The paper examines the concept of ownership and its potential application to digital assets, particularly Non-Fungible Tokens (“NFTs”). Technological advancements which allow the creation, storage, and sale of unique digital assets in a purely digital manner have raised many questions about the concept of ‘digital ownership’. However, the legal frameworks regulating the ownership, sale, and legal classification of digital assets have not evolved at the same paceas technology. This leads to legal uncertainty in the digital landscape, and weakened protection for the users of this technology, particularly in the European Union (“EU”). Although the concept of digital property has been discussed theoretically, practical recommendations for the implementation of this concept are still scarce. This paper discusses the concept of digital property after providing a contextual understanding of NFTs and the technology behind them. Finally, the author offersrecommendations for a harmonised EU-level framework for the legal classification of NFTs, and for the concept of digital property.
{"title":"NON-FUNGIBLE TOKENS AN ARGUMENT FOR THE OWNERSHIP OF DIGITAL PROPERTY?","authors":"Matteo Alessandro","doi":"10.54934/ijlcw.v2i3.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v2i3.55","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines the concept of ownership and its potential application to digital assets, particularly Non-Fungible Tokens (“NFTs”). Technological advancements which allow the creation, storage, and sale of unique digital assets in a purely digital manner have raised many questions about the concept of ‘digital ownership’. However, the legal frameworks regulating the ownership, sale, and legal classification of digital assets have not evolved at the same paceas technology. This leads to legal uncertainty in the digital landscape, and weakened protection for the users of this technology, particularly in the European Union (“EU”). Although the concept of digital property has been discussed theoretically, practical recommendations for the implementation of this concept are still scarce. This paper discusses the concept of digital property after providing a contextual understanding of NFTs and the technology behind them. Finally, the author offersrecommendations for a harmonised EU-level framework for the legal classification of NFTs, and for the concept of digital property.","PeriodicalId":212137,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Changing World","volume":"98 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139196987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) is a new virtual asset phenomenon the trade of which has spread quickly without any regulationas no legislation has been adopted in the EU, USA or the UK where the majority of NFT trading takes place. Concerns have been raised about NFTs and their relation to fraud and money launderingasanonymity and price volatility of NFTs create a unique and profitable asset for criminals. This paper addressestwomain issues: (1) trading statistics on NFTs,their analysis,and if and to what extent NFTs are used for financial crimes purposes; and (2) the legal challenges posed by the misuse of NFTs for fraud and other economic crimes. The final section of this paper provides feasible regulatory and business solutions that can help businesses to mitigate risks emanating from NFTs. It is argued that legal scholars, businesses and/or regulators cannot solve the challenges and risks posed by NFTs on their own, requiringmultidisciplinary research from academia and knowledge exchange between private and public stakeholders to close this gap.
{"title":"COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGES IN TRADING OF NON-FUNGIBLE TOKENS","authors":"Dimitris Kafteranis, Huseyin Unozkan, Umut Turksen","doi":"10.54934/ijlcw.v2i3.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v2i3.57","url":null,"abstract":"Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) is a new virtual asset phenomenon the trade of which has spread quickly without any regulationas no legislation has been adopted in the EU, USA or the UK where the majority of NFT trading takes place. Concerns have been raised about NFTs and their relation to fraud and money launderingasanonymity and price volatility of NFTs create a unique and profitable asset for criminals. This paper addressestwomain issues: (1) trading statistics on NFTs,their analysis,and if and to what extent NFTs are used for financial crimes purposes; and (2) the legal challenges posed by the misuse of NFTs for fraud and other economic crimes. The final section of this paper provides feasible regulatory and business solutions that can help businesses to mitigate risks emanating from NFTs. It is argued that legal scholars, businesses and/or regulators cannot solve the challenges and risks posed by NFTs on their own, requiringmultidisciplinary research from academia and knowledge exchange between private and public stakeholders to close this gap.","PeriodicalId":212137,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Changing World","volume":"47 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139206103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two years into the metaverse utopia and with the promising launches of metaverse Fashion Weeks for two years in a row, the creative industries have not yet lost their enthusiasm for experimenting with digital worlds. In practice, brand owners ‘mint’ non-fungible tokens,or NFTs, associated with their real-world or purely digitalassetsthat most commonly enjoy intellectual property (IP) protections, such asfashion designs. Those can be sold at dedicated NFT marketplaces, but are often interoperable, or capable of being used across a number of different digital worlds. This articleendeavours to shed light into the following key question: to what extent intellectual property rights vested into real-world creations can be transposed into the digital and by extension, whether the legal protection offered can be given its full effect in a digital unregulated space, where users’ identities are anonymous or pseudonymous. By weighing the expected benefits and losses from a UK & EU intellectual property perspective, the authorquestions: Are NFTs and the metaverse more than a gimmick? And hence, is the metaverse a market worth investing for fashion brands? The articlefirst exploresthe metaverse for fashion, as well as designers’ andbrands’ activity in this novel market space, followed by an in-depth discussion on the intellectual property question posed.
