Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1017/s096025852300017x
Ying Yu, Yingying Han, Yujiao Ding, Weijie Li, Ganesh K. Jaganathan, Baolin Liu
Abstract Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT), involved in the fatty acid synthesis and the de-palmitoylation of protein, was induced under ecological cooling treatment in hydrated lettuce seeds. However, there was no significant difference in fatty acid levels between the control and the cooled samples. To further study the function of PPT, 2-bromopalmitic acid (2-Bp), an inhibitor of protein palmitoylation, was applied during the imbibition of hydrated lettuce seeds, which was followed by slow-cooling treatment (−3°C h −1 ). The application of 2-Bp (1 mM) significantly increased the survival rate of seeds from 6.70% (control imbibition) to 22.67% (2-Bp imbibition) after slow cooling to −20°C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that 2-Bp led to earlier onset of ice crystals in the endosperm than the control group. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D) confirmed that 2-Bp could promote the hydrolysis of seed globulins and the accumulation of globulin peptides with small molecular weights. High-efficiency hydrolysis of globulin induced by mercaptoethanol improved the freezing tolerance of hydrated lettuce seeds and led to the accumulation of small globulin peptides, which further proved the positive function of small globulin polypeptides in enhancing the freezing tolerance of hydrated lettuce seeds. DSC of small globulin peptides showed that the smaller the molecular weight, the earlier the appearance of ice crystals and the higher the enthalpy of heat release. For the smallest peptides, the 2-Bp-4 in 2-Bp group exhibited higher enthalpy in exothermic peak than the control group (c-4). In conclusion, the hydrolysis of seed globulins and accumulation of small-molecule globulin peptides could be the major reason for improving the freezing tolerance of hydrated seeds after de-palmitoylation treatment.
生态冷却诱导水合莴苣种子中参与脂肪酸合成和蛋白去棕榈酰化的棕榈酰蛋白硫酯酶(PPT)的产生。然而，对照组和冷却样品之间的脂肪酸水平没有显著差异。为了进一步研究PPT的功能，我们在水合莴苣种子的吸胀过程中加入了蛋白棕榈酰化抑制剂2-溴铝酸(2-Bp)，然后缓慢冷却(- 3°C h - 1)。2 bp (1 mM)缓冷至- 20℃后，种子成活率由6.70%(对照吸胀)显著提高至22.67% (2 bp吸胀)。差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析表明，2-Bp导致胚乳中冰晶的出现比对照组早。二维电泳(2D)证实，2-Bp可以促进种子球蛋白的水解和小分子量球蛋白肽的积累。巯基乙醇对球蛋白的高效水解提高了水合莴苣种子的抗冻性，并导致小球蛋白多肽的积累，进一步证明了小球蛋白多肽在提高水合莴苣种子抗冻性方面的积极作用。小球蛋白肽的DSC结果表明，分子量越小，冰晶出现越早，热释放焓越高。对于最小的肽，2-Bp组中的2-Bp-4在放热峰的焓值高于对照组(c-4)。综上所述，种子球蛋白的水解和小分子球蛋白肽的积累可能是去棕榈酰化处理后水合种子抗冻性提高的主要原因。
{"title":"Palmitoylation mediates the proteolysis of seed storage proteins during the cooling process in hydrated lettuce seeds (<i>Lactuca sativa</i>)","authors":"Ying Yu, Yingying Han, Yujiao Ding, Weijie Li, Ganesh K. Jaganathan, Baolin Liu","doi":"10.1017/s096025852300017x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s096025852300017x","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT), involved in the fatty acid synthesis and the de-palmitoylation of protein, was induced under ecological cooling treatment in hydrated lettuce seeds. However, there was no significant difference in fatty acid levels between the control and the cooled samples. To further study the function of PPT, 2-bromopalmitic acid (2-Bp), an inhibitor of protein palmitoylation, was applied during the imbibition of hydrated lettuce seeds, which was followed by slow-cooling treatment (−3°C h −1 ). The application of 2-Bp (1 mM) significantly increased the survival rate of seeds from 6.70% (control imbibition) to 22.67% (2-Bp imbibition) after slow cooling to −20°C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that 2-Bp led to earlier onset of ice crystals in the endosperm than the control group. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D) confirmed that 2-Bp could promote the hydrolysis of seed globulins and the accumulation of globulin peptides with small molecular weights. High-efficiency hydrolysis of globulin induced by mercaptoethanol improved the freezing tolerance of hydrated lettuce seeds and led to the accumulation of small globulin peptides, which further proved the positive function of small globulin polypeptides in enhancing the freezing tolerance of hydrated lettuce seeds. DSC of small globulin peptides showed that the smaller the molecular weight, the earlier the appearance of ice crystals and the higher the enthalpy of heat release. For the smallest peptides, the 2-Bp-4 in 2-Bp group exhibited higher enthalpy in exothermic peak than the control group (c-4). In conclusion, the hydrolysis of seed globulins and accumulation of small-molecule globulin peptides could be the major reason for improving the freezing tolerance of hydrated seeds after de-palmitoylation treatment.","PeriodicalId":21711,"journal":{"name":"Seed Science Research","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135143890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel has been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. With the deepening of clinical application, the research on its plant resources has attracted much attention. