In 1999, some Japanese fuel suppliers sold highly concentrated alcohol fuels, which are . mixtures of gasoline and oxygenates, such as alcohol or ether, in amounts of 50% or more. In August 2001, it was reported that some vehicle models using the highly concentrated alcohol fuels encountered fuel leakage and vehicle fires due to corrosion of the aluminum used for the fuel-system parts. The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Government of Japan (MLIT) jointly established the committee on safety for highly concentrated alcohol fuels in September 2001. The committee consisted of automotive technology and metal corrosion experts knowledgeable about preventing such accidents and ensuring user safety. Immersion tests were conducted on metals and other materials used for the fuel-supply system parts to determine the corrosion resistance to each alcohol component contained in the highly concentrated alcohol fuels. It was confirmed that each alcohol component contained in the highly concentrated alcohol fuels currently on the market causes corrosion of the aluminum generally used for automotive fuel-system parts.
{"title":"Effect of alcohol fuels on fuel-line materials of gasoline vehicles","authors":"A. Kameoka, K. Nagai, G. Sugiyama, T. Seko","doi":"10.4271/2005-01-3708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3708","url":null,"abstract":"In 1999, some Japanese fuel suppliers sold highly concentrated alcohol fuels, which are . mixtures of gasoline and oxygenates, such as alcohol or ether, in amounts of 50% or more. In August 2001, it was reported that some vehicle models using the highly concentrated alcohol fuels encountered fuel leakage and vehicle fires due to corrosion of the aluminum used for the fuel-system parts. The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Government of Japan (MLIT) jointly established the committee on safety for highly concentrated alcohol fuels in September 2001. The committee consisted of automotive technology and metal corrosion experts knowledgeable about preventing such accidents and ensuring user safety. Immersion tests were conducted on metals and other materials used for the fuel-supply system parts to determine the corrosion resistance to each alcohol component contained in the highly concentrated alcohol fuels. It was confirmed that each alcohol component contained in the highly concentrated alcohol fuels currently on the market causes corrosion of the aluminum generally used for automotive fuel-system parts.","PeriodicalId":21404,"journal":{"name":"SAE transactions","volume":"205 1","pages":"1265-1288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83437999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work was concerned with increasing the attainable load during gasoline controlled auto-ignition combustion in a multi-cylinder direct fuel injection research engine. To extend the peak output under naturally aspirated conditions it proved favourable to combine internal and external exhaust gas recirculation under stoichiometric fuelled conditions. During turbocharged high load operation it was beneficial in terms of fuel economy to dilute the charge with a combination of internally re-circulated exhaust gases and excess air. Replacing a proportion of these diluents with externally re-circulated burned gases appeared to facilitate lower emissions of HC and CO. The highest load generated via boost was limited by increasing peak in-cylinder pressure and falling gas exchange efficiency. Regardless, the use of boost increased the load at which CAI could be invoked without lean NOx after-treatment.
