Abstract:This article discusses the positioning of wh words in Modern Laos Sign Language. Research indicates that there are two common patterns for the position of wh words in spoken languages: the initial position and in situ (Dryer 2013). However, in some sign languages, it seems that wh word positioning is sentence-final, as shown in recent research (Woodward 2018) on Southeast Asian sign languages. This article discusses the positioning of wh words; some Southeast Asian sign languages have final wh word positioning, which differs from the majority of spoken languages (Dryer 2013). For instance, in the data that I have collected and analyzed from Modern Laos Sign Language, wh words always occurred at the end of the sentence. Moreover, the consultants that I interviewed rejected sentences with wh words in situ and at the beginning of sentences. This is true not only of simple subject and direct object wh questions, but also of several other grammatical structures.
{"title":"The Positioning of WH Words in Modern Laos Sign Language","authors":"Emily Jo Noschese","doi":"10.1353/sls.2023.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2023.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article discusses the positioning of wh words in Modern Laos Sign Language. Research indicates that there are two common patterns for the position of wh words in spoken languages: the initial position and in situ (Dryer 2013). However, in some sign languages, it seems that wh word positioning is sentence-final, as shown in recent research (Woodward 2018) on Southeast Asian sign languages. This article discusses the positioning of wh words; some Southeast Asian sign languages have final wh word positioning, which differs from the majority of spoken languages (Dryer 2013). For instance, in the data that I have collected and analyzed from Modern Laos Sign Language, wh words always occurred at the end of the sentence. Moreover, the consultants that I interviewed rejected sentences with wh words in situ and at the beginning of sentences. This is true not only of simple subject and direct object wh questions, but also of several other grammatical structures.","PeriodicalId":21753,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44774124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article discusses the function of a particular feature of sign language—mouth action—as it is expressed in various discourse contexts. Specifically, we examine forms of mouthing and mouth gesture as they are used in signed narrative and expository texts, highlighting the signers' choices during the production of these two text types. We propose a new perspective on mouth action types, relying on insights from the domain of discourse analysis combined with functional categories proposed in previous studies on mouth actions in sign languages. Six deaf native signers of Israeli Sign Language (ISL) produced twelve texts, yielding a corpus of 2,125 mouth actions (1,112 in narrative texts and 1,013 in expository texts). Our study points to both quantitative and qualitative differences in the use of mouth actions in the two text types. The findings emphasize the importance of the two types of mouth actions as essential means of decoding the message, and they highlight the way mouth actions serve the text and are affected by it.
{"title":"The Case of Mouth Action in Israeli Sign Language Discourse","authors":"Shirit Cohen-Koka, Bracha Nir, Irit Meir","doi":"10.1353/sls.2023.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2023.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article discusses the function of a particular feature of sign language—mouth action—as it is expressed in various discourse contexts. Specifically, we examine forms of mouthing and mouth gesture as they are used in signed narrative and expository texts, highlighting the signers' choices during the production of these two text types. We propose a new perspective on mouth action types, relying on insights from the domain of discourse analysis combined with functional categories proposed in previous studies on mouth actions in sign languages. Six deaf native signers of Israeli Sign Language (ISL) produced twelve texts, yielding a corpus of 2,125 mouth actions (1,112 in narrative texts and 1,013 in expository texts). Our study points to both quantitative and qualitative differences in the use of mouth actions in the two text types. The findings emphasize the importance of the two types of mouth actions as essential means of decoding the message, and they highlight the way mouth actions serve the text and are affected by it.","PeriodicalId":21753,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43180100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This study is a follow-up to previous research conducted in 2012 on computer-assisted language testing (CALT) that applied a survey approach to investigate the use of technology in sign language testing worldwide. The goal of the current study was to replicate the 2012 study and to obtain updated information on the use of technology in sign language testing. Another goal was to broaden the scope of the previous study by also considering the use of automatic sign language recognition and production (by avatars) in applied testing scenarios through technologies that make use of artificial intelligence (AI). Thirty-two sign language testing professionals participated in the current study. The results of the survey confirm the findings from 2012, but also raise new issues for future research (trends) related to sign language testing, such as the use of automatic sign language recognition for automatic scoring and the problem of acquiring funding for developing and maintaining web-based sign language testing platforms.