{"title":"NFTs, DIGITAL WORLDS AND BRAND PROTECTION IN FASHION: AN UK/ EUROPEAN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PERSPECTIVE","authors":"Ioanna Lapatoura","doi":"10.54934/ijlcw.v2i3.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v2i3.54","url":null,"abstract":"Two years into the metaverse utopia and with the promising launches of metaverse Fashion Weeks for two years in a row, the creative industries have not yet lost their enthusiasm for experimenting with digital worlds. In practice, brand owners ‘mint’ non-fungible tokens,or NFTs, associated with their real-world or purely digitalassetsthat most commonly enjoy intellectual property (IP) protections, such asfashion designs. Those can be sold at dedicated NFT marketplaces, but are often interoperable, or capable of being used across a number of different digital worlds. This articleendeavours to shed light into the following key question: to what extent intellectual property rights vested into real-world creations can be transposed into the digital and by extension, whether the legal protection offered can be given its full effect in a digital unregulated space, where users’ identities are anonymous or pseudonymous. By weighing the expected benefits and losses from a UK & EU intellectual property perspective, the authorquestions: Are NFTs and the metaverse more than a gimmick? And hence, is the metaverse a market worth investing for fashion brands? The articlefirst exploresthe metaverse for fashion, as well as designers’ andbrands’ activity in this novel market space, followed by an in-depth discussion on the intellectual property question posed.","PeriodicalId":212137,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Changing World","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139199766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the potential of DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations) built on blockchain technology, which are expected to revolutionize our computing and transaction infrastructuresThis paper will focus on the legal classification of DAOs, with an emphasis on the mechanisms of raising capital through ICOs and NFTs as alternative financing options for easier access to capital. The potential of linking DAOs and AI is also briefly addressed. Corporate law must keep pace with this rapid change, and the question arises whether it is "sufficiently flexible to make room for the new technical possibilities" and to cover completely "new forms of organization" based on software code that may be inadequately reflected in existing regulations. Overall, this paper highlights the potential of DAOs and their impact on the future of business models, organizational structures, and financing options.
{"title":"DECENTRALIZED AUTONOMOUS ORGANIZATIONS: UNLOCKING THE FULL POTENTIAL OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR THE REAL PHYSICAL WORLD BY EXPLORING SELF-ORGANIZING AND SELF-REGULATING DECENTRALIZAD SYSTEMS BY APPLYING SMART CONTRACTS AND FIRST ATTEMPTS OF APPLYING AI","authors":"Jan-Gero Hannemann","doi":"10.54934/ijlcw.v2i3.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v2i3.59","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the potential of DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations) built on blockchain technology, which are expected to revolutionize our computing and transaction infrastructuresThis paper will focus on the legal classification of DAOs, with an emphasis on the mechanisms of raising capital through ICOs and NFTs as alternative financing options for easier access to capital. The potential of linking DAOs and AI is also briefly addressed. Corporate law must keep pace with this rapid change, and the question arises whether it is \"sufficiently flexible to make room for the new technical possibilities\" and to cover completely \"new forms of organization\" based on software code that may be inadequately reflected in existing regulations. Overall, this paper highlights the potential of DAOs and their impact on the future of business models, organizational structures, and financing options.","PeriodicalId":212137,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Changing World","volume":"168 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139200852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the popularity of metaverse, the number of questions about the legal framework of utility tokens has also grown. In this area, the application of blockchain allows us to generalize the experience of tokenization of services. A countertrend is the evolution of NFTs from digital image right authentication to a utility solution that allows consumers to benefit from the possession of rights in the community. A legal analysis of utility NFTs in the metaverse leads to the need to apply the provisions of securities law to tokenization services. However, possessing the features of digital rights, utility NFTs cannot always be the investment, which requires the exclusion of such tokens from the scope of regulation of the law on crowdfunding.