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of distinct germination during Pulsatilla seed development are still mostly unknown. Therefore, in this study, four germination stages of P. chinensis seeds, with obvious differences in seed appearance traits, were used as materials. Transcriptome sequencing technology was used to analyse the molecular mechanisms of seed germination. A total of 27,601 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (six different groups) were determined. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the up-regulated DEGs were enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, photosynthesis–antenna proteins, plant hormone signal transduction, flavonoid biosynthesis and other pathways. A total of 87 DEGs was enriched in phytohormone signal transduction pathways, including auxin (25), abscisic acid (13), gibberellin (6), ethylene (9) and cytokinin (7). Furthermore, a protein–protein interaction network was constructed using these DEGs. Some DEGs were validated by qRT-PCR analysis. This comprehensive analysis provided basic information on the key genes of plant hormone signal transduction pathways involved in the seed germination process of P. chinensis (Bunge) Regel.
{"title":"Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealing the potential mechanism of seed germination in Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel","authors":"Yan-hong Dong, Shouwen Zhang, Qian Qin, Yating Cai, Danyang Wu","doi":"10.1017/s0960258523000089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0960258523000089","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel has been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. With the deepening of clinical application, the research on its plant resources has attracted much attention. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of distinct germination during Pulsatilla seed development are still mostly unknown. Therefore, in this study, four germination stages of P. chinensis seeds, with obvious differences in seed appearance traits, were used as materials. Transcriptome sequencing technology was used to analyse the molecular mechanisms of seed germination. A total of 27,601 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (six different groups) were determined. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the up-regulated DEGs were enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, photosynthesis–antenna proteins, plant hormone signal transduction, flavonoid biosynthesis and other pathways. A total of 87 DEGs was enriched in phytohormone signal transduction pathways, including auxin (25), abscisic acid (13), gibberellin (6), ethylene (9) and cytokinin (7). Furthermore, a protein–protein interaction network was constructed using these DEGs. Some DEGs were validated by qRT-PCR analysis. This comprehensive analysis provided basic information on the key genes of plant hormone signal transduction pathways involved in the seed germination process of P. chinensis (Bunge) Regel.","PeriodicalId":21711,"journal":{"name":"Seed Science Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46880581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-17DOI: 10.1017/s0960258523000107
C. Baskin, J. Baskin
The Asteraceae with up to 30,000 species occurs on all continents except Antarctica and in all major vegetation zones on earth. Our primary aim was to consider cypselae dormancy-break and germination of Asteraceae in relation to ecology, vegetation zones and evolution. Cypselae are desiccation-tolerant and in various tribes, genera, species and life forms of Asteraceae are either non-dormant (ND) or have non-deep physiological dormancy (PD) at maturity. All six types of non-deep PD are found among the Asteraceae, and dormancy is broken by cold or warm stratification or by afterripening. Soil cypselae banks may be formed but mostly are short-lived. Much within-species variation in dormancy-break and germination has been found. Using data compiled for 1192 species in 373 genera and 35 tribes of Asteraceae, we considered ND and PD in relation to life form, vegetation zone and tribe. Senecioneae and Astereae had the best representation across the vegetation zones on earth. In evergreen and semi-evergreen rainforests, more species have ND than PD, but in all other vegetation zones, except alpine/high-latitude tundra (where ND and PD are equal), more species have PD than ND. Tribes in the basal and central grades and those in the Heliantheae Alliance have both ND and PD. The high diversity and lability of non-deep PD may have enhanced the rate of species diversification by promoting the survival of new species and/or species in new habitats that became available following globally disruptive events since the origin of the Asteraceae in the Late Cretaceous.
