The load and response analysis discussed in this chapter largely focuses on the assessment of structural responses of installed ORE devices. There are also important design considerations which are related to marine operations (such as installation and maintenance) and to the calculation of the structural resistance. Installation methods and costs can have significant consequences on the design of ORE substructures. For example, optimization of the weight of components and how high they need to be lifted needed storage area in a shipyard, ability to fit within available dry docks, and possibility of using available vessels for installation work may be more important than substructure optimization with respect to steel weight. Over the lifetime of a substructure, the costs of access and maintenance may be significant, and designs which allow for easier inspection or require less maintenance may be favored over designs which are less expensive to construct but more difficult to maintain. With respect to structural resistance, it is important to note the particular challenges related to corrosion in the marine environment. Designers must account for possible reductions in steel thickness due to corrosion through structural design (cathodic protection or coatings). ORE devices with significant dynamic motions near the free surface-implying surfaces which are at times submerged, at times dry, and also subjected to sea spray-may experience different corrosion rates compared to more static offshore structures.
{"title":"Offshore support structure design","authors":"E. Bachynski, M. Collu","doi":"10.1049/PBPO129E_CH7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO129E_CH7","url":null,"abstract":"The load and response analysis discussed in this chapter largely focuses on the assessment of structural responses of installed ORE devices. There are also important design considerations which are related to marine operations (such as installation and maintenance) and to the calculation of the structural resistance. Installation methods and costs can have significant consequences on the design of ORE substructures. For example, optimization of the weight of components and how high they need to be lifted needed storage area in a shipyard, ability to fit within available dry docks, and possibility of using available vessels for installation work may be more important than substructure optimization with respect to steel weight. Over the lifetime of a substructure, the costs of access and maintenance may be significant, and designs which allow for easier inspection or require less maintenance may be favored over designs which are less expensive to construct but more difficult to maintain. With respect to structural resistance, it is important to note the particular challenges related to corrosion in the marine environment. Designers must account for possible reductions in steel thickness due to corrosion through structural design (cathodic protection or coatings). ORE devices with significant dynamic motions near the free surface-implying surfaces which are at times submerged, at times dry, and also subjected to sea spray-may experience different corrosion rates compared to more static offshore structures.","PeriodicalId":212011,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy from the Oceans: From wave, tidal and gradient systems to offshore wind and solar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116131754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1049/pbpo129e_bm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/pbpo129e_bm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":212011,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy from the Oceans: From wave, tidal and gradient systems to offshore wind and solar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123929836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The book chapter deals with both tidal rise and fall energy and hydrokinetic energy from tides, ocean currents and rivers. (River energy is included because the proposed technologies share some characteristics with those proposed for tidal currents.) Out of the many devices proposed, some have been built, but most of these have disappeared as a result of either lack of financial support, poor design or poor management. The aim of this chapter is not to catalogue every device past or present, but rather to summarize the main types of technology and the most interesting and promising.
{"title":"Tidal and current energy","authors":"B. Kirke, D. Coiro","doi":"10.1049/PBPO129E_CH3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO129E_CH3","url":null,"abstract":"The book chapter deals with both tidal rise and fall energy and hydrokinetic energy from tides, ocean currents and rivers. (River energy is included because the proposed technologies share some characteristics with those proposed for tidal currents.) Out of the many devices proposed, some have been built, but most of these have disappeared as a result of either lack of financial support, poor design or poor management. The aim of this chapter is not to catalogue every device past or present, but rather to summarize the main types of technology and the most interesting and promising.","PeriodicalId":212011,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy from the Oceans: From wave, tidal and gradient systems to offshore wind and solar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130737465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter provides an overview on the main challenges encountered during the interconnection of marine energy farms to the onshore electric power system. It explains how less technologically mature marine energy converters (MECs), such as wave and tidal ones, are normally integrated into distribution systems, and potentially cause power quality problems. Then it shows how system level issues arise when larger offshore installations, such as offshore wind farms, are interconnected to power transmission systems. The presentation is complemented by illustrative test cases.