{"title":"UTILITY NFT: LEGAL ISSUES OF DECENTRALIZED SERVICES","authors":"Yulia Kharitonova","doi":"10.54934/ijlcw.v2i3.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v2i3.60","url":null,"abstract":"With the popularity of metaverse, the number of questions about the legal framework of utility tokens has also grown. In this area, the application of blockchain allows us to generalize the experience of tokenization of services. A countertrend is the evolution of NFTs from digital image right authentication to a utility solution that allows consumers to benefit from the possession of rights in the community. A legal analysis of utility NFTs in the metaverse leads to the need to apply the provisions of securities law to tokenization services. However, possessing the features of digital rights, utility NFTs cannot always be the investment, which requires the exclusion of such tokens from the scope of regulation of the law on crowdfunding.","PeriodicalId":212137,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Changing World","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139207808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In early 2023 a United States (US) court ruled that a crypto art collection named “Metabirkins”, depictingthe famous “Birkin” bag of Hermès, infringedtrademark rights. This ruling conferred Hermès the power to ban the commercial exploitation of Metabirkins by their designer, through a permanent injunction order. By the time that order was issued, however, several Metabirkins had already been sold to third parties. Taking this case as a point of reference, thispaper examinescrypto art transactions from the perspective of EU intellectual property (IP) and consumer protection law. First, it clarifies the conditions under which the purchasers and licensees of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) fall under the consumer concept. Then, it examines whether the critical facts would constitute a trademark infringement in the EU, and what would have been the impact of such an infringement on the rightful use of the NFTs by their right-holders. Finally, the paper discussesDirective 2019/770 in protectingconsumersand itsapplicability in the blockchain ecosystem.
{"title":"THE US “METABIRKINS” CASE IN THE LIGHT OF EU IP AND CONSUMER PROTECTION LAW","authors":"Eleni Tzoulia","doi":"10.54934/ijlcw.v2i3.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v2i3.61","url":null,"abstract":"In early 2023 a United States (US) court ruled that a crypto art collection named “Metabirkins”, depictingthe famous “Birkin” bag of Hermès, infringedtrademark rights. This ruling conferred Hermès the power to ban the commercial exploitation of Metabirkins by their designer, through a permanent injunction order. By the time that order was issued, however, several Metabirkins had already been sold to third parties. Taking this case as a point of reference, thispaper examinescrypto art transactions from the perspective of EU intellectual property (IP) and consumer protection law. First, it clarifies the conditions under which the purchasers and licensees of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) fall under the consumer concept. Then, it examines whether the critical facts would constitute a trademark infringement in the EU, and what would have been the impact of such an infringement on the rightful use of the NFTs by their right-holders. Finally, the paper discussesDirective 2019/770 in protectingconsumersand itsapplicability in the blockchain ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":212137,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Changing World","volume":"146 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139203807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DAOs, decentralised autonomous organisations, you have the power, right? Well, like most other matters now-a-days, it depends. Oftentimes, the relationship between NFTs and DAOs is intertwined as a DAO may be set up with the purpose of creating NFTs or else, one may buy an NFT to become a DAO member. Both DAOs and NFTs make use of smart contracts on a blockchain. Thepurpose of this paper is to answer the following questions:How decentralised is a DAO? What is the role of NFTs within a DAO?How can NFTs enhance the workings of a truly decentralised autonomous organisation? The author believes that decentralisation should stop being used as a hype word in the blockchain sphere and discussesaboutcertain problems regardingcentralised and decentralised points in a DAO, whether theyrealised or not. Both the Maltese Innovative Technology Arrangement and Services Act and the Wyoming Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Supplement will serve as focus as theselaws directly regulate DAOs and in turn serve as a means to protect the member and the client of the DAO, and their NFTs.