{"title":"Lean Boost and External Exhaust Gas Recirculation for High Load Controlled Auto-Ignition","authors":"A. Cairns, Hugh Blaxill","doi":"10.4271/2005-01-3744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3744","url":null,"abstract":"This work was concerned with increasing the attainable load during gasoline controlled auto-ignition combustion in a multi-cylinder direct fuel injection research engine. To extend the peak output under naturally aspirated conditions it proved favourable to combine internal and external exhaust gas recirculation under stoichiometric fuelled conditions. During turbocharged high load operation it was beneficial in terms of fuel economy to dilute the charge with a combination of internally re-circulated exhaust gases and excess air. Replacing a proportion of these diluents with externally re-circulated burned gases appeared to facilitate lower emissions of HC and CO. The highest load generated via boost was limited by increasing peak in-cylinder pressure and falling gas exchange efficiency. Regardless, the use of boost increased the load at which CAI could be invoked without lean NOx after-treatment.","PeriodicalId":21404,"journal":{"name":"SAE transactions","volume":"144 3 1","pages":"1388-1403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91109187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During 2003 the Coordinating Research Council conducted an intermediate ambient temperature vehicle driveability research program. The objective of the program was to determine the effects of ethanol content on cold-start and warm-up driveability. Twenty-seven latest technology fuel injected vehicles, which included passenger cars, vans, and light duty trucks, were used to evaluate ten test fuels. A hydrocarbon-only base fuel was blended to have a nominal 1300 Driveability Index (Dl). Three ethanol containing fuels were produced by splash blending 3, 6, and 10 volume percent ethanol into the base fuel. Three additional ethanol fuels containing 3, 6, and 10 volume percent ethanol were produced to nominally match the 1300 Dl volatility characteristics of the hydrocarbon-only base fuel. Three hydrocarbon-only fuels were produced using the base fuel and light hydrocarbons to nominally match the volatility characteristics of the 3, 6, and 10 volume percent ethanol splash blended fuels. Cold-start and warm-up driveability tests were conducted in the ambient temperature range of -1 °C - 4°C (30°F - 40°F). As Dl increased over the range 1250 - 1300, cold-start and warm-up driveability became poorer. The program revealed that Dl alone was not a good predictor of performance for both hydrocarbon-only and ethanol blended fuels. Driveability performance models were developed for a combination of hydrocarbon-only and ethanol blended gasolines. These findings will be useful in possible future investigations to define the impact of ethanol on Driveability Index of fuels with Driveability Indices less than 1250 as specified in ASTM D 4814, Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel. Two models were developed based on Dl, one including an ethanol content term and the other model with an ethanol term independent of concentration. Surprisingly, both equations provided similar predictive precision.
2003年，协调研究委员会开展了一项中等环境温度车辆驾驶性能研究计划。该计划的目的是确定乙醇含量对冷启动和预热驾驶性能的影响。27辆最新技术的燃油喷射车辆，包括乘用车、货车和轻型卡车，被用来评估10种测试燃料。一种仅含碳氢化合物的基础燃料混合后，驾驶性能指数(Dl)达到1300。三种含乙醇的燃料是通过在基础燃料中飞溅混合3,6和10%体积的乙醇来生产的。另外还生产了三种乙醇燃料，分别含有3%、6%和10%的乙醇，名义上符合纯碳氢化合物基础燃料1300 Dl的挥发性特征。使用基础燃料和轻烃生产了三种纯碳氢化合物燃料，名义上与3,6和10%体积的乙醇飞溅混合燃料的挥发性特性相匹配。冷启动和预热驾驶性能测试在-1°C - 4°C(30°F - 40°F)的环境温度范围内进行。当Dl在1250 - 1300范围内增加时，冷启动和预热驾驶性能变得更差。该程序显示，单独的Dl并不能很好地预测纯碳氢化合物和乙醇混合燃料的性能。开发了纯碳氢化合物和乙醇混合汽油的驾驶性能模型。这些发现将有助于未来的研究，以确定乙醇对驾驶性能指数小于1250的燃料的影响，如ASTM D 4814《汽车火花点火发动机燃料标准规范》中规定的那样。基于Dl建立了两个模型，一个模型包含乙醇含量项，另一个模型包含与浓度无关的乙醇项。令人惊讶的是，这两个方程提供了相似的预测精度。