{"title":"The Use of Technology in Sign Language Testing: Results of a Pre-Pandemic Survey","authors":"T. Haug, W. Mann, F. Holzknecht","doi":"10.1353/sls.2023.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2023.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This study is a follow-up to previous research conducted in 2012 on computer-assisted language testing (CALT) that applied a survey approach to investigate the use of technology in sign language testing worldwide. The goal of the current study was to replicate the 2012 study and to obtain updated information on the use of technology in sign language testing. Another goal was to broaden the scope of the previous study by also considering the use of automatic sign language recognition and production (by avatars) in applied testing scenarios through technologies that make use of artificial intelligence (AI). Thirty-two sign language testing professionals participated in the current study. The results of the survey confirm the findings from 2012, but also raise new issues for future research (trends) related to sign language testing, such as the use of automatic sign language recognition for automatic scoring and the problem of acquiring funding for developing and maintaining web-based sign language testing platforms.","PeriodicalId":21753,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49202935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adam Kendon","authors":"","doi":"10.4324/9781315129501-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315129501-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21753,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43360989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:We present one of the first detailed studies on hesitation marking in a sign language. Based on the analysis of a set of monologues and dialogues from the Corpus NGT (Crasborn and Zwitserlood 2008; Crasborn, Zwitserlood, and Ros 2008), we describe the form and position of manual and nonmanual markers of hesitation in Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT). We show that palm-up, used as a hesitation marker, is akin to a "filled pause" in spoken language, both in its formal properties and its distribution. palm-up is regularly used to mark hesitation in dialogues, but far less commonly in monologues, which we suggest indicates that palm-up is used deliberately by signers to signal a delay in signing (cf. e.g., Maclay and Osgood 1959). Other manual markers of hesitation include sign holds and breaks in signing; their form and patterning in the data suggest they are closer to "unfilled pauses" in speech. As for nonmanuals, we show that all instances of hesitation in our data are marked by a change in the direction of eye gaze, suggesting that this is a clear pragmatic cue that signers use—intentionally or not—to signal a planning problem in signing. This fits well with previous observations that eye gaze plays an important role in turn-taking regulation in sign languages (e.g., Baker 1977).
{"title":"Hesitation Markers in Sign Language of the Netherlands A Corpus-Based Study","authors":"Laura Spijker, M. Oomen","doi":"10.1353/sls.2023.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2023.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:We present one of the first detailed studies on hesitation marking in a sign language. Based on the analysis of a set of monologues and dialogues from the Corpus NGT (Crasborn and Zwitserlood 2008; Crasborn, Zwitserlood, and Ros 2008), we describe the form and position of manual and nonmanual markers of hesitation in Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT). We show that palm-up, used as a hesitation marker, is akin to a \"filled pause\" in spoken language, both in its formal properties and its distribution. palm-up is regularly used to mark hesitation in dialogues, but far less commonly in monologues, which we suggest indicates that palm-up is used deliberately by signers to signal a delay in signing (cf. e.g., Maclay and Osgood 1959). Other manual markers of hesitation include sign holds and breaks in signing; their form and patterning in the data suggest they are closer to \"unfilled pauses\" in speech. As for nonmanuals, we show that all instances of hesitation in our data are marked by a change in the direction of eye gaze, suggesting that this is a clear pragmatic cue that signers use—intentionally or not—to signal a planning problem in signing. This fits well with previous observations that eye gaze plays an important role in turn-taking regulation in sign languages (e.g., Baker 1977).","PeriodicalId":21753,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42210746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ceil Lucas, R. Bayley, Joseph C. Hill, Carolyn McCaskill
Abstract:Recent research has shown that a distinct variety of American Sign Language, known as Black ASL, developed in the segregated schools for deaf African Americans in the US South during the pre-civil rights era. Research has also shown that in some respects Black ASL is closer than most white varieties to the standard taught in ASL classes and found in ASL dictionaries. This article explores the circumstances that resulted in the creation of a distinct ASL variety, with attention to the role of language in education policy in both the white and Black Southern schools for the deaf. Archival research shows that while white deaf students were long subjected to oral instruction and forbidden to sign in class, Black students, although their severely underfunded schools provided only basic vocational education, continued to receive their education in ASL, with classes often taught by deaf teachers. The differences in language education policy explain the difficulties Black students experienced in understanding their teachers and white classmates after integration occurred, despite great resistance, in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as the fact that Black signers from the South, particularly older Black signers, are more likely than their white counterparts to use traditional features.*