DAO，去中心化自治组织，你有权力，对吗？嗯，就像现在的大多数其他事情一样，这要看情况而定。通常，NFT 和 DAO 之间的关系是交织在一起的，因为 DAO 可能是为了创建 NFT 而成立的，或者，人们可能会购买一个 NFT 来成为 DAO 的成员。DAO 和 NFT 都使用区块链上的智能合约。本文旨在回答以下问题：DAO 的去中心化程度如何？NFT 在 DAO 中的作用是什么？NFT 如何加强真正去中心化自治组织的运作？作者认为，去中心化不应再被用作区块链领域的炒作词汇，并讨论了关于 DAO 中的中心化和去中心化点的某些问题，无论这些问题是否已经实现。马耳他创新技术安排和服务法》和《怀俄明州去中心化自治组织补充规定》将作为重点，因为这两项法律直接规范了 DAO，并反过来成为保护 DAO 成员和客户及其 NFT 的手段。
{"title":"NFTs, DAOs AND SMART CONTRACTS: WHERE IS THE DECENTRALISATION?","authors":"Marica Ciantar","doi":"10.54934/ijlcw.v2i3.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v2i3.58","url":null,"abstract":"DAOs, decentralised autonomous organisations, you have the power, right? Well, like most other matters now-a-days, it depends. Oftentimes, the relationship between NFTs and DAOs is intertwined as a DAO may be set up with the purpose of creating NFTs or else, one may buy an NFT to become a DAO member. Both DAOs and NFTs make use of smart contracts on a blockchain. Thepurpose of this paper is to answer the following questions:How decentralised is a DAO? What is the role of NFTs within a DAO?How can NFTs enhance the workings of a truly decentralised autonomous organisation? The author believes that decentralisation should stop being used as a hype word in the blockchain sphere and discussesaboutcertain problems regardingcentralised and decentralised points in a DAO, whether theyrealised or not. Both the Maltese Innovative Technology Arrangement and Services Act and the Wyoming Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Supplement will serve as focus as theselaws directly regulate DAOs and in turn serve as a means to protect the member and the client of the DAO, and their NFTs.","PeriodicalId":212137,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Changing World","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139207566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eugenio D’Orio, Giuseppe Calabrese, Chiara Lucanto, P. Montagna
Forensic biological examination is a part of forensic science, which has the aims to identify biological matrix and stains on crime scenes or findings. Forensic biological examination is important for the identification of even the smallest biological samples and their attribution to a specific person, victim,or suspect. During crime scene investigation hair is one of the biological samples that can be found and can lead the operators to identify the perpetrators. In fact, hair can be easily found on findings, both clothes and objects, near victims and/or in the area of the crime. Microscopic analysis of the human hairs can be used to make a comparative analysis on suspects, focusingthe attention on well-knownmorphological characteristics. andthe bulb of human hair, found on crime scenes or on findings, can be used in forensic genetics examination to reach a DNA matching. The aim of this research is to cross-compare multiple knowledge from different research papers on forensic hair examination to assess the evolution of the study and technology in this field and for assess new perspective of research and forensic applications.
