we convened the Tear Research Network Review Taskforce in 2022 to review protocols from the past three decades, providing a comprehensive overview of the methodologies used in tear fluid biomarker research.</div><div>A total of 1484 articles published from January 1974 to May 2024 from two electronic databases, Embase and Ovid MEDLINE, were reviewed. An exponential increase in the number of articles on tear fluid biomarkers was observed from 2015 onwards. The two most commonly reported collection methods were; glass capillaries (45.2%), and Schirmer's strips (25%), with glass capillary tube collection remaining the most frequent method until 2019, when Schirmer's strips became the leading method. Most articles analyzed tear fluid proteins (65%) and focused on a single analyte (32.3%). In recent years, an increase was observed in the type and number of examined analytes.</div><div>The differences in the reported methodologies and protocols underscore the need for standardization and harmonization within the field of tear fluid biomarkers to minimize methodological differences and reduce variability in clinical outcomes. Consistent and detailed reporting is essential for improving the reproducibility and validity of tear fluid studies, in order to advance their potential clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101338"},"PeriodicalIF":18.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143426083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI image generation technology in ophthalmology: Use, misuse and future applications","authors":"Benjamin Phipps ,&nbsp;Xavier Hadoux ,&nbsp;Bin Sheng ,&nbsp;J. Peter Campbell ,&nbsp;T.Y. Alvin Liu ,&nbsp;Pearse A. Keane ,&nbsp;Carol Y. Cheung ,&nbsp;Tham Yih Chung ,&nbsp;Tien Y. Wong ,&nbsp;Peter van Wijngaarden","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>AI-powered image generation technology holds the potential to reshape medical practice, yet it remains an unfamiliar technology for both medical researchers and clinicians alike. Given the adoption of this technology relies on clinician understanding and acceptance, we sought to demystify its use in ophthalmology. To this end, we present a literature review on image generation technology in ophthalmology, examining both its theoretical applications and future role in clinical practice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>First, we consider the key model designs used for image synthesis, including generative adversarial networks, autoencoders, and diffusion models. We then perform a survey of the literature for image generation technology in ophthalmology prior to September 2024, presenting both the type of model used and its clinical application. Finally, we discuss the limitations of this technology, the risks of its misuse and the future directions of research in this field.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Applications of this technology include improving AI diagnostic models, inter-modality image transformation, more accurate treatment and disease prognostication, image denoising, and individualised education. Key barriers to its adoption include bias in generative models, risks to patient data security, computational and logistical barriers to development, challenges with model explainability, inconsistent use of validation metrics between studies and misuse of synthetic images. Looking forward, researchers are placing a further emphasis on clinically grounded metrics, the development of image generation foundation models and the implementation of methods to ensure data provenance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Compared to other medical applications of AI, image generation is still in its infancy. Yet, it holds the potential to revolutionise ophthalmology across research, education and clinical practice. This review aims to guide ophthalmic researchers wanting to leverage this technology, while also providing an insight for clinicians on how it may change ophthalmic practice in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101353"},"PeriodicalIF":18.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143664402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The neuroimmune interface in retinal regeneration","authors":"Sucheta Bhattacharya ,&nbsp;Jugasmita Deka ,&nbsp;Thomas Avallone ,&nbsp;Levi Todd","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Retinal neurodegeneration leads to irreversible blindness due to the mammalian nervous system's inability to regenerate lost neurons. Efforts to regenerate retina involve two main strategies: stimulating endogenous cells to reprogram into neurons or transplanting stem-cell derived neurons into the degenerated retina. However, both approaches must overcome a major barrier in getting new neurons to grow back down the optic nerve and connect to appropriate visual targets in environments that differ significantly from developmental conditions. While immune privilege has historically been associated with the central nervous system, an emerging literature highlights the active role of immune cells in shaping neurodegeneration and regeneration. This review explores the neuroimmune interface in retinal repair, dissecting how immune interactions influence glial reprogramming, transplantation outcomes, and axonal regeneration. By integrating insights from regenerative species with mammalian models, we highlight novel immunomodulatory strategies to optimize retinal regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101361"},"PeriodicalIF":18.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal models for the evaluation of retinal stem cell therapies","authors":"Biju B. Thomas ,&nbsp;Deepthi S. Rajendran Nair ,&nbsp;Mana Rahimian ,&nbsp;Amr K. Hassan ,&nbsp;Thuy-Linh Tran ,&nbsp;Magdalene J. Seiler","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Retinal degeneration (RD) diseases leading to severe vision loss can affect photoreceptors (PRs) that are responsible for phototransduction, or retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) providing support for PRs. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based therapies are a potential approach for restoration of retinal structure in patients with currently incurable RD diseases. Currently, there are two targeted hPSC therapeutics: PR rescue and PR replacement. PR rescue involves the transplantation of RPE or other neural progenitors into the subretinal space to slow down or prevent further RD. RPE transplantation plays a critical role in preserving photoreceptors by providing trophic support and maintaining retinal integrity, particularly in diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Advances in RPE transplantation methods, such as polarized monolayer cultures and scaffold-based approaches, have shown promise in enhancing graft survival and integration. However, limitations include inconsistent integration, variable neurotrophic factor secretion, and immune rejection risks in non-autologous transplants. In PR replacement, stem cell-derived photoreceptor-like cells or photoreceptor progenitors (PRP) obtained are transplanted into the eye. While PRPs are commonly obtained from retinal organoids (ROs), alternative sources, such as early differentiation stages or direct differentiation protocols, are also utilized to enhance the efficiency and scalability of PRP generation. Challenges include achieving proper integration, forming outer segments, rosette formation, and avoiding immune rejection or tumorigenicity. Various animal models that simulate human RD diseases are being used for establishing surgical feasibility, graft survival and visual functional recovery but fail to replicate clinical immune challenges. Rodent models lack macula-like structures and have limited reliability in detecting subtle functional changes, while larger animal models pose ethical, logistical, and financial challenges. Immunocompromised models have been developed for minimizing xenograft issues. Visual functional testing for efficacy includes optokinetic testing (OKN), electroretinography (ERG), and electrophysiological recordings from the retina and brain. These tests often fail to capture the complexity of human visual recovery, highlighting the need for advanced models and improved functional testing techniques. This review aims to aggregate current knowledge about approaches to stem cell transplantation, requirements of animal models chosen for validating vision benefits of transplantation studies, advantages of using specific disease models and their limitations. While promising strides have been made, addressing these limitations remains essential for translating stem cell-based therapies into clinical success.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101356"},"PeriodicalIF":18.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The dark and bright sides of retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR) in vision and disease","authors":"Grace Ruddin ,&nbsp;Tess McCann ,&nbsp;John D. Fehilly ,&nbsp;Jodie Kearney ,&nbsp;Breandán N. Kennedy","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The visual chromophore 11-<em>cis</em>-retinal (11cRAL) is essential to vertebrate phototransduction and therefore, must be regenerated so vision can be sustained. 11cRAL regeneration mediated by the classical visual cycle is insufficient under photopic conditions. Expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Müller glia, the retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR) can act as an alternative visual cycle photoisomerase, photogenerating 11cRAL in bright light conditions. While named a G protein-coupled receptor, RGR has no known coupled G protein. In the photoisomerase process, RGR bound all-<em>trans</em>-retinal (atRAL) is converted to 11cRAL. Here, we review how this core reaction integrates into RPE and Müller cell visual cycles. Significantly, mutations in human RGR are associated with inherited retinal degeneration and age-related macular degeneration, ocular diseases impairing vision. In this article, we comprehensively review 30 years of research into this membrane-bound protein, to comprehend RGR's <em>i)</em> biological role in vision, <em>ii)</em> association with ocular disease, <em>iii)</em> and surprising role in non-ocular function and disease. We discuss studies with opposing views on the proposed role of RGR as mediating a non-canonical visual cycle which photogenerates 11cRAL. We highlight knowledge gaps that current RGR research is addressing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101339"},"PeriodicalIF":18.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143441377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS) and its countermeasures","authors":"Tuan Nguyen ,&nbsp;Joshua Ong ,&nbsp;Tyson Brunstetter ,&nbsp;C. Robert Gibson ,&nbsp;Brandon R. Macias ,&nbsp;Steven Laurie ,&nbsp;Thomas Mader ,&nbsp;Alan Hargens ,&nbsp;Jay C. Buckey ,&nbsp;Mimi Lan ,&nbsp;Peter Wostyn ,&nbsp;Cihan Kadipasaoglu ,&nbsp;Scott M. Smith ,&nbsp;Sara R. Zwart ,&nbsp;Benjamin J. Frankfort ,&nbsp;Sarah Aman ,&nbsp;Jessica M. Scott ,&nbsp;Ethan Waisberg ,&nbsp;Mouayad Masalkhi ,&nbsp;Andrew G. Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Astronauts can develop a distinct collection of neuro-ophthalmic findings during long duration spaceflight, collectively known as Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). These clinical characteristics include optic disc edema, hyperopic refractive shifts, globe flattening, and chorioretinal folds, which may pose a health risk for future space exploration. Obtaining knowledge of SANS and countermeasures for its prevention is crucial for upcoming crewed space missions and warrants a multidisciplinary approach. This review examines the potential causes and countermeasures of SANS, including space anticipation glasses, lower body negative pressure, venoconstrictive thigh cuffs, impedance threshold devices, translaminar pressure gradient modulation, centrifugation, artificial gravity, pharmaceuticals, and precision nutritional supplementation. This paper highlights future research directions for understanding the genetic, anthropometric, behavioral, and environmental susceptibilities to SANS as well as how to use terrestrial analogs for testing future mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101340"},"PeriodicalIF":18.