Pub Date : 2024-03-07DOI: 10.1134/s1062360423060061
S. V. Pavlova, K. R. Valetdinova, T. B. Malankhanova, D. E. Polivtsev, A. A. Malahova, E. V. Grigor’eva, A. I. Shevchenko, S. M. Zakian, S. P. Medvedev
Abstract
Genome editing in human pluripotent stem cells using programmable nucleases makes it possible to create models of hereditary pathologies using directed transgenesis, gene knockout, and replacement of individual nucleotides in DNA sequences. Using CRISPR/SpCas9-mediated homologous recombination at the AAVS1 locus, clones of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ICGi022-A (Malakhova et al., 2020) were obtained, which carry transgenes of two variants of the nuclease AsCas12a (also known as AsCpf1), recognizing different PAM consensuses, and the reverse doxycycline transgene-dependent transactivator M2rtTA. For each AsCas12a variant, the lines ICGi022-A-6 (AsCas12a, PAM 5'-TTTV-3') and ICGi022-A-7 (AsCas12a, PAM 5'-TYCV-3') were obtained. Using Western blot analysis, it was shown that the addition of doxycycline to the culture medium causes activation of the expression of AsCas12a(TTTV) and AsCas12a(TYCV) proteins. The resulting transgenic iPSC clones were subjected to molecular and cytogenetic analysis. Using quantitative PCR and immunocytochemical analysis, it was shown that they have a high level of mRNA expression of gene markers of pluripotent cells, namely OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2, as well as specific expression of protein markers OCT4, SOX2, SSEA-4, and TRA-1-60. In addition, using iPSCs spontaneous differentiation into embryoid bodies, it was found that transgenic clones can give derivatives of all three primitive germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Cytogenetic analysis showed that transgenic iPSC clones have a normal karyotype, 46,XX.
{"title":"Transgenic Lines of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ICGi022-A-6 and ICGi022-A-7 with Doxycycline-Inducible Variants of Programmable Nuclease AsCas12a","authors":"S. V. Pavlova, K. R. Valetdinova, T. B. Malankhanova, D. E. Polivtsev, A. A. Malahova, E. V. Grigor’eva, A. I. Shevchenko, S. M. Zakian, S. P. Medvedev","doi":"10.1134/s1062360423060061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062360423060061","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Genome editing in human pluripotent stem cells using programmable nucleases makes it possible to create models of hereditary pathologies using directed transgenesis, gene knockout, and replacement of individual nucleotides in DNA sequences. Using CRISPR/SpCas9-mediated homologous recombination at the AAVS1 locus, clones of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ICGi022-A (Malakhova et al., 2020) were obtained, which carry transgenes of two variants of the nuclease AsCas12a (also known as AsCpf1), recognizing different PAM consensuses, and the reverse doxycycline transgene-dependent transactivator M2rtTA. For each AsCas12a variant, the lines ICGi022-A-6 (AsCas12a, PAM 5'-TTTV-3') and ICGi022-A-7 (AsCas12a, PAM 5'-TYCV-3') were obtained. Using Western blot analysis, it was shown that the addition of doxycycline to the culture medium causes activation of the expression of AsCas12a(TTTV) and AsCas12a(TYCV) proteins. The resulting transgenic iPSC clones were subjected to molecular and cytogenetic analysis. Using quantitative PCR and immunocytochemical analysis, it was shown that they have a high level of mRNA expression of gene markers of pluripotent cells, namely <i>OCT4, NANOG</i>, and <i>SOX2</i>, as well as specific expression of protein markers OCT4, SOX2, SSEA-4, and TRA-1-60. In addition, using iPSCs spontaneous differentiation into embryoid bodies, it was found that transgenic clones can give derivatives of all three primitive germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Cytogenetic analysis showed that transgenic iPSC clones have a normal karyotype, 46,XX.</p>","PeriodicalId":21434,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Developmental Biology","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140071633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.1134/s106236042305003x
G. F. Antonova, V. V. Stasova, G. G. Suvorova, V. A. Oskolkov
Abstract
Wood formation (xylogenesis) in trees depends on two main factors providing growth processes with assimilates and energy, photosynthesis and respiration. Temperature and precipitation affect photosynthesis and respiration and, consequently, growth processes in wood. The aim of our study was to characterise the relationship of growth processes (cambium activity and biomass deposition) in Pinus sylvestris L. (Scotch pine) trunks with crown photosynthetic activity and trunk respiration in years with contrasting summer-weather conditions. Formation of xylem and phloem cells, accumulation of cell wall biomass, photosynthetic productivity and trunk respiration were studied in P. sylvestris trees growing in Eastern Siberia (Russia). We estimated the number of cells in differentiation zones and morphological parameters of cells produced by cambium, determined cambium activity, accumulation of biomass in tracheid walls and their relationship with crown photosynthetic productivity and stem respiration costs at certain stages of annual ring wood formation. It turned out that cambium cell division towards xylem or phloem depends on the combination of temperature and precipitation in some periods of the season, as well as on the reaction of photosynthesis and respiration to these