{"title":"Gasoline Driveability Index, Ethanol Content and Cold-Start/Warm-Up Vehicle Performance","authors":"C. Jewitt, L. Gibbs, B. Evans","doi":"10.4271/2005-01-3864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3864","url":null,"abstract":"During 2003 the Coordinating Research Council conducted an intermediate ambient temperature vehicle driveability research program. The objective of the program was to determine the effects of ethanol content on cold-start and warm-up driveability. Twenty-seven latest technology fuel injected vehicles, which included passenger cars, vans, and light duty trucks, were used to evaluate ten test fuels. A hydrocarbon-only base fuel was blended to have a nominal 1300 Driveability Index (Dl). Three ethanol containing fuels were produced by splash blending 3, 6, and 10 volume percent ethanol into the base fuel. Three additional ethanol fuels containing 3, 6, and 10 volume percent ethanol were produced to nominally match the 1300 Dl volatility characteristics of the hydrocarbon-only base fuel. Three hydrocarbon-only fuels were produced using the base fuel and light hydrocarbons to nominally match the volatility characteristics of the 3, 6, and 10 volume percent ethanol splash blended fuels. Cold-start and warm-up driveability tests were conducted in the ambient temperature range of -1 °C - 4°C (30°F - 40°F). As Dl increased over the range 1250 - 1300, cold-start and warm-up driveability became poorer. The program revealed that Dl alone was not a good predictor of performance for both hydrocarbon-only and ethanol blended fuels. Driveability performance models were developed for a combination of hydrocarbon-only and ethanol blended gasolines. These findings will be useful in possible future investigations to define the impact of ethanol on Driveability Index of fuels with Driveability Indices less than 1250 as specified in ASTM D 4814, Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel. Two models were developed based on Dl, one including an ethanol content term and the other model with an ethanol term independent of concentration. Surprisingly, both equations provided similar predictive precision.","PeriodicalId":21404,"journal":{"name":"SAE transactions","volume":"PC-25 1","pages":"1707-1719"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84853891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Close-coupled or manifold catalysts have been extensively employed to reduce emissions during cold start by achieving quick catalyst light-off. These catalysts must have good thermal durability, high intrinsic light-off activity and high HC/CO/NOx conversions at high temperature and flow conditions. A number of studies have been dedicated to engine control, manifold design and converter optimization to reduce cold start emissions. The current paper focuses on the effect of catalyst design parameters and their performance response to different engine operating conditions. Key design parameters such as catalyst formulation (CeO 2 vs. non CeO 2 ), precious metal loading and composition (Pd vs. Pd/Rh), washcoat loading, catalyst thermal mass, substrate properties and key application (in use) parameters such as catalyst aging, exhaust A/F ratio, A/F ratio modulation, exhaust temperature, temperature rise rate and exhaust flow rate were studied on engine dynamometers in a systematic manner. Optimized Pd light-off catalysts on 400cpsi/6.5, 600cpsi/3 and 900cpsi/2mil cordierite substrates were further examined at the manifold location for FTP-75 emission performance as a function of cold start A/F ratio to achieve the best emission results on a 1997 Nissan Altima.
在冷启动过程中，通过实现催化剂的快速点火，已广泛采用紧密耦合或多种催化剂来减少排放。这些催化剂必须在高温和流动条件下具有良好的耐热性、高的本征熄火活性和高的HC/CO/NOx转化率。许多研究都致力于发动机控制、歧管设计和转换器优化，以减少冷启动排放。本文主要研究了催化剂设计参数的影响及其对发动机不同工况下的性能响应。在发动机测功仪上系统地研究了催化剂配方(CeO 2 vs.非CeO 2)、贵金属载荷和成分(Pd vs. Pd/Rh)、涂层载荷、催化剂热质量、衬底性能等关键设计参数，以及催化剂老化、排气A/F比、A/F比调制、排气温度、温升速率和排气流量等关键应用参数。在400cpsi/6.5、600cpsi/3和900cpsi/2mil堇青石基板上进一步测试了优化后的Pd点火催化剂的fp -75排放性能，并将其作为冷启动a /F比的函数，在1997年日产Altima上获得了最佳排放效果。
{"title":"A Systematic Experimental Investigation of Pd-Based Light-Off Catalysts","authors":"Danan Dou, B. Williamson, R. Richmond","doi":"10.4271/2005-01-3848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3848","url":null,"abstract":"Close-coupled or manifold catalysts have been extensively employed to reduce emissions during cold start by achieving quick catalyst light-off. These catalysts must have good thermal durability, high intrinsic light-off activity and high HC/CO/NOx conversions at high temperature and flow conditions. A number of studies have been dedicated to engine control, manifold design and converter optimization to reduce cold start emissions. The current paper focuses on the effect of catalyst design parameters and their performance response to different engine operating conditions. Key design parameters such as catalyst formulation (CeO 2 vs. non CeO 2 ), precious metal loading and composition (Pd vs. Pd/Rh), washcoat loading, catalyst thermal mass, substrate properties and key application (in use) parameters such as catalyst