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Orientia tsutsugamushi: Diversity and Distribution in India: AReview 恙虫病东方体:印度的多样性和分布:综述
Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.33493/scivis.21.03.01
Vanramliana, Lalfakzuala Pautu, Pachuau Lalmalsawma, G. Rosangkima, Deborah Lalnghakmawii
Scrub typhus is a disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi which is an obligate, intracellular gram-negative bacterium. It is endemic to a part of the world known as “tsutsugamushi triangle.” This extends from Japan, China, Taiwan, South Koria, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Australian states of Queensland and Northern New South Wales. In India, it has been recognized for several years and the disease widely spread all over the country. The severity of scrub typhus disease has been reported to be strain dependent in humans. Orientia tsutsugamushi strains have been examined by various research tools. PCR amplification and sequencing of 56-kDa antigen gene is one of the most advanced tool in identifying O. tsutsugamushi strains and genotypes. In the present review, English-language literature for reports of Orientia tsutsugamushi genotype diversity and distribution in India was searched using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The search terms scrub typhus or mite typhus or tropical typhus or tsutsugamushi disease or Orientia tsutsugamushi or Rickettsia tsutsugamushiwere used in combination with the term genotypes or strains or serotypes. The result of present review revealed limited Information related to genotype diversity and distribution in the country. Understanding a more detailed regional genetic diversity is required in region-specific vaccine development strategies andsero-diagnostics tools.
恙虫病是一种由恙虫病东方体引起的疾病,恙虫病东方体是一种专性的细胞内革兰氏阴性细菌。它是世界上一个被称为“恙虫病三角区”的地区的地方性疾病。这包括日本、中国、台湾、韩国、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、巴布亚新几内亚、澳大利亚昆士兰州和新南威尔士州北部。在印度,人们几年前就认识到了这种疾病,这种疾病在全国广泛传播。据报道,人类恙虫病的严重程度依赖于菌株。恙虫病东方体菌株已通过各种研究工具进行了检验。56-kDa抗原基因的PCR扩增和测序是检测恙虫病恙虫体株和基因型的最先进工具之一。在本综述中,使用PubMed和Google Scholar数据库检索了印度恙虫病东方体基因型多样性和分布报告的英文文献。搜索词恙虫病或螨性斑疹伤寒或热带斑疹伤寒或恙虫病或恙虫东方体或恙虫立克次体与术语基因型或菌株或血清型结合使用。本综述的结果显示与该国基因型多样性和分布有关的信息有限。在区域特异性疫苗开发战略和血清诊断工具中,需要更详细地了解区域遗传多样性。
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引用次数: 0
Volume 21, Issue 4 第21卷,第4期
Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.33493/scivis.21.04
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引用次数: 0
Parasites: Disease or cure? 寄生虫:疾病还是治疗?
Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.33493/scivis.21.04.01
Endoparasitic infections are usually regarded as detrimental to the host causing various diseases in humans and animals especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. In recent years, the incidence of autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases increase in developed and industrial regions. The entry of any infectious disease is challenged by the body immune system through various branch of immunity among which T-helper branches of immunity (Th1 and Th2) play at the fore-front. However, the uncurbed imbalance of Th immune response where a surge in Th1 (IFNγ and TNFα) over Th2 response is implicated to cause various autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. In general, parasitic helminth infection is fought by the body as up-regulation of Th2 branch of immunity by secreting inflammatory cytokines (Interleukins like: IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 & IL-13) thereby executing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In recent years, exciting evidences revealed that the uncurbed Th1 surge is brought to balance by administration of parasite or parasite extracts thereby alleviating the clinical manifestation of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. This paper describes works that have been carried out to control various autoimmune and inflammatory disorders using parasite or parasite extracts.