factors. Biomass accumulation had a bimodal character with maxima in June (early wood development) and predominantly in August (development of thick-walled late tracheids). This corresponded to an optimum combination of air temperature and humidity, providing sufficient assimilate influx and low respiration consumption. We also showed that cambial activity and biomass accumulation in the cell walls of annual wood rings depend on the cumulative effect of temperature and precipitation on photosynthesis and stem respiration during the growing season. Fluctuations in external factors changes the balance between the inflow of photoassimilates and their utilization. As a result, photoassimilates are utilised not only for synthesis of cell wall biomass, but also partially converted into reserve substances, particularly starch. Our study expands the understanding of plant development processes that lead to wood formation under the influence of external factors.
{"title":"Xylogenesis, Photosynthesis and Respiration in Scots Pine Trees Growing in Eastern Siberia (Russia)","authors":"G. F. Antonova, V. V. Stasova, G. G. Suvorova, V. A. Oskolkov","doi":"10.1134/s106236042305003x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s106236042305003x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Wood formation (xylogenesis) in trees depends on two main factors providing growth processes with assimilates and energy, photosynthesis and respiration. Temperature and precipitation affect photosynthesis and respiration and, consequently, growth processes in wood. The aim of our study was to characterise the relationship of growth processes (cambium activity and biomass deposition) in <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L. (Scotch pine) trunks with crown photosynthetic activity and trunk respiration in years with contrasting summer-weather conditions. Formation of xylem and phloem cells, accumulation of cell wall biomass, photosynthetic productivity and trunk respiration were studied in <i>P. sylvestris</i> trees growing in Eastern Siberia (Russia). We estimated the number of cells in differentiation zones and morphological parameters of cells produced by cambium, determined cambium activity, accumulation of biomass in tracheid walls and their relationship with crown photosynthetic productivity and stem respiration costs at certain stages of annual ring wood formation. It turned out that cambium cell division towards xylem or phloem depends on the combination of temperature and precipitation in some periods of the season, as well as on the reaction of photosynthesis and respiration to these factors. Biomass accumulation had a bimodal character with maxima in June (early wood development) and predominantly in August (development of thick-walled late tracheids). This corresponded to an optimum combination of air temperature and humidity, providing sufficient assimilate influx and low respiration consumption. We also showed that cambial activity and biomass accumulation in the cell walls of annual wood rings depend on the cumulative effect of temperature and precipitation on photosynthesis and stem respiration during the growing season. Fluctuations in external factors changes the balance between the inflow of photoassimilates and their utilization. As a result, photoassimilates are utilised not only for synthesis of cell wall biomass, but also partially converted into reserve substances, particularly starch. Our study expands the understanding of plant development processes that lead to wood formation under the influence of external factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":21434,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Developmental Biology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139463292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.1134/s1062360423050065
E. P. Turishcheva, G. A. Ashniev, M. S. Vildanova, E. A. Smirnova
Abstract
Some inducers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can affect the motility of normal and tumor cells. However, it is unknown what mechanisms mediate this effect and whether it is a consequence of ER stress. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of the ER stress inducer dithiothreitol (DTT) on morphological features reflecting the locomotor properties of cells as well as directly on the migratory properties of cultured human dermal fibroblasts and fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells. The authors have shown that DTT causes disruption of the organization of actin cytoskeleton in both types of cells, which is accompanied by a change in the cell surface and shape of cells, as well as in a decrease in their spreading area. In addition, a decrease in the number of focal adhesions was observed in dermal fibroblasts. DTT also reduced the motility of dermal fibroblasts and fibrosarcoma cells. To analyze cell motility and determine the moment of its change, the authors developed a method that showed that the change in the migratory properties of fibrosarcoma cells cultured with DTT began earlier than in dermal fibroblasts. Thus, activation of ER stress by DTT is accompanied by a change in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton and motility in normal and tumor human cells. Consequently, ER stress triggered by various inducers with different mechanisms of action affects the motility of normal and tumor cells, which must be taken into account when developing antitumor drugs that cause cell death through activation of ER stress.