aging, exhaust A/F ratio, A/F ratio modulation, exhaust temperature, temperature rise rate and exhaust flow rate were studied on engine dynamometers in a systematic manner. Optimized Pd light-off catalysts on 400cpsi/6.5, 600cpsi/3 and 900cpsi/2mil cordierite substrates were further examined at the manifold location for FTP-75 emission performance as a function of cold start A/F ratio to achieve the best emission results on a 1997 Nissan Altima.","PeriodicalId":21404,"journal":{"name":"SAE transactions","volume":"41 1","pages":"1633-1646"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74992359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of charge dilution on low-temperature diesel combustion and emissions were investigated in a small-bore single-cylinder diesel engine over a wide range of injection timing. The fresh air was diluted with additional N 2 and CO 2 , simulating 0 to 65% exhaust gas recirculation in an engine. Diluting the intake charge lowers the flame temperature T due to the reactant being replaced by inert gases with increased heat capacity. In addition, charge dilution is anticipated to influence the local charge equivalence ratio Φ prior to ignition due to the lower O 2 concentration and longer ignition delay periods. By influencing both Φ and T, charge dilution impacts the path representing the progress of the combustion process in the Φ-T plane, and offers the potential of avoiding both soot and NO x formation. In-cylinder pressure measurements, exhaust-gas emissions, and imaging of combustion luminosity were performed to clarify the path of the combustion process and the effects of charge dilution and injection timing on combustion and fuel conversion efficiency. Based on the findings, a postulated combustion process in the Φ-T plane is presented for different dilution levels and injection timings. Although the ignition delay increased with high dilution and early injection, the heat release analysis indicated that a large portion of the combustion and emissions formation processes was still dominated by the mixing-controlled phase rather than the premixed phase. Because of the incomplete premixing, and the need to mix a greater volume of charge with unbumed or partially-burned fuel to complete combustion, the diluted mixtures increased CO emissions. Injecting the fuel at earlier timings to extend the ignition delay helped alleviate this problem, but did not eliminate it. Fuel conversion efficiencies calculated for each dilution level and start of injection provide guidance as to the appropriate combustion phasing and practical levels of charge dilution for this low-temperature diesel combustion regime.
{"title":"The Influence of Charge Dilution and Injection Timing on Low-Temperature Diesel Combustion and Emissions","authors":"S. Kook, C. Bae, P. Miles, Dae Choi, L. Pickett","doi":"10.4271/2005-01-3837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3837","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of charge dilution on low-temperature diesel combustion and emissions were investigated in a small-bore single-cylinder diesel engine over a wide range of injection timing. The fresh air was diluted with additional N 2 and CO 2 , simulating 0 to 65% exhaust gas recirculation in an engine. Diluting the intake charge lowers the flame temperature T due to the reactant being replaced by inert gases with increased heat capacity. In addition, charge dilution is anticipated to influence the local charge equivalence ratio Φ prior to ignition due to the lower O 2 concentration and longer ignition delay periods. By influencing both Φ and T, charge dilution impacts the path representing the progress of the combustion process in the Φ-T plane, and offers the potential of avoiding both soot and NO x formation. In-cylinder pressure measurements, exhaust-gas emissions, and imaging of combustion luminosity were performed to clarify the path of the combustion process and the effects of charge dilution and injection timing on combustion and fuel conversion efficiency. Based on the findings, a postulated combustion process in the Φ-T plane is presented for different dilution levels and injection timings. Although the ignition delay increased with high dilution and early injection, the heat release analysis indicated that a large portion of the combustion and emissions formation processes was still dominated by the mixing-controlled phase rather than the premixed phase. Because of the incomplete