内寄生虫感染通常被认为对宿主有害,在人类和动物中引起各种疾病,特别是在热带和亚热带国家。近年来,自身免疫性疾病和其他炎症性疾病的发病率在发达地区和工业地区有所增加。任何传染病的进入都受到机体免疫系统通过各种免疫分支的挑战,其中t辅助免疫分支(Th1和Th2)起着最重要的作用。然而,当Th1 (IFNγ和TNFα)超过Th2反应时,不受抑制的Th免疫反应不平衡可能导致各种自身免疫性和炎症性疾病。一般来说,机体通过分泌炎性细胞因子(白细胞介素如:IL-4、IL-5、IL-9和IL-13)上调Th2免疫分支来对抗寄生虫感染,从而执行抗体依赖性细胞毒性(ADCC)。近年来,令人兴奋的证据表明,未经抑制的Th1激增通过给药寄生虫或寄生虫提取物得到平衡,从而减轻自身免疫性和炎症性疾病的临床表现。本文描述了利用寄生虫或寄生虫提取物控制各种自身免疫和炎症疾病的工作。
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引用次数: 0
Trace fossil assemblage of Oligocene (Barail Group) from Zote Area, Champhai District, Mizoram 米佐拉姆邦Champhai地区Zote地区渐新世(Barail群)化石组合
Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.33493/scivis.21.04.02
The Barail Group (Oligocene) of Zote section, Champhai district, Mizoram has been studied, for the first time, on the basis of trace fossil. The study areas consist of different rocks like Sandstone, siltstone, shale and their admixture in various proportion. The present paper documents 14 ichnofossils such as Arenicolites isp., Gyrolithes lorcaensis, Helminthopsis abeli, H. hieroglyphica, H. tenuis, Laevicyclus mongraensis, Lanicodichna medulata, Palaeophycus sulcatus, P. heberti, Psilonichnus tubiformis, Skolithos linearis, S. verticalis, Teichichnus spiralis and Thalasinoides paradoxicus. The different ichnoassemblages present in Zote area correspond to the Psilonichnus, Skolithos and Cruziana facies. With the analysis of Ichnofacies and lithofacies, studied rock of Barail Group exposed in Zote area is interpreted as to have been deposited under fluctuating energy condition, sandy substrate to sublittoral zone of shallow marine environment.
首次利用微量化石对米佐拉姆邦Champhai地区Zote剖面Barail群(渐新世)进行了研究。研究区由不同比例的砂岩、粉砂岩、页岩及其混合物组成。本文记录了砂粒石等14种鱼类化石。、洛尔卡螺、阿贝螺、象形拟南芥、细尾拟南芥、蒙古白尾拟南芥、中脉细尾拟南芥、长尾拟南芥、赫比提拟南芥、管状拟南芥、线性拟南芥、垂直拟南芥、螺旋拟南芥和吊海拟南芥。Zote地区不同的组合对应于Psilonichnus相、Skolithos相和Cruziana相。通过对Zote地区Barail群暴露的岩相、鱼相分析,认为所研究的岩石是在波动能量条件下沉积的,为浅海环境下的砂质基底。
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引用次数: 0
Study of potable water quality in peripheral areas of Aizawl city in Mizoram 米佐拉姆邦艾扎尔市周边地区饮用水水质研究
Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.33493/scivis.21.03.03
Shikhar Kumar, K. B. Singh
Potable water quality and quantity is one of the most important topics of study in today’s world. More and more techniques for efficient use of water are required throughout the world, especially in developing countries like India. The present study was conducted to analyse the quality of potable water sources use by the citizens of Aizawl district in the state of Mizoram, India. Number of samples was collected from surrounding areas of Greater Aizawl in pre cleaned polyethylene bottles as recommended in the WHO standards and recommendations. Various physico-chemical properties (pH, turbidity, total hardness, chloride, free chlorine, iron, nitrate and total dissolved solids) were studied. The samples were analyzed in the field using handheld meters for pH, turbidity, total hardness and TDS and were then also analyzed in the laboratory to confirm the field results. The other chemical parameters were tested in the laboratory using standard and recommended techniques. The pH values ranged from 6.48 to 7.54. TDS values ranged from 30 to 430ppm. Total hardness ranged from 30 to 60 mg/l. Chloride content in the samples was found to be between the values of 15.5 to 80 ppm. Iron and nitrate were found only in trace quantities in all the samples. In surrounding areas of the city, proper development of perennial springs would serve as the main source of water supply to the local population. Some samples which contained higher concentrations of chloride could have been contaminated from sewage water or waste water leakage. Other than that, the quality of water was within the limits of WHO standards.