{"title":"ASSESSING PERFORMANCE IN FORENSIC HAIR EXAMINATION: A REVIEW","authors":"Eugenio D’Orio, Giuseppe Calabrese, Chiara Lucanto, P. Montagna","doi":"10.54934/ijlcw.v2i1.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v2i1.38","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic biological examination is a part of forensic science, which has the aims to identify biological matrix and stains on crime scenes or findings. Forensic biological examination is important for the identification of even the smallest biological samples and their attribution to a specific person, victim,or suspect. During crime scene investigation hair is one of the biological samples that can be found and can lead the operators to identify the perpetrators. In fact, hair can be easily found on findings, both clothes and objects, near victims and/or in the area of the crime. Microscopic analysis of the human hairs can be used to make a comparative analysis on suspects, focusingthe attention on well-knownmorphological characteristics. andthe bulb of human hair, found on crime scenes or on findings, can be used in forensic genetics examination to reach a DNA matching. The aim of this research is to cross-compare multiple knowledge from different research papers on forensic hair examination to assess the evolution of the study and technology in this field and for assess new perspective of research and forensic applications.","PeriodicalId":212137,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Changing World","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124410749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dear Readers,We are glad that the ThirdIssue of the International Journal of Law in Changing World is published. Authors from different partsof the world presentedtheir papers on current problems of law in Brazil, Cameroon, Italy, and Russia. Our authors gave the Journal the honor to publish papers devoted to different aspects of law and regulations that the modern world faces. This Issue presents the paper “Duration and Extinction of Administrative Contracts in the New Brazilian Bidding Law”. In it, professorsRafael Carvalho Rezende Oliveira and ThiagoGomes do Carmo address the causes and consequences of the termination of administrative contracts due to the recent enactment of New Law on Bids and Administrative Contracts.Next paper is entitled “Tools to Stimulate Blockchain: Regulatory Sandboxes, Special Economic Zones and Public Private Partnerships", where professors Elizaveta Alexandrovna Gromova and Daniel Brantes Ferreira presents a review of the most efficient tools to stimulate the Blockchain. The results of the research made by Natalia Igorevna Shumakovaand Elena Viktorovna Titova represented in the paper“Freedom of religion and conscience in China and Russia: in Search of New Commons” discuss the possibility of creating a new convention by China and Russia for protecting the fundamental human right to freedom of religion and conscience on a new international level, independent from the West.The paper “Impact of Digital Technologies on Criminal Procedure in Russia and India: Comparative Legal Aspect” written byElizaveta Igorevna Popova demonstrates us the impact of thedigital technologies on criminal procedure in Russia and India.Professor Enow Godwill Baiye and Fongwa Kesten Ngum are talking about the role of international law for regulation of relations arising fromGoverningtheSeabedin the paper “The Role of The International Seabed: International law”.The paper “Liability for Trademark Infringement on E-Commerce Marketplaces” written by Anna Vladimirovna Pokrovskaya, aimed to define optimal approaches to the liability regime for the violation of the intellectual property rights in the spheres of digital platforms and marketplaces. nd last but not least is the paper “Assessing Performance in Forensic Hair Examination: A Review”. Eugenio D'Orio, Giuseppe Calabrese, Chiara Lucanto, and Paola Montagna aimed this research to cross-compare multiple knowledge from different research papers on forensic hair examination in order to assess the evolution of the study and technology in this field and for assess new perspective of research and forensic applications.We truly hope you will find this Issue valuable and informative because that is the mission of the Journal –to find solutions to crucial legal issues that arise from the forever-changing world. We want to thank our authors, reviewers and editorial team members for their excellent job, support, and efforts to make this Issue happen. We hope the Journal can inspire academics and research
{"title":"Chief Editors' Note","authors":"E. Gromova, D. Ferreira","doi":"10.54934/ijlcw.v2i1.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v2i1.51","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Readers,We are glad that the ThirdIssue of the International Journal of Law in Changing World is published. Authors from different partsof the world presentedtheir papers on current problems of law in Brazil, Cameroon, Italy, and Russia. Our authors gave the Journal the honor to publish papers devoted to different aspects of law and regulations that the modern world faces. This Issue presents the paper “Duration and Extinction of Administrative Contracts in the New Brazilian Bidding Law”. In it, professorsRafael Carvalho Rezende Oliveira and ThiagoGomes do Carmo address the causes and consequences of the termination of administrative contracts due to the recent enactment of New Law on Bids and Administrative Contracts.Next paper is entitled “Tools to Stimulate Blockchain: Regulatory Sandboxes, Special