摘要内质网（ER）应激的某些诱导剂可影响正常细胞和肿瘤细胞的运动。然而，目前还不清楚是什么机制介导了这种效应，以及它是否是ER应激的结果。本研究的目的是研究ER应激诱导剂二硫苏糖醇（DTT）对反映细胞运动特性的形态特征的影响，以及直接对培养的人真皮成纤维细胞和纤维肉瘤HT1080细胞迁移特性的影响。作者的研究表明，DTT 会破坏这两种细胞的肌动蛋白细胞骨架组织，并伴随着细胞表面和细胞形状的变化，以及细胞扩散面积的减少。此外，在真皮成纤维细胞中还观察到局灶粘连数量的减少。DTT 还会降低真皮成纤维细胞和纤维肉瘤细胞的运动能力。为了分析细胞的运动性并确定其发生变化的时间，作者开发了一种方法，该方法显示，用 DTT 培养的纤维肉瘤细胞的迁移特性的变化开始得比真皮成纤维细胞早。因此，在正常细胞和肿瘤细胞中，DTT 对 ER 应激的激活伴随着肌动蛋白细胞骨架组织和运动性的改变。因此，由不同作用机制的诱导剂引发的ER应激会影响正常细胞和肿瘤细胞的运动，在开发通过激活ER应激导致细胞死亡的抗肿瘤药物时必须考虑到这一点。
{"title":"Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Inducer Dithiothreitol Affects the Morphology and Motility of Cultured Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Fibrosarcoma HT1080 Cell Line","authors":"E. P. Turishcheva, G. A. Ashniev, M. S. Vildanova, E. A. Smirnova","doi":"10.1134/s1062360423050065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062360423050065","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Some inducers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can affect the motility of normal and tumor cells. However, it is unknown what mechanisms mediate this effect and whether it is a consequence of ER stress. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of the ER stress inducer dithiothreitol (DTT) on morphological features reflecting the locomotor properties of cells as well as directly on the migratory properties of cultured human dermal fibroblasts and fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells. The authors have shown that DTT causes disruption of the organization of actin cytoskeleton in both types of cells, which is accompanied by a change in the cell surface and shape of cells, as well as in a decrease in their spreading area. In addition, a decrease in the number of focal adhesions was observed in dermal fibroblasts. DTT also reduced the motility of dermal fibroblasts and fibrosarcoma cells. To analyze cell motility and determine the moment of its change, the authors developed a method that showed that the change in the migratory properties of fibrosarcoma cells cultured with DTT began earlier than in dermal fibroblasts. Thus, activation of ER stress by DTT is accompanied by a change in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton and motility in normal and tumor human cells. Consequently, ER stress triggered by various inducers with different mechanisms of action affects the motility of normal and tumor cells, which must be taken into account when developing antitumor drugs that cause cell death through activation of ER stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":21434,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Developmental Biology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139463436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.1134/s1062360423050053
N. I. Gabarayeva
Abstract
The review is devoted to the analysis and generalization of modern knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the ontogeny of the male gametophyte envelope. New and earlier data on exine development аre discussed, and recurrent phases in the development of exine of phylogenetically distant plant species are emphasized. Though exine formation has been shown to be dependent on plenty of genes, the reiteration of exine patterns in different plant species (e.g. columellate, granular, “white-lined” lamellae) suggests that these patterns are based on some non-biological principles of space-filling operations. However, mechanisms involved remained obscure until it became clear that the sequence of structures observed during exine development coincided with the sequence of self-assembling micellar mesophases. It was discovered later that another physical-chemical process—phase separation—participated in exine formation. To confirm that exine-like patterns are capable of generating in vitro by simple physical processes, and their formation does not require regulation at the genome level, some our and other authors’ in vitro experiments were undertaken; the data obtained are discussed. Several series of our new experiments on modeling exine development with mixtures of surface-active substances resulted in some patterns simulating the main types of natural exine. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the samples has shown that patterns simulating the full range of exine types were obtained by joint action of phase separation and micellar self-assembly. The reconsideration and analysis of our and other authors’ morphogenetic and modeling data revealed that molecular-genetic mechanisms and physical forces work in tandem, with considerable input of physical processes.