饮用水水质和水量是当今世界最重要的研究课题之一。全世界,特别是像印度这样的发展中国家,都需要越来越多的高效用水技术。本研究旨在分析印度米佐拉姆邦Aizawl地区居民使用的饮用水源的质量。按照世卫组织标准和建议的建议,从大Aizawl周围地区用预先清洗过的聚乙烯瓶收集了一些样本。研究了各种理化性质(pH、浊度、总硬度、氯化物、游离氯、铁、硝酸盐和总溶解固形物)。样品在现场使用手持式仪器进行pH、浊度、总硬度和TDS分析,然后在实验室进行分析以确认现场结果。其他化学参数在实验室使用标准和推荐的技术进行测试。pH值为6.48 ~ 7.54。TDS值为30 ~ 430ppm。总硬度为30 ~ 60mg /l。样品中的氯化物含量在15.5至80 ppm之间。在所有样品中只发现微量的铁和硝酸盐。在城市周边地区,适当开发多年生泉水,作为当地居民的主要供水来源。一些含有较高氯化物浓度的样品可能受到污水或废水泄漏的污染。除此之外,水的质量在世界卫生组织的标准范围内。
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引用次数: 1
Study of induced half-metallic ferromagnetic property in CdO monolayer with non-metallic doping 非金属掺杂的CdO单层诱导半金属铁磁性能研究
Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.33493/scivis.21.03.02
Lalrinthara Pachuau, Dibya Prakash, R. Tiwari, Lalhriatzuala
Doping is known to be an efficient way of altering the properties of materials. We have studied the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of non-metallic element (B, C and N)-doped CdO monolayer based on spin-polarized density function theory within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) as revised for solids by Perdew, Burke and Ernzerhof (PBE-sol). Substituting B, C and N in O site with one atom in CdO monolayer induces spin polarized localized states in the gap or near the valence band and exhibit local magnetic moments ~ 1 μΒ, ~ 2 μΒ and ~ 1 μΒ respectively. It is found that the magnetic states in these doped systems are associated with the difference between the electronegativity of the dopant and the anion in the host. Our study shows that non-metal doped CdO is a promising candidate for novel nano-materials for future applications.
掺杂是一种改变材料性质的有效方法。我们基于Perdew, Burke和Ernzerhof (PBE-sol)对固体修正的广义梯度近似(GGA)中的自旋极化密度函数理论,研究了非金属元素(B, C和N)掺杂的CdO单层的结构,电子和磁性能。在CdO单分子层中,用一个原子取代O位上的B、C和N,在价带间隙或附近产生自旋极化局域态,并分别表现出局域磁矩~ 1 μΒ、~ 2 μΒ和~ 1 μΒ。研究发现,这些掺杂体系的磁性态与掺杂剂的电负性与基体阴离子的电负性之差有关。我们的研究表明,非金属掺杂的CdO是一种很有前途的新型纳米材料。
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引用次数: 0
A review on the phytochemical properties of five selected genera of orchids 文章题目兰科五属植物化学性质的研究进展
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.33493/scivis.21.02.04
Lalrosangpuii, Lalrokimi
Orchidaceae family includes some of the most important ornamental plants with medicinal purposes. It is one of the largest groups among the Angiosperms. Even though there are several studies on the medicinal purposes of orchidaceae, lesser is known about the phytochemical compound present in the different parts of the plant. Therefore, in this present review paper five genus from Orchidaceae family has been selected to highlight the important phytochemical compounds present in the orchid plant. The commonly found phytochemicals are alkaloid, flavanoid, phenol, terpenoid, steroid and saponin.
兰科包括一些最重要的药用观赏植物。它是被子植物中最大的群体之一。尽管有一些关于兰科药用目的的研究,但对存在于植物不同部位的植物化学化合物知之甚少。因此,本文从兰科植物中选取5个属进行综述,重点介绍兰科植物中存在的重要植物化学成分。常见的植物化学物质有生物碱、类黄酮、酚、萜类、类固醇和皂素。
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引用次数: 2
Ichnofossils from the Middle Bhuban Unit, Bhuban Formation of Pachhy Lokah near Maubawk, Siaha District, Mizoram, India 印度米佐拉姆邦Siaha地区Maubawk附近Pachhy Lokah的Bhuban组中Bhuban单元的鱼化石
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.33493/scivis.21.02.01
Elita Rose, Lalchawimawii, A. Lalrammuana, J. Malsawma, P. Lalnuntluanga, R. P. Tiwari
Trace fossils provide us with indirect evidence of life in the past, such as the foot prints, tracks, burrows, borings and feces left behind by animals rather than the preserved remains of the body of the actual animal itself. These imprints give palaeontologies clues with evidence of the activities of ancient animals, something body fossils simply cannot do. The Middle Bhuban rocks of Bhuban Formation are well exposed in the study area comprising sandstone, siltstone, shales and their admixtures. The grey sandstone unit exposed at Pachhy Lokah, Siaha is marked by well-preserved trace fossils comprising a total of eleven ichnospecies belonging to seven ichnogenera have been identified, namely: Katbergia isp., Laevicyclus mongraensis, Ophiomorpha nodosa, Ophiomorpha borneensis, Palaeophycus alternatus, Palaeophycus heberti, Palaeophycus striatus, Phycodes curvipalmatum, Psilonichnus upsilon, Psilonichnus isp. and Skolithos verticalis. Thus, it can be inferred from the presence of ichnofossils, that the studied successions of Bhuban Formation, Surma Group of Mizoram were deposited under sandy shifting substrate and high energy conditions in foreshore to unconsolidated, poorly sorted soft substrate and low energy condition in shoreface/offshore zone of shallow marine environment with occasion storm events.