premixing, and the need to mix a greater volume of charge with unbumed or partially-burned fuel to complete combustion, the diluted mixtures increased CO emissions. Injecting the fuel at earlier timings to extend the ignition delay helped alleviate this problem, but did not eliminate it. Fuel conversion efficiencies calculated for each dilution level and start of injection provide guidance as to the appropriate combustion phasing and practical levels of charge dilution for this low-temperature diesel combustion regime.","PeriodicalId":21404,"journal":{"name":"SAE transactions","volume":"87 1","pages":"1575-1595"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76052436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The selective catalytic reduction of NO using urea (urea-SCR) is one of the promising technologies for removing NO x from diesel engine exhaust. The engine-out NO x is reduced by ammonia (NH 3 ) derived from urea over a catalyst to environmentally benign N 2 . In this paper, we investigate the effect of various reactor operating conditions on the NO x reduction performance of three different catalyst formulations (e.g., Cu-zeolite, Fe-zeolite, Vanadium-based) to obtain useful guidance in the design and operation of urea-SCR lean NO x emission control systems. We examine the effects of NO:NO 2 ratio on the steady-state NO x reduction activity at typical diesel engine exhaust temperatures (150-550°C). Transient measurements were also performed to determine the impact of NH 3 :NO x ratio and NH 3 storage on catalyst performance. The impacts of hydrocarbon poisoning and sulfur poisoning /regeneration were also examined.
{"title":"Evaluation of Supplier Catalyst Formulations for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx With Ammonia","authors":"S. J. Schmieg, Jong-hwan Lee","doi":"10.4271/2005-01-3881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3881","url":null,"abstract":"The selective catalytic reduction of NO using urea (urea-SCR) is one of the promising technologies for removing NO x from diesel engine exhaust. The engine-out NO x is reduced by ammonia (NH 3 ) derived from urea over a catalyst to environmentally benign N 2 . In this paper, we investigate the effect of various reactor operating conditions on the NO x reduction performance of three different catalyst formulations (e.g., Cu-zeolite, Fe-zeolite, Vanadium-based) to obtain useful guidance in the design and operation of urea-SCR lean NO x emission control systems. We examine the effects of NO:NO 2 ratio on the steady-state NO x reduction activity at typical diesel engine exhaust temperatures (150-550°C). Transient measurements were also performed to determine the impact of NH 3 :NO x ratio and NH 3 storage on catalyst performance. The impacts of hydrocarbon poisoning and sulfur poisoning /regeneration were also examined.","PeriodicalId":21404,"journal":{"name":"SAE transactions","volume":"55 1","pages":"1786-1794"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73654274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Automatic transmission design has undergone significant changes over the past two decades as automotive companies pursue improved reliability and ease of operation while addressing mandated legislation by government and regulatory bodies, particularly in the areas of energy efficiency and emission reduction. This has also impacted the design parameters for the fluids that are used in these new transmissions, including both the additive chemistry and the lubricant base stocks. The selection of base stocks has transitioned over the years from wax-free naphthenics to solvent processed paraffinics, and more recently to hydroprocessed and catalytically dewaxed paraffinics. These highly saturated and high performance base stocks have several unique features that make them ideal for present and future automatic transmissions, including high Viscosity Index, low n-paraffin residual wax content, low volatility and excellent response to additive chemistry. The effects of high performance base stocks on automatic transmission fluid design and performance will be discussed. This will include base stock effects on both high and low temperature fluidity, oxidation performance and other important transmission fluid properties. The use of very low viscosity fluids will also be discussed as they can provide some interesting options to the lube formulator in terms of fluidity modification or dumbbell blending.