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143459333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing Bruch's membrane: State-of-the-art imaging, computational segmentation, and biologic models in retinal disease and health","authors":"Joshua Ong ,&nbsp;Amrish Selvam ,&nbsp;Matthew Driban ,&nbsp;Arman Zarnegar ,&nbsp;Susana Isabel Morgado Mendes Antunes Da Silva ,&nbsp;Jincy Joy ,&nbsp;Ethan A. Rossi ,&nbsp;Jonathan Pieter Vande Geest ,&nbsp;José-Alain Sahel ,&nbsp;Jay Chhablani","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Bruch's membrane (BM) is an acellular, extracellular matrix that lies between the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The BM plays a critical role in retinal health, performing various functions including biomolecule diffusion and RPE support. The BM is also involved in many retinal diseases, and insights into BM dysfunction allow for further understanding of the pathophysiology of various chorioretinal pathologies. Thus, characterization of the BM serves as an important area of research to further understand its involvement in retinal disease. In this article, we provide a review of various advancements in characterizing and visualizing the BM. We provide an overview of the BM in retinal health, as well as changes observed in aging and disease. We then describe current state-of-the-art imaging modalities and advances to further visualize the BM including various types of optical coherence tomography imaging, near-infrared reflectance (NIR), and autofluorescence imaging and tissue matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). Following advances in imaging of the BM, we describe animal, cellular, and synthetic models that have been developed to further visualize the BM. Following this section, we provide an overview of deep learning in retinal imaging and describe advances in computational and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to provide automated segmentation of the BM and BM opening. We conclude this section considering the clinical implications of these segmentation techniques. Ultimately, the diverse advances aimed to further characterize the BM may allow for deeper insights into the involvement of this critical structure in retinal health and disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101358"},"PeriodicalIF":18.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Müller cells trophism and pathology as the next therapeutic targets for retinal diseases","authors":"Alessandro Arrigo ,&nbsp;Ottavio Cremona ,&nbsp;Emanuela Aragona ,&nbsp;Filippo Casoni ,&nbsp;Giacomo Consalez ,&nbsp;Rüya Merve Dogru ,&nbsp;Stefanie M. Hauck ,&nbsp;Alessio Antropoli ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Bianco ,&nbsp;Maurizio Battaglia Parodi ,&nbsp;Francesco Bandello ,&nbsp;Antje Grosche","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Müller cells are a crucial retinal cell type involved in multiple regulatory processes and functions that are essential for retinal health and functionality. Acting as structural and functional support for retinal neurons and photoreceptors, Müller cells produce growth factors, regulate ion and fluid homeostasis, and facilitate neuronal signaling. They play a pivotal role in retinal morphogenesis and cell differentiation, significantly contributing to macular development.</div><div>Due to their radial morphology and unique cytoskeletal organization, Müller cells act as optical fibers, efficiently channeling photons directly to the photoreceptors. In response to retinal damage, Müller cells undergo specific gene expression and functional changes that serve as a first line of defense for neurons, but can also lead to unwarranted cell dysfunction, contributing to cell death and neurodegeneration. In some species, Müller cells can reactivate their developmental program, promoting retinal regeneration and plasticity—a remarkable ability that holds promising therapeutic potential if harnessed in mammals.</div><div>The crucial and multifaceted roles of Müller cells—that we propose to collectively call “Müller cells trophism\"—highlight the necessity of maintaining their functionality. Dysfunction of Müller cells, termed “Müller cells pathology,” has been associated with a plethora of retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, vitreomacular disorders, macular telangiectasia, and inherited retinal dystrophies.</div><div>In this review, we outline how even subtle disruptions in Müller cells trophism can drive the pathological cascade of Müller cells pathology, emphasizing the need for targeted therapies to preserve retinal health and prevent disease progression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101357"},"PeriodicalIF":18.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “The multifunctional human ocular melanocortin system” [Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 95 (2023) 1–23 101187]","authors":"Chieh-Lin (Stanley) Wu ,&nbsp;Adrian V. Cioanca ,&nbsp;Maria C. Gelmi ,&nbsp;Li Wen ,&nbsp;Nick Di Girolamo ,&nbsp;Ling Zhu ,&nbsp;Riccardo Natoli ,&nbsp;R Max Conway ,&nbsp;Constantinos Petsoglou ,&nbsp;Martine J. Jager ,&nbsp;Peter J. McCluskey ,&nbsp;Michele C. Madigan","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101355","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 101355"},"PeriodicalIF":18.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}