{"title":"Seed dormancy in Asteraceae: a global vegetation zone and taxonomic/phylogenetic assessment","authors":"C. Baskin, J. Baskin","doi":"10.1017/s0960258523000107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0960258523000107","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Asteraceae with up to 30,000 species occurs on all continents except Antarctica and in all major vegetation zones on earth. Our primary aim was to consider cypselae dormancy-break and germination of Asteraceae in relation to ecology, vegetation zones and evolution. Cypselae are desiccation-tolerant and in various tribes, genera, species and life forms of Asteraceae are either non-dormant (ND) or have non-deep physiological dormancy (PD) at maturity. All six types of non-deep PD are found among the Asteraceae, and dormancy is broken by cold or warm stratification or by afterripening. Soil cypselae banks may be formed but mostly are short-lived. Much within-species variation in dormancy-break and germination has been found. Using data compiled for 1192 species in 373 genera and 35 tribes of Asteraceae, we considered ND and PD in relation to life form, vegetation zone and tribe. Senecioneae and Astereae had the best representation across the vegetation zones on earth. In evergreen and semi-evergreen rainforests, more species have ND than PD, but in all other vegetation zones, except alpine/high-latitude tundra (where ND and PD are equal), more species have PD than ND. Tribes in the basal and central grades and those in the Heliantheae Alliance have both ND and PD. The high diversity and lability of non-deep PD may have enhanced the rate of species diversification by promoting the survival of new species and/or species in new habitats that became available following globally disruptive events since the origin of the Asteraceae in the Late Cretaceous.","PeriodicalId":21711,"journal":{"name":"Seed Science Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42911015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-23DOI: 10.1017/s0960258523000090
Y. Krasylenko, Adelá Hýlová, Y. Sosnovsky, Markéta Ulbrichová, L. Spíchal, R. Piwowarczyk
The obligate root parasite Cistanche armena is a recently rediscovered, extremely rare endangered species endemic to Armenia, specifically parasitizing camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum, Fabaceae) and saltwort (Salsola dendroides, Chenopodiaceae). Its populations are reputedly declining due to habitat destruction and biotic impacts. Since the only known means of its reproduction is via the seeds, understanding the mechanisms of breaking C. armena seed dormancy and germination along with the related aspects of the species’ biology is highly important both from fundamental (functional ecology and evolution) and applied (conservation and management) perspectives. Here, we present the first in vitro seed germination protocol for C. armena involving fluridone, a systemic herbicide targeting the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. In addition, the seed micromorphology of C. armena is described using both light microscopy and lignin autofluorescence visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The actin cytoskeleton in radicle cells of germinated C. armena seedlings is described for the first time, being the proof of seed viability. Further elaboration and application of the proposed germination protocol with the cultivation of C. armena on susceptible hosts are altogether seen as a valuable tool for the conservation of this species.
{"title":"Seed germination of Cistanche armena (Orobanchaceae), a rare endangered holoparasitic species endemic to Armenia","authors":"Y. Krasylenko, Adelá Hýlová, Y. Sosnovsky, Markéta Ulbrichová, L. Spíchal, R. Piwowarczyk","doi":"10.1017/s0960258523000090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0960258523000090","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The obligate root parasite Cistanche armena is a recently rediscovered, extremely rare endangered species endemic to Armenia, specifically parasitizing camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum, Fabaceae) and saltwort (Salsola dendroides, Chenopodiaceae). Its populations are reputedly declining due to habitat destruction and biotic impacts. Since the only known means of its reproduction is via the seeds, understanding the mechanisms of breaking C. armena seed dormancy and germination along with the related aspects of the species’ biology is highly important both from fundamental (functional ecology and evolution) and applied (conservation and management) perspectives. Here, we present the first in vitro seed germination protocol for C. armena involving fluridone, a systemic herbicide targeting the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. In addition, the seed micromorphology of C. armena is described using both light microscopy and lignin autofluorescence visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The actin cytoskeleton in radicle cells of germinated C. armena seedlings is described for the first time, being the proof of seed viability. Further elaboration and application of the proposed germination protocol with the cultivation of C. armena on susceptible hosts are altogether seen as a valuable tool for the conservation of this species.","PeriodicalId":21711,"journal":{"name":"Seed Science Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43921522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-03DOI: 10.1017/s0960258523000077
P. Halmer, J. Derek Bewley
{"title":"In Memoriam: Mike Black 1932–2023","authors":"P. Halmer, J. Derek Bewley","doi":"10.1017/s0960258523000077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0960258523000077","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21711,"journal":{"name":"Seed Science Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42590850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-16DOI: 10.1017/s0960258522000289
Ayesha T Tahir, I. Afzal, E. Khalid, Maryam Razzaq, M. A. R. Arif
Cumulative oxidation of cellular macromolecules during storage reduces seed longevity. This study was undertaken to unravel the physiological and biochemical changes in rice seeds that contribute to deterioration during storage. Rice seeds maintained at three different seed moisture contents (SMC; 10, 12 and 14%) were stored in airtight glass jars. Half of the jars were flushed with nitrogen gas to provide modified oxygen conditions, while the other half were sealed with natural air (21% O2). Seed quality in terms of germination and antioxidant defence mechanisms was monitored after 3 and 6 months of storage at 25°C. The results showed that seeds performed better when stored at low SMC (10 and 12%), whereas the deterioration process accelerated in seeds stored at higher SMC (14%). Coupling high SMC with the availability of oxygen in the storage environment produced a negative effect on seed quality and longevity. Results from the antioxidant analysis showed more activity in seeds stored with oxygen at high SMC (14%) compared to lower SMC stored in modified oxygen conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that storage with low moisture levels (12%) or below (10%) is the best to preserve rice seed quality. However, at higher moisture levels (14%), the availability of oxygen in storage is more harmful to seed lifespan and quality.
