Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-7670.0701005
Ukazu, Chidume
Aquatic pollution is one of the major worldwide environmental issues affecting humanity in recent years [1]. Consequent of industrialization and haphazard urbanization that is prevalent in major cities in the country, many rivers are experiencing convoluted challenges of pollution [2,3]. These have resulted in alarming levels of contamination and environmental degradation, particularly of the aquatic environment [4]. Enzymes play an important role in food utilization and metabolism in a living organism [5]. But this system may get altered under the stress and influence of toxicants [6]. This is because cells in organisms contain enzymes which perform different functions [7]. Conversely, when the integrity of the cell is disrupted through external interference by toxicants, enzymes escape into the plasma in the blood stream where their activities can be measured as a useful tool of cell integrity [8]. The response of aquatic organisms to pollution is expressed through several key biochemical activities involving enzymes which are concerned with the biotransformation system and these biomarkers give early warning signs of aquatic pollution [9].
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-7670.0501004
Alex J. Rosburg, Brian Fletcher, M. E. Barnes, Cody E. Treft, Blaise R. Bursell
Environmental enrichment is the addition of structures or materials to create a more natural or complex environment in otherwise stimuli-deprived hatchery rearing units. It has been used in an attempt to improve post-stocking survival (Berejikian et al. 1999; Fast et al. 2008), but some forms of enrichment have also shown the potential to improve foraging efficiency, reduce fin damage, and promote greater social dominance in hatchery-produced fish (Bosakowski and Wagner 1995; Berejikian et al. 2001; Rodewald et al. 2011). Structural additives meant to imitate natural environments, including sand and gravel substrates, stones, woody debris, and live prey have been common methods of enriching rearing tanks and raceways (Brown et al. 2003; Brockmark et al. 2007). However, the use of natural substrates and structures can impede circular tank hydraulic selfcleaning, increasing the time required to perform routine culture activities and also creating conditions favorable to pathogenic bacteria (Baynes and Howell 1993; Tuckey and Smith 2001; Krebs et al. 2017).
环境富集是指在缺乏刺激的孵化场饲养单元中增加结构或材料以创造更自然或复杂的环境。它已被用于提高放养后的存活率(Berejikian等人，1999;Fast等人，2008)，但某些形式的富集也显示出提高觅食效率、减少鳍损伤和促进孵化场生产的鱼类更大的社会优势的潜力(Bosakowski和Wagner 1995;Berejikian et al. 2001;Rodewald et al. 2011)。结构添加剂旨在模仿自然环境，包括沙子和砾石基质、石头、木屑和活猎物，是充实饲养池和跑道的常用方法(Brown et al. 2003;Brockmark et al. 2007)。然而，使用天然基质和结构会阻碍圆形水箱液压自清洁，增加了进行常规培养活动所需的时间，也创造了有利于致病菌的条件(Baynes和Howell 1993;Tuckey and Smith 2001;Krebs et al. 2017)。
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-7670.0504001
Alalibo, Gabriel, A. AkinrotimiO.
Salinity refers to the degree of saltiness of a water body. It has been described as one of the important factors exerting selective effectson aquatic organisms. Salinity is defined as a measure of the amount of dissolved salts in the water [1]. Salinity is the correct chemical term for the sum concentration of all ionic constituents dissolved in inland waters, both fresh and saline. Habitat salinity represents a major abiotic factor that governs the activity and distribution of fishes and other aquatic animals. Furthermore, aquatic animals can either be stenohaline or euryhaline, which shows the level of osmotic tolerance of the organism. Stenohaline species such as the African catfish, can only withstand little ranges of salinity. While euryhaline species like the sea bass and some tilapias are able to tolerate a wide range of salinity, which enables them to move between freshwater and salt water and it is leading to many diverse adaptation strategies for different species to survive in different osmotic pressure regimes [2]. Because the autonomous osmoregulation in aquatic organisms is an energy demanding process, certain prevailing salinities might help to optimize growth or reproduction by decreasing osmoregulatory energy expenditure [3].The metabolic cost would be expected to be minimized during culture of fish in isotonic conditions, thus it can minimize the cannibalistic behavior of fishes, and indirectly improve the survival and growth performance of the African catfish [4].