{"title":"The Role of Physical Processes in Pollen Wall Morphogenesis: Hypothesis and Experimental Confirmation","authors":"N. I. Gabarayeva","doi":"10.1134/s1062360423050053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062360423050053","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The review is devoted to the analysis and generalization of modern knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the ontogeny of the male gametophyte envelope. New and earlier data on exine development аre discussed, and recurrent phases in the development of exine of phylogenetically distant plant species are emphasized. Though exine formation has been shown to be dependent on plenty of genes, the reiteration of exine patterns in different plant species (e.g. columellate, granular, “white-lined” lamellae) suggests that these patterns are based on some non-biological principles of space-filling operations. However, mechanisms involved remained obscure until it became clear that the sequence of structures observed during exine development coincided with the sequence of self-assembling micellar mesophases. It was discovered later that another physical-chemical process—phase separation—participated in exine formation. To confirm that exine-like patterns are capable of generating in vitro by simple physical processes, and their formation does not require regulation at the genome level, some our and other authors’ in vitro experiments were undertaken; the data obtained are discussed. Several series of our new experiments on modeling exine development with mixtures of surface-active substances resulted in some patterns simulating the main types of natural exine. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the samples has shown that patterns simulating the full range of exine types were obtained by joint action of phase separation and micellar self-assembly. The reconsideration and analysis of our and other authors’ morphogenetic and modeling data revealed that molecular-genetic mechanisms and physical forces work in tandem, with considerable input of physical processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21434,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Developmental Biology","volume":"84 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139463224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.1134/s1062360423050028
V. K. Abdyev, E. V. Alpeeva, E. N. Kalistratova, E. A. Vorotelyak, A. V. Vasiliev
Abstract
The pluripotent status of a cell in vivo is spatio-temporally regulated within embryogenesis and is determined by the processes of self-renewal, endless proliferation, and differentiation into all cell types of the body. Initially, the concept of pluripotency status was proposed for characterization of teratocarcinoma cells, and then this concept was applied to the embryonic cells of the preimplantation mouse embryo. Mouse and human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are formed during the preimplantation period and are present in the embryo until the beginning of gastrulation. The differentiation of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst (ICM) into a hypoblast and an epiblast, which develops into the embryo itself, is one of the main events in early mammalian development. Continuous and dynamic transformation of pluripotency states in development coincides with the morphogenetic processes that are involved in the formation and maturation of the epiblast. Thus, blastocyst ICM cells differ in epigenetic and transcription patterns from their daughter cells forming the peri/postimplantation epiblast. With the onset of gastrulation movements, the maturation of epiblast cells ends with their differentiation into cells of three germ layers. This review considers the historical aspects of the study of cell pluripotency, various sources of PSCs, and mechanisms and signaling pathways that support self-renewal and pluripotency in PSCs cultures. In addition, the authors summarize and conceptualize data on morphogenetic processes that are involved in the formation of naive ICM cells in vivo and the subsequent maturation of mouse and human epiblast cells associated with the transformation of their pluripotency states.