{"title":"Base Stock Developments in Automatic Transmission Fluid Design","authors":"W. Kwon, Kyung-Woong Kim, H. E. Henderson","doi":"10.4271/2005-01-3858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3858","url":null,"abstract":"Automatic transmission design has undergone significant changes over the past two decades as automotive companies pursue improved reliability and ease of operation while addressing mandated legislation by government and regulatory bodies, particularly in the areas of energy efficiency and emission reduction. This has also impacted the design parameters for the fluids that are used in these new transmissions, including both the additive chemistry and the lubricant base stocks. The selection of base stocks has transitioned over the years from wax-free naphthenics to solvent processed paraffinics, and more recently to hydroprocessed and catalytically dewaxed paraffinics. These highly saturated and high performance base stocks have several unique features that make them ideal for present and future automatic transmissions, including high Viscosity Index, low n-paraffin residual wax content, low volatility and excellent response to additive chemistry. The effects of high performance base stocks on automatic transmission fluid design and performance will be discussed. This will include base stock effects on both high and low temperature fluidity, oxidation performance and other important transmission fluid properties. The use of very low viscosity fluids will also be discussed as they can provide some interesting options to the lube formulator in terms of fluidity modification or dumbbell blending.","PeriodicalId":21404,"journal":{"name":"SAE transactions","volume":"102 1","pages":"1673-1695"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79417386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A combination of imaging techniques for investigations of highly transient processes and cyclic variations in internal combustion engines is presented. The single high-speed camera setup uses a CMOS camera combined with a two-stage image-intensifier and two excimer lasers. Fuel mixing, ignition and combustion were monitored via planar laser induced fluorescence imaging of toluene as a tracer that was added to iso-octane in combination with the simultaneous recording of light emission from the spark plasma and OH chemiluminescence of the developing flame. Image frame rates of 12 kHz for hundreds of cycles were achieved. Application to misfire events in a spray-guided gasoline direct-injection engine is described to illustrate the merits of the technique.
{"title":"Crank-Angle Resolved Imaging of Fuel Distribution, Ignition and Combustion in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine","authors":"J. D. Smith, V. Sick","doi":"10.4271/2005-01-3753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3753","url":null,"abstract":"A combination of imaging techniques for investigations of highly transient processes and cyclic variations in internal combustion engines is presented. The single high-speed camera setup uses a CMOS camera combined with a two-stage image-intensifier and two excimer lasers. Fuel mixing, ignition and combustion were monitored via planar laser induced fluorescence imaging of toluene as a tracer that was added to iso-octane in combination with the simultaneous recording of light emission from the spark plasma and OH chemiluminescence of the developing flame. Image frame rates of 12 kHz for hundreds of cycles were achieved. Application to misfire events in a spray-guided gasoline direct-injection engine is described to illustrate the merits of the technique.","PeriodicalId":21404,"journal":{"name":"SAE transactions","volume":"5 1","pages":"1575-1585"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79397162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Naik, W. Pitz, C. Westbrook, Magnus Sjöberg, J. Dec, J. Orme, H. Curran, J. Simmie
Gasoline consists of many different classes of hydrocarbons, such as paraffins, olefins, aromatics, and cycloalkanes. In this study, a surrogate gasoline reaction mechanism is developed, and it has one representative fuel constituent from each of these classes. These selected constituents are iso-octane, n-heptane, 1-pentene, toluene, and methyl-cyclohexane. The mechanism was developed in a step-wise fashion, adding submechanisms to treat each fuel component. Reactions important for low temperature oxidation (<1000K) and cross-reactions among different fuels are incorporated into the mechanism. The mechanism consists of 1214 species and 5401 reactions. A single-zone engine model is used to evaluate how well the mechanism captures autoignition behavior for conditions corresponding to homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine operation. Experimental data are available for both how the combustion phasing changes with fueling at a constant intake temperature, and also how the intake temperature has to be changed with pressure in order to maintain combustion phasing for a fixed equivalence ratio. Three different surrogate fuel mixtures are used for the modeling. Predictions are in reasonably good agreement with the engine data. In addition, the heat release rate is calculated and compared to the data from experiments. The model predicts less low-temperature heat release than that measured. more » It is found that the low temperature heat-release rate depends strongly on engine speed, reactions of RO{sub 2}+HO{sub 2}, fuel composition, and pressure boost. « less