{"title":"Changes in Metabolites of African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Exposed to Different Salinity Levels","authors":"Alalibo, Gabriel, A. AkinrotimiO.","doi":"10.20431/2454-7670.0504001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-7670.0504001","url":null,"abstract":"Salinity refers to the degree of saltiness of a water body. It has been described as one of the important factors exerting selective effectson aquatic organisms. Salinity is defined as a measure of the amount of dissolved salts in the water [1]. Salinity is the correct chemical term for the sum concentration of all ionic constituents dissolved in inland waters, both fresh and saline. Habitat salinity represents a major abiotic factor that governs the activity and distribution of fishes and other aquatic animals. Furthermore, aquatic animals can either be stenohaline or euryhaline, which shows the level of osmotic tolerance of the organism. Stenohaline species such as the African catfish, can only withstand little ranges of salinity. While euryhaline species like the sea bass and some tilapias are able to tolerate a wide range of salinity, which enables them to move between freshwater and salt water and it is leading to many diverse adaptation strategies for different species to survive in different osmotic pressure regimes [2]. Because the autonomous osmoregulation in aquatic organisms is an energy demanding process, certain prevailing salinities might help to optimize growth or reproduction by decreasing osmoregulatory energy expenditure [3].The metabolic cost would be expected to be minimized during culture of fish in isotonic conditions, thus it can minimize the cannibalistic behavior of fishes, and indirectly improve the survival and growth performance of the African catfish [4].","PeriodicalId":212275,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Innovative Studies in Aquatic Biology and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115162036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-7670.0502001
P. Pantazis, Georgia Kouneli, M. Kolygas, John Ch. Karamaligas, F. Athanassopoulou
: Hundred fifty rainbow trout of an average weight of 108 6.79g have been kept for sixty days in 700L tanks and various temperature regimes. They were fed two different diets, the one with probiotics containing Pediococcus acidilactici (CNCM MA 18/5M) and the other one without probiotics. All groups gained weight, however observed growth rate and weight gain have been considerably lower when fish over passed the 200g size class. No significant differences were shown between the two groups kept in lower temperatures in terms of growth rate, weight gain, feed conversion and protein utilization. Trout kept in natural temperature conditions fed either with probiotics or without probiotics, did not differ dramatically in between them in terms of growth rate and weight gain. However the ones fed with probiotics have experienced better feed conversion and protein utilization. Fish which have received dietary probiotics had lower serum cortisol levels and better Na+ and Cl- serum equilibrium than those which have not received probiotics, indicating that probiotics increased the stress resistance of experimental fish, even after the oxygen depletion test. Results of this study confirm that P. acidilactici in rainbow trout enhances its welfare and disease resistance and therefore should be used even at high size classes (100
150条平均体重为1086.79g的虹鳟鱼在700升的水箱和不同的温度下饲养了60天。饲喂两种不同的饲粮，一种饲粮中添加了含酸性乳酸球球菌(CNCM MA 18/5M)的益生菌，另一种饲粮中不添加益生菌。所有组的鱼都增加了体重，但当鱼的体重超过200克时，观察到的生长速度和体重增加明显降低。低温处理组的生长率、增重、饲料系数和蛋白质利用率均无显著差异。在自然温度条件下，鳟鱼在生长速度和增重方面没有显著差异，饲喂益生菌或不饲喂益生菌。而饲用益生菌的饲料转化率和蛋白质利用率较高。饲料中添加益生菌的鱼比未添加益生菌的鱼血清皮质醇水平更低，Na+和Cl-血清平衡更好，这表明益生菌提高了实验鱼的抗逆性，即使在缺氧试验后也是如此。本研究结果证实，P. acidilactici可提高虹鳟鱼的福利和抗病性，因此即使在大鱼种(100
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