{"title":"Transformation of Pluripotency States during Morphogenesis of Mouse and Human Epiblast","authors":"V. K. Abdyev, E. V. Alpeeva, E. N. Kalistratova, E. A. Vorotelyak, A. V. Vasiliev","doi":"10.1134/s1062360423050028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062360423050028","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The pluripotent status of a cell in vivo is spatio-temporally regulated within embryogenesis and is determined by the processes of self-renewal, endless proliferation, and differentiation into all cell types of the body. Initially, the concept of pluripotency status was proposed for characterization of teratocarcinoma cells, and then this concept was applied to the embryonic cells of the preimplantation mouse embryo. Mouse and human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are formed during the preimplantation period and are present in the embryo until the beginning of gastrulation. The differentiation of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst (ICM) into a hypoblast and an epiblast, which develops into the embryo itself, is one of the main events in early mammalian development. Continuous and dynamic transformation of pluripotency states in development coincides with the morphogenetic processes that are involved in the formation and maturation of the epiblast. Thus, blastocyst ICM cells differ in epigenetic and transcription patterns from their daughter cells forming the peri/postimplantation epiblast. With the onset of gastrulation movements, the maturation of epiblast cells ends with their differentiation into cells of three germ layers. This review considers the historical aspects of the study of cell pluripotency, various sources of PSCs, and mechanisms and signaling pathways that support self-renewal and pluripotency in PSCs cultures. In addition, the authors summarize and conceptualize data on morphogenetic processes that are involved in the formation of naive ICM cells in vivo and the subsequent maturation of mouse and human epiblast cells associated with the transformation of their pluripotency states.</p>","PeriodicalId":21434,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Developmental Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139463251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.1134/s1062360423050041
A. I. Bogomolov, Y. A. Kraus, E. E. Voronezhskaya
Abstract
The maternal effects that increase the adaptability of offspring are often caused by stressful conditions that persist in the environment. However, it is not clear where the threshold lies at which maternal effects cease to be adaptive for offspring and lead to developmental instability. One of the known environmental stressors is the unpredictable changes in environmental conditions. We aimed to test whether instability of the maternal environment lead to a decrease in developmental robustness in the offspring of the gastropod mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis. The laboratory population of snails was split into two groups. For the first group, conditions were maintained as stable as possible, with constant water exchange and excessive feeding. The second group was kept under unstable (stressful) conditions, with episodic feeding and water exchange. The unstable conditions alone did not affect the frequency of developmental anomalies in the offspring. Since serotonin is thought to play the role of the signaling molecule mediating the maternal effect in L. stagnalis, we exposed the embryos of both groups to the biochemical precursor of serotonin (5-HTP). After incubation in 5-HTP, the proportion of embryos with developmental anomalies was significantly higher for the offspring of mothers living in unstable conditions. We also demonstrated rich serotoninergic innervation of the hermaphroditic gland (ovotestis) and accumulation of serotonin in the cytoplasm of the forming oocytes, supporting the role of serotonin in the maternal signaling. Our experiments suggest that, accumulation of serotonin in the oocyte/zygote may exceed the adaptive level and increase the risk of malformations during embryonic development.
{"title":"Instability of the Mother’s Environment Leads to Reduced Developmental Robustness in Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca: Gastropoda)","authors":"A. I. Bogomolov, Y. A. Kraus, E. E. Voronezhskaya","doi":"10.1134/s1062360423050041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062360423050041","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The maternal effects that increase the adaptability of offspring are often caused by stressful conditions that persist in the environment. However, it is not clear where the threshold lies at which maternal effects cease to be adaptive for offspring and lead to developmental instability. One of the known environmental stressors is the unpredictable changes in environmental conditions. We aimed to test whether instability of the maternal environment lead to a decrease in developmental robustness in the offspring of the gastropod mollusk <i>Lymnaea stagnalis</i>. The laboratory population of snails was split into two groups. For the first group, conditions were maintained as stable as possible, with constant water exchange and excessive feeding. The second group was kept under unstable (stressful) conditions, with episodic feeding and water exchange. The unstable conditions alone did not affect the frequency of developmental anomalies in the offspring. Since serotonin is thought to play the role of the signaling molecule mediating the maternal effect in <i>L. stagnalis</i>, we exposed the embryos of both groups to the biochemical precursor of serotonin (5-HTP). After incubation in 5-HTP, the proportion of embryos with developmental anomalies was significantly higher for the offspring of mothers living in unstable conditions. We also demonstrated rich serotoninergic innervation of the hermaphroditic gland (ovotestis) and accumulation of serotonin in the cytoplasm of the forming oocytes, supporting the role of serotonin in the maternal signaling. Our experiments suggest that, accumulation of serotonin in the oocyte/zygote may exceed the adaptive level and increase the risk of malformations during embryonic development.</p>","PeriodicalId":21434,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Developmental Biology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139463342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s1062360423060073
Abstract
Differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients and healthy donors allows in vitro study of genetic disorders. The authors have previously reported a clinical case of recurrent pregnancy loss in a patient with skewed X-chromosome inactivation in peripheral blood lymphocytes, endometrium, and buccal epithelium. A 239 kb microdeletion at Xq24 that affected eight genes, including UBE2A, has been found. In this work, an iPSC line iTAF15Xsk4 was produced from the patient’s skin fibroblasts using nonintegrating episomal vectors. The iPSC line had a normal karyotype, expressed pluripotency markers, and expressed markers of all three germ layers upon differentiation in embryoid bodies. This cell line could be used for the UBE2A deficiency syndrome study.