{"title":"Detailed Chemical Kinetic Modeling of Surrogate Fuels for Gasoline and Application to an HCCI Engine","authors":"C. Naik, W. Pitz, C. Westbrook, Magnus Sjöberg, J. Dec, J. Orme, H. Curran, J. Simmie","doi":"10.4271/2005-01-3741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3741","url":null,"abstract":"Gasoline consists of many different classes of hydrocarbons, such as paraffins, olefins, aromatics, and cycloalkanes. In this study, a surrogate gasoline reaction mechanism is developed, and it has one representative fuel constituent from each of these classes. These selected constituents are iso-octane, n-heptane, 1-pentene, toluene, and methyl-cyclohexane. The mechanism was developed in a step-wise fashion, adding submechanisms to treat each fuel component. Reactions important for low temperature oxidation (<1000K) and cross-reactions among different fuels are incorporated into the mechanism. The mechanism consists of 1214 species and 5401 reactions. A single-zone engine model is used to evaluate how well the mechanism captures autoignition behavior for conditions corresponding to homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine operation. Experimental data are available for both how the combustion phasing changes with fueling at a constant intake temperature, and also how the intake temperature has to be changed with pressure in order to maintain combustion phasing for a fixed equivalence ratio. Three different surrogate fuel mixtures are used for the modeling. Predictions are in reasonably good agreement with the engine data. In addition, the heat release rate is calculated and compared to the data from experiments. The model predicts less low-temperature heat release than that measured. more » It is found that the low temperature heat-release rate depends strongly on engine speed, reactions of RO{sub 2}+HO{sub 2}, fuel composition, and pressure boost. « less","PeriodicalId":21404,"journal":{"name":"SAE transactions","volume":"513 1","pages":"1381-1387"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77794798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advanced diesel combustion modes offer the promise of reduced engine-out particulate and nitrogen oxide emissions, thereby reducing the demand on post-combustion emission control devices. In this activity, a light-duty diesel engine was operated in conventional and advanced combustion modes. The advanced combustion modes investigated correspond to both clean (i.e., low PM and low NO x ) and clean efficient combustion. The low-NOx, low-PM mode is considered an intermediate condition and the low-NO x , low-PM efficient mode is referred to as high efficiency clean combustion (HECC). Particulate and gaseous emissions were analyzed during all of these experiments. The detailed exhaust chemistry analysis provided significant new information to improving our understanding of these modes as well as identifying potentially important unregulated emissions.
{"title":"Implications of Particulate and Precursor Compounds Formed During High-Efficiency Clean Combustion in a Diesel Engine","authors":"C. Sluder, R. M. Wagner, J. Storey, S. Lewis","doi":"10.4271/2005-01-3844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3844","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced diesel combustion modes offer the promise of reduced engine-out particulate and nitrogen oxide emissions, thereby reducing the demand on post-combustion emission control devices. In this activity, a light-duty diesel engine was operated in conventional and advanced combustion modes. The advanced combustion modes investigated correspond to both clean (i.e., low PM and low NO x ) and clean efficient combustion. The low-NOx, low-PM mode is considered an intermediate condition and the low-NO x , low-PM efficient mode is referred to as high efficiency clean combustion (HECC). Particulate and gaseous emissions were analyzed during all of these experiments. The detailed exhaust chemistry analysis provided significant new information to improving our understanding of these modes as well as identifying potentially important unregulated emissions.","PeriodicalId":21404,"journal":{"name":"SAE transactions","volume":"108 1","pages":"1622-1632"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88131020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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