{"title":"Rice seed longevity in the context of seed moisture contents and hypoxic conditions in the storage environment","authors":"Ayesha T Tahir, I. Afzal, E. Khalid, Maryam Razzaq, M. A. R. Arif","doi":"10.1017/s0960258522000289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0960258522000289","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cumulative oxidation of cellular macromolecules during storage reduces seed longevity. This study was undertaken to unravel the physiological and biochemical changes in rice seeds that contribute to deterioration during storage. Rice seeds maintained at three different seed moisture contents (SMC; 10, 12 and 14%) were stored in airtight glass jars. Half of the jars were flushed with nitrogen gas to provide modified oxygen conditions, while the other half were sealed with natural air (21% O2). Seed quality in terms of germination and antioxidant defence mechanisms was monitored after 3 and 6 months of storage at 25°C. The results showed that seeds performed better when stored at low SMC (10 and 12%), whereas the deterioration process accelerated in seeds stored at higher SMC (14%). Coupling high SMC with the availability of oxygen in the storage environment produced a negative effect on seed quality and longevity. Results from the antioxidant analysis showed more activity in seeds stored with oxygen at high SMC (14%) compared to lower SMC stored in modified oxygen conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that storage with low moisture levels (12%) or below (10%) is the best to preserve rice seed quality. However, at higher moisture levels (14%), the availability of oxygen in storage is more harmful to seed lifespan and quality.","PeriodicalId":21711,"journal":{"name":"Seed Science Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47694142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-16DOI: 10.1017/s0960258523000065
Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
Advances in seed science and technology for more sustainable crop production Julia Buitink and Olivier Leprince (Eds.) Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK. Series in Agricultural Science number 120, 348 pages, 2022. DOI 10.19103/AS.2022.0105, ISBN 978-1-78676-917-6 (print), ISBN 978-1-78676-919-0 (ePub). - Volume 33 Issue 1
促进可持续作物生产的种子科学技术进展Julia Buitink和Olivier Leprince(主编)伯利·多兹科学出版社，剑桥，英国。《农业科学系列》第120期，348页，2022年。DOI 10.19103/AS.2022.0105, ISBN 978-1-78676-917-6(印刷)，ISBN 978-1-78676-919-0 (ePub)。-第33卷第1期
{"title":"Advances in seed science and technology for more sustainable crop production Julia Buitink and Olivier Leprince (Eds.) Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK. Series in Agricultural Science number 120, 348 pages, 2022. DOI 10.19103/AS.2022.0105, ISBN 978-1-78676-917-6 (print), ISBN 978-1-78676-919-0 (ePub).","authors":"Gerhard Leubner-Metzger","doi":"10.1017/s0960258523000065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0960258523000065","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in seed science and technology for more sustainable crop production Julia Buitink and Olivier Leprince (Eds.) Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK. Series in Agricultural Science number 120, 348 pages, 2022. DOI 10.19103/AS.2022.0105, ISBN 978-1-78676-917-6 (print), ISBN 978-1-78676-919-0 (ePub). - Volume 33 Issue 1","PeriodicalId":21711,"journal":{"name":"Seed Science Research","volume":"433 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135473730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-10DOI: 10.1017/s096025852300003x
S. Gairola, S. Phartyal
{"title":"Plant Regeneration from Seeds: A Global Warming Perspective Carol Baskin and Jerry Baskin. X + 312 pp. Academic Press, Landon, UK. 2022. ISBN: 9780128237311 (Paperback), 9780128237328 (eBook)","authors":"S. Gairola, S. Phartyal","doi":"10.1017/s096025852300003x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s096025852300003x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21711,"journal":{"name":"Seed Science Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45267835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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