{"title":"Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Line iTAF15Xsk4 from Fibroblasts of a Patient with Microdeletion at Xq24","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s1062360423060073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062360423060073","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients and healthy donors allows in vitro study of genetic disorders. The authors have previously reported a clinical case of recurrent pregnancy loss in a patient with skewed X-chromosome inactivation in peripheral blood lymphocytes, endometrium, and buccal epithelium. A 239 kb microdeletion at Xq24 that affected eight genes, including <em>UBE2A</em>, has been found. In this work, an iPSC line iTAF15Xsk4 was produced from the patient’s skin fibroblasts using nonintegrating episomal vectors. The iPSC line had a normal karyotype, expressed pluripotency markers, and expressed markers of all three germ layers upon differentiation in embryoid bodies. This cell line could be used for the <em>UBE2A</em> deficiency syndrome study.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":21434,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Developmental Biology","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140071636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s1062360423070020
Abstract
The hypothesis about whole-genome duplications as the most important driver of transformation of the structure plan and lifestyle of vertebrates at the early stages of their evolution is generally accepted today. At the same time, details such as the timing and mechanisms of these duplications still remain controversial. Research into issues of periodization, number, and in which evolutionary lineages rounds of whole-genome and/or local duplications occurred in vertebrates continues as methodology and technical capabilities develop. The role of high-throughput genomic sequencing and big data analysis is increasing, which makes it possible to identify and track the history of not only individual genes or their families but of large sections of the genome, including at the chromosomal level. New opportunities allow for considering the problem at the macro level and conduct a comparative analysis of the genomic characteristics of representatives of different evolutionary groups. In this article, which is a logical continuation of an earlier review article (in 2020), the authors make an attempt to review and summarize the data of recent years, largely related to the sequencing of genomes of representatives of evolutionarily ancient (basal) groups of vertebrates and to understand the contribution of this new information to our ideas about the early evolutionary history of the vertebrate genotype. According to new data, the divergence and observed significant differences in the morphological plans of the two evolutionary lineages of vertebrates could be ensured by different scenarios of polyploidization of their genomes.