痕迹化石为我们提供了过去生命的间接证据,如动物留下的脚印、足迹、洞穴、钻孔和粪便,而不是实际动物本身保存下来的遗体。这些印记为古生物学提供了古代动物活动的线索,这是身体化石根本无法做到的。研究区布班组中布班组发育砂岩、粉砂岩、页岩及其混合物。在西亚哈Pachhy Lokah暴露的灰色砂岩单元中,发现了保存完好的痕迹化石,共鉴定出7个鱼属11种,即:Katbergia isp。、蒙古蛇菇、结瘤蛇菇、婆罗洲蛇菇、交替古蛇菇、赫比古蛇菇、纹状古蛇菇、弯掌藻、长尾蛇菇、长尾蛇菇。和垂直索。因此,从鱼化石的存在可以推断,所研究的米佐拉姆邦苏尔马群布班组的沉积序列,是在前海岸的砂质移质基底和高能条件下沉积到浅海环境的滨/近海带松散、分选差的软基底和低能量条件下沉积的,偶尔发生风暴事件。
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引用次数: 0
A review of scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) diversity in India 标题印度圣甲虫(鞘翅目:圣甲虫科)多样性综述
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.33493/scivis.21.02.03
C. Zorhansanga
The diversified geographic location along with climatic conditions has led to the enrichment of fauna species in India. Coleoptera (Gk. Coleos–sheath, ptera–wing) are the largest group of organisms at the order level and are comprised of beetles. They adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions and are widely distributed. The family Scarabaeidae which is included in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea is one of the largest families. They consist of about 27,800 species worldwide and are further divided into 16 subfamilies, 82 tribes and 94 sub-tribes. They are usually harmful or beneficial in nature with their size being large to small. The research on scarab beetles is necessary to understand their role as pest as well as their adaptation to different anthropogenic activities. Also, the diversified population of scarab beetles along with their similar characters makes it hard for researchers to identify them often leading to misidentification which is why a review is needed. This review summarizes the status, diversity and ecological status of scarab beetles in India.
多样化的地理位置和气候条件导致了印度动物物种的丰富。鞘翅目(星期。鞘翅-鞘,翼-翼)是目级生物中最大的一类,由甲虫组成。它们适应各种环境条件,分布广泛。金龟子科属于金龟子总科,是最大的科之一。它们在世界范围内约有27,800种,并进一步分为16个亚科,82个部落和94个亚部落。它们的大小从大到小,通常是有害的或有益的。对圣甲虫的研究对于了解它们作为害虫的作用以及它们对不同人类活动的适应是必要的。此外,圣甲虫的多样化种群以及它们相似的特征使得研究人员很难识别它们,经常导致错误识别,这就是为什么需要进行审查的原因。本文综述了印度圣甲虫的现状、多样性和生态状况。
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引用次数: 0
An insight into black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon): A glimpse on globally important crop pest 对黑蛾(Agrotis ipsilon)的洞察:一瞥全球重要的作物害虫
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.33493/scivis.21.02.02
Christopher Rodingpuia, H. Lalthanzara
Many agricultural pests create problems for farmers leading to production loss. Since agriculture plays an important role in the economy of a nation, controlling and management of such pests is of great importance. Cutworms are notorious agricultural pests infesting a wide variety of crops leading to production loss. Cutworms are distributed worldwide and many species of cutworms have also been reported feeding on all kinds of crops. Agrotis ipsilon is one of the most common cutworm species prevailing in different continents. Understanding the biology and management of these pests will be of great use for farmers. In this article, brief information on cutworms; specifically A. ipsilon species is highlighted. A brief description of host, migration, control and management of A. ipsilon are also highlighted.
许多农业害虫给农民带来问题,导致生产损失。由于农业在一个国家的经济中起着重要的作用,控制和管理这些害虫是非常重要的。刀虫是一种臭名昭著的农业害虫,危害多种作物,造成生产损失。剪纸虫分布在世界各地,许多种类的剪纸虫也被报道以各种作物为食。农虫(Agrotis ipsilon)是分布在各大洲的最常见的线虫种类之一。了解这些害虫的生物学和管理将对农民有很大的帮助。在这篇文章中,简要介绍了线虫;特别强调了A. ipsilon物种。简要介绍了A. ipsilon的宿主、迁移、控制和管理。
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引用次数: 10
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