Economic Zones and Public Private Partnerships\", where professors Elizaveta Alexandrovna Gromova and Daniel Brantes Ferreira presents a review of the most efficient tools to stimulate the Blockchain. The results of the research made by Natalia Igorevna Shumakovaand Elena Viktorovna Titova represented in the paper“Freedom of religion and conscience in China and Russia: in Search of New Commons” discuss the possibility of creating a new convention by China and Russia for protecting the fundamental human right to freedom of religion and conscience on a new international level, independent from the West.The paper “Impact of Digital Technologies on Criminal Procedure in Russia and India: Comparative Legal Aspect” written byElizaveta Igorevna Popova demonstrates us the impact of thedigital technologies on criminal procedure in Russia and India.Professor Enow Godwill Baiye and Fongwa Kesten Ngum are talking about the role of international law for regulation of relations arising fromGoverningtheSeabedin the paper “The Role of The International Seabed: International law”.The paper “Liability for Trademark Infringement on E-Commerce Marketplaces” written by Anna Vladimirovna Pokrovskaya, aimed to define optimal approaches to the liability regime for the violation of the intellectual property rights in the spheres of digital platforms and marketplaces. nd last but not least is the paper “Assessing Performance in Forensic Hair Examination: A Review”. Eugenio D'Orio, Giuseppe Calabrese, Chiara Lucanto, and Paola Montagna aimed this research to cross-compare multiple knowledge from different research papers on forensic hair examination in order to assess the evolution of the study and technology in this field and for assess new perspective of research and forensic applications.We truly hope you will find this Issue valuable and informative because that is the mission of the Journal –to find solutions to crucial legal issues that arise from the forever-changing world. We want to thank our authors, reviewers and editorial team members for their excellent job, support, and efforts to make this Issue happen. We hope the Journal can inspire academics and research","PeriodicalId":212137,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Changing World","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124081178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main hypothesis of this article is a possibility of creating a new conventionbyChina and Russia for protecting the fundamental human right to freedom of religion and conscience on a new international level, independent from the West. The need of developing such a convention or even a new international organization is conditioned by the withdrawal of Russia from the Council of Europe and the European Convention on Human Rights. We suggest that this cooperation can be beneficial for both parties because it should help secure their sovereignty and improve the implementation of national legislations. The aim of our research is to propose measures of increasing the efficiency of realization of freedom of religion and conscience in China in Russia. In oder to reach it, we employed such methods of legal comparativistics as functional, normative and external comparative analysis andstudiedthe Chinese and Russianspecifics of the legal recognition and protectionof this right. The findingsof our studysuggest that theexisting limitations of itshould be seen as a response to challenges China and Russia have been facing as developing multicultural and policonfessional states. We also discovered that despite its cultural, ideological and political differences, Russia and China share a number of almost identical mechanisms for the realisation of religious liberty.
{"title":"FREEDOM OF RELIGION AND CONSCIENCE IN CHINA AND RUSSIA: SEARCHING FORNEW COMMONS","authors":"N. Shumakova, E. Titova","doi":"10.54934/ijlcw.v2i1.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v2i1.46","url":null,"abstract":"The main hypothesis of this article is a possibility of creating a new conventionbyChina and Russia for protecting the fundamental human right to freedom of religion and conscience on a new international level, independent from the West. The need of developing such a convention or even a new international organization is conditioned by the withdrawal of Russia from the Council of Europe and the European Convention on Human Rights. We suggest that this cooperation can be beneficial for both parties because it should help secure their sovereignty and improve the implementation of national legislations. The aim of our research is to propose measures of increasing the efficiency of realization of freedom of religion and conscience in China in Russia. In oder to reach it, we employed such methods of legal comparativistics as functional, normative and external comparative analysis andstudiedthe Chinese and Russianspecifics of the legal recognition and protectionof this right. The findingsof our studysuggest that theexisting limitations of itshould be seen as a response to challenges China and Russia have been facing as developing multicultural and policonfessional states. We also discovered that despite its cultural, ideological and political differences, Russia and China share a number of almost identical mechanisms for the realisation of religious liberty.","PeriodicalId":212137,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law in Changing World","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116678590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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