{"title":"Reconstruction of Ancestral Genomes as a Key to Understanding the Early Evolution of Vertebrate Genotype","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s1062360423070020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062360423070020","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The hypothesis about whole-genome duplications as the most important driver of transformation of the structure plan and lifestyle of vertebrates at the early stages of their evolution is generally accepted today. At the same time, details such as the timing and mechanisms of these duplications still remain controversial. Research into issues of periodization, number, and in which evolutionary lineages rounds of whole-genome and/or local duplications occurred in vertebrates continues as methodology and technical capabilities develop. The role of high-throughput genomic sequencing and big data analysis is increasing, which makes it possible to identify and track the history of not only individual genes or their families but of large sections of the genome, including at the chromosomal level. New opportunities allow for considering the problem at the macro level and conduct a comparative analysis of the genomic characteristics of representatives of different evolutionary groups. In this article, which is a logical continuation of an earlier review article (in 2020), the authors make an attempt to review and summarize the data of recent years, largely related to the sequencing of genomes of representatives of evolutionarily ancient (basal) groups of vertebrates and to understand the contribution of this new information to our ideas about the early evolutionary history of the vertebrate genotype. According to new data, the divergence and observed significant differences in the morphological plans of the two evolutionary lineages of vertebrates could be ensured by different scenarios of polyploidization of their genomes.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":21434,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Developmental Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140200519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s1062360423070044
Abstract
The life cycle of the common ancestor of Metazoa is a widely debated topic in EvoDevo. This is intimately linked to a number of questions, such as how the larva appeared in the metazoan life cycle and which larval form can be considered ancestral. To approach these questions, we can analyse the life cycles and larval forms of Cnidaria, the basal metazoans that form a sister group to the Bilateria. Almost all cnidarians have a pelagic larva in their life cycle. These larvae are commonly referred to as “planula,” with few exceptions. The planula is a ciliated lecithotrophic larva with epithelial ectoderm and endoderm, a gastric cavity, and an elongated body. The review examines whether the larvae of various Cnidaria fit this description and explores which larval form is ancestral for different cnidarian taxa. It also highlights the enormous diversity of cnidarian larvae, which is still underestimated, and infers the relationship between the evolution of life cycles, reproductive patterns, and larval forms in various phylogenetic groups of cnidarians.
{"title":"Cnidarian Larvae: True Planulae, Other-Than-Planulae, and Planulae That Don’t Look Like Planulae","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s1062360423070044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062360423070044","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The life cycle of the common ancestor of Metazoa is a widely debated topic in EvoDevo. This is intimately linked to a number of questions, such as how the larva appeared in the metazoan life cycle and which larval form can be considered ancestral. To approach these questions, we can analyse the life cycles and larval forms of Cnidaria, the basal metazoans that form a sister group to the Bilateria. Almost all cnidarians have a pelagic larva in their life cycle. These larvae are commonly referred to as “planula,” with few exceptions. The planula is a ciliated lecithotrophic larva with epithelial ectoderm and endoderm, a gastric cavity, and an elongated body. The review examines whether the larvae of various Cnidaria fit this description and explores which larval form is ancestral for different cnidarian taxa. It also highlights the enormous diversity of cnidarian larvae, which is still underestimated, and infers the relationship between the evolution of life cycles, reproductive patterns, and larval forms in various phylogenetic groups of cnidarians.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":21434,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Developmental Biology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140200539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s1062360423060024
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are a unique cell type that can differentiate into all cell types in the body. In PSC culture, subpopulations with different levels of pluripotency may exist, which leads to different results during their differentiation. One of the key factors that determine the state of pluripotency and influence the differentiation potential of PSCs is the epigenetic state of cells, including the level of histone deacetylation. Activation of histone deacetylase (HDAC) in human and mouse PSCs increases the percentage of heterochromatin. In this work, we used a protocol for the differentiation of embryoid bodies from induced human pluripotent hiPSC cells designed for the formation of ectoderm and neuroectoderm with their subsequent development into skin organoids. However, after hiPSCs were exposed to HDAC inhibitors (sodium butyrate and valproic acid), the direction of their differentiation changed: mesoderm was formed, which subsequently developed into contracting cardiospheres.
{"title":"Preliminary Exposure to Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Changes the Direction of Human iPSCs’ Differentiation with the Formation of Cardiospheres Instead of Skin Organoids","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s1062360423060024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062360423060024","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are a unique cell type that can differentiate into all cell types in the body. In PSC culture, subpopulations with different levels of pluripotency may exist, which leads to different results during their differentiation. One of the key factors that determine the state of pluripotency and influence the differentiation potential of PSCs is the epigenetic state of cells, including the level of histone deacetylation. Activation of histone deacetylase (HDAC) in human and mouse PSCs increases the percentage of heterochromatin. In this work, we used a protocol for the differentiation of embryoid bodies from induced human pluripotent hiPSC cells designed for the formation of ectoderm and neuroectoderm with their subsequent development into skin organoids. However, after hiPSCs were exposed to HDAC inhibitors (sodium butyrate and valproic acid), the direction of their differentiation changed: mesoderm was formed, which subsequently developed into contracting cardiospheres.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":21434,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Developmental Biology","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140071634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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