{"title":"Electrical power transmission and grid integration","authors":"E. Tedeschi, Abel A. Taffese","doi":"10.1049/PBPO129E_CH8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO129E_CH8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview on the main challenges encountered during the interconnection of marine energy farms to the onshore electric power system. It explains how less technologically mature marine energy converters (MECs), such as wave and tidal ones, are normally integrated into distribution systems, and potentially cause power quality problems. Then it shows how system level issues arise when larger offshore installations, such as offshore wind farms, are interconnected to power transmission systems. The presentation is complemented by illustrative test cases.","PeriodicalId":212011,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy from the Oceans: From wave, tidal and gradient systems to offshore wind and solar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132571829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter focuses on energy storage situated offshore. Large amounts have already been written on energy storage generally and there would be little value in adding to these outputs. However, there are good justifications in concentrating specifically on storing energy offshore. First, the environment is rather special and it provides resources that may be helpful for energy storage. These resources include (a) hydrostatic head between surface and seabed that may sometimes be large, (b) an effectively infinite amount of thermal ballast enabling a stable reference temperature to be maintained and (c) an unlimited supply of saltwater that may be useful for electrolysis to support hydrogen production. Second, energy storage at the site of renewable energy generation potentially makes better use of expensive electricity transmission lines joining the generation to consumption. Finally, there are opportunities for integrating storage with the primary harvesting of energy that can afford substantial effective reductions in cost and increases in effective performance.
{"title":"Offshore energy storage","authors":"S. Garvey, R. Carriveau","doi":"10.1049/PBPO129E_CH9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO129E_CH9","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on energy storage situated offshore. Large amounts have already been written on energy storage generally and there would be little value in adding to these outputs. However, there are good justifications in concentrating specifically on storing energy offshore. First, the environment is rather special and it provides resources that may be helpful for energy storage. These resources include (a) hydrostatic head between surface and seabed that may sometimes be large, (b) an effectively infinite amount of thermal ballast enabling a stable reference temperature to be maintained and (c) an unlimited supply of saltwater that may be useful for electrolysis to support hydrogen production. Second, energy storage at the site of renewable energy generation potentially makes better use of expensive electricity transmission lines joining the generation to consumption. Finally, there are opportunities for integrating storage with the primary harvesting of energy that can afford substantial effective reductions in cost and increases in effective performance.","PeriodicalId":212011,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy from the Oceans: From wave, tidal and gradient systems to offshore wind and solar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124359545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the preceding chapters have shown - the ocean energy technologies we are looking at today are all at very different points in their development pathways. Some technologies - notably offshore wind - are now commercial and evolving rapidly (albeit with some level of public subsidy), whilst others are still making their way out of their land-based laboratories and into the sea. What they all have in common is that each and every technology must make a journey through the technology readiness levels until we reach the Eureka moment of `it works'. For some technologists, this is the ultimate goal - to show simply that it can be done. This journey will involve a continual development and must address the actual practicalities of a myriad of elements including installation, reliability, operability, fatigue and mean time to fail of everything from components to systems to people. For ocean energy technologies, this will ultimately involve significant test and development in the real sea environment - at specialist facilities such as European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) - where developers can discover the weak points in their design and then resolve them.
{"title":"Challenges and future research","authors":"N. Kermode","doi":"10.1049/PBPO129E_CH12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO129E_CH12","url":null,"abstract":"As the preceding chapters have shown - the ocean energy technologies we are looking at today are all at very different points in their development pathways. Some technologies - notably offshore wind - are now commercial and evolving rapidly (albeit with some level of public subsidy), whilst others are still making their way out of their land-based laboratories and into the sea. What they all have in common is that each and every technology must make a journey through the technology readiness levels until we reach the Eureka moment of `it works'. For some technologists, this is the ultimate goal - to show simply that it can be done. This journey will involve a continual development and must address the actual practicalities of a myriad of elements including installation, reliability, operability, fatigue and mean time to fail of everything from components to systems to people. For ocean energy technologies, this will ultimately involve significant test and development in the real sea environment - at specialist facilities such as European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) - where developers can discover the weak points in their design and then resolve them.","PeriodicalId":212011,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy from the Oceans: From wave, tidal and gradient systems to offshore wind and solar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129467300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Sannino, A. Carillo, Arne Vogler, G. Bracco, G. Mattiazzo, D. Vicinanza, P. Contestabile, D. Coiro, G. Troise, Luca Castellinih, J. Ringwood
{"title":"Wave energy","authors":"G. Sannino, A. Carillo, Arne Vogler, G. Bracco, G. Mattiazzo, D. Vicinanza, P. Contestabile, D. Coiro, G. Troise, Luca Castellinih, J. Ringwood","doi":"10.1049/pbpo129e_ch2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/pbpo129e_ch2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":212011,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy from the Oceans: From wave, tidal and gradient systems to offshore wind and solar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120964519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The book chapter presents thermal and salinity gradient energy (SGE) systems. First, a description of both energy resources and the determination of energy potential is given. Then, power plants that convert the thermal gradient potential as well as the salinity gradient are discussed. Environmental and economic aspects associated with these technologies are also considered.
{"title":"Thermal and salinity gradient systems","authors":"G. Rizzo, F. A. Tiano","doi":"10.1049/PBPO129E_CH4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO129E_CH4","url":null,"abstract":"The book chapter presents thermal and salinity gradient energy (SGE) systems. First, a description of both energy resources and the determination of energy potential is given. Then, power plants that convert the thermal gradient potential as well as the salinity gradient are discussed. Environmental and economic aspects associated with these technologies are also considered.","PeriodicalId":212011,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy from the Oceans: From wave, tidal and gradient systems to offshore wind and solar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131196322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Nava, P. Ruiz-Minguela, G. Pérez-Morán, R. Rodríguez-Arias, Joseba López-Mendia, Jose-Luis Villate-Martinez
The chapter deals with the basic concepts of installation, operation and maintenance of offshore renewable energy systems. Whilst focus is given to the offshore wind industry, the extension to ocean energy (wave and tidal) offers a wider perspective on the major issues concerning the installation and maintenance. A reliability-based approach has been adopted for the analysis of the failures, providing an overview about the most common functional decomposition methodologies as well as logistic requirements for the different operations at the various stages of the lifetime of an offshore renewable project. The economic modelling of the operations, based on strategies for their planning, briefly completes the chapter.
{"title":"Installation, operation and maintenance of offshore renewables","authors":"V. Nava, P. Ruiz-Minguela, G. Pérez-Morán, R. Rodríguez-Arias, Joseba López-Mendia, Jose-Luis Villate-Martinez","doi":"10.1049/PBPO129E_CH11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO129E_CH11","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter deals with the basic concepts of installation, operation and maintenance of offshore renewable energy systems. Whilst focus is given to the offshore wind industry, the extension to ocean energy (wave and tidal) offers a wider perspective on the major issues concerning the installation and maintenance. A reliability-based approach has been adopted for the analysis of the failures, providing an overview about the most common functional decomposition methodologies as well as logistic requirements for the different operations at the various stages of the lifetime of an offshore renewable project. The economic modelling of the operations, based on strategies for their planning, briefly completes the chapter.","PeriodicalId":212011,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy from the Oceans: From wave, tidal and gradient systems to offshore wind and solar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123851120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The book chapter presents a review of ocean energy technologies. Areas covered include: wave energy; tidal and current energy; thermal and salinity gradient systems; offshore wind and marine solar energies.
{"title":"A review of progress on ocean energies","authors":"N. Kermode","doi":"10.1049/PBPO129E_CH1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO129E_CH1","url":null,"abstract":"The book chapter presents a review of ocean energy technologies. Areas covered include: wave energy; tidal and current energy; thermal and salinity gradient systems; offshore wind and marine solar energies.","PeriodicalId":212011,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy from the Oceans: From wave, tidal and gradient systems to offshore wind and solar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128172458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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