{"title":"Segregation and Desegregation of the Southern Schools for the Deaf: The Relationship between Language Policy and Dialect Development","authors":"Ceil Lucas, R. Bayley, Joseph C. Hill, Carolyn McCaskill","doi":"10.1353/lan.0.0274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.0.0274","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Recent research has shown that a distinct variety of American Sign Language, known as Black ASL, developed in the segregated schools for deaf African Americans in the US South during the pre-civil rights era. Research has also shown that in some respects Black ASL is closer than most white varieties to the standard taught in ASL classes and found in ASL dictionaries. This article explores the circumstances that resulted in the creation of a distinct ASL variety, with attention to the role of language in education policy in both the white and Black Southern schools for the deaf. Archival research shows that while white deaf students were long subjected to oral instruction and forbidden to sign in class, Black students, although their severely underfunded schools provided only basic vocational education, continued to receive their education in ASL, with classes often taught by deaf teachers. The differences in language education policy explain the difficulties Black students experienced in understanding their teachers and white classmates after integration occurred, despite great resistance, in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as the fact that Black signers from the South, particularly older Black signers, are more likely than their white counterparts to use traditional features.*","PeriodicalId":21753,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41355711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Signs in sign languages have been mainly analyzed as composed of three formational elements: hand configuration, location, and movement. Researchers compare and contrast lexical differences and similarities among different signs and languages based on these formal elements. Such measurement requires extensive manual annotation of each feature based on a predefined process and can be time consuming because it is based on abstract representations that usually do not take into account the individual traits of different signers. This study showcases a newly developed tool named DistSign, used here to measure and visualize variation based on the wrist trajectory in the lexica of two sign languages, namely American Sign Language (ASL) and Ghanaian Sign Language (GSL), which are assumed to be historically related (Edward 2014). The tool utilizes the pretrained pose estimation framework OpenPose to track the body joints of different signers. Subsequently, the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm, which measures the similarity between two temporal sequences, is used to quantify variation in the paths of the dominant hand’s wrist across signs. This enables one to efficiently identify cognates across languages, as well as false cognates. The results show that the DistSign tool can recognize cognates with a 60 percent accuracy, using a semiautomated method that utilizes the Levenshtein distance metric as a baseline.
{"title":"Assessing an Automated Tool to Quantify Variation in Movement and Location: A Case Study of American Sign Language and Ghanaian Sign Language","authors":"Manolis Fragkiadakis","doi":"10.1353/sls.2022.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2022.0014","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Signs in sign languages have been mainly analyzed as composed of three formational elements: hand configuration, location, and movement. Researchers compare and contrast lexical differences and similarities among different signs and languages based on these formal elements. Such measurement requires extensive manual annotation of each feature based on a predefined process and can be time consuming because it is based on abstract representations that usually do not take into account the individual traits of different signers. This study showcases a newly developed tool named DistSign, used here to measure and visualize variation based on the wrist trajectory in the lexica of two sign languages, namely American Sign Language (ASL) and Ghanaian Sign Language (GSL), which are assumed to be historically related (Edward 2014). The tool utilizes the pretrained pose estimation framework OpenPose to track the body joints of different signers. Subsequently, the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm, which measures the similarity between two temporal sequences, is used to quantify variation in the paths of the dominant hand’s wrist across signs. This enables one to efficiently identify cognates across languages, as well as false cognates. The results show that the DistSign tool can recognize cognates with a 60 percent accuracy, using a semiautomated method that utilizes the Levenshtein distance metric as a baseline.","PeriodicalId":21753,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43523793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Experience with a visual-spatial language may influence certain cognitive processes (Keehner and Gathercole 2007). Spatial ability is an important cognitive skill (Linn and Petersen 1985). Some research has found that deaf signers outperform hearing nonsigners on certain spatial tasks (e.g., Emmorey, Kosslyn, and Bellugi 1993) and that hearing signing participants outperform new signers and nonsigners (e.g., Talbot and Haude 1993) on certain spatial tasks. More research is needed to understand how much signing experience creates a signing advantage on spatial tasks.This research investigated whether hearing adults learning American Sign Language (ASL) as a second language (L2) would outperform nonsigners on two spatial tasks: a mirror reversal with mental rotation task and the Differential Aptitude Test-Space Relations. Additionally, the research investigated which specific spatial skill might be strengthened with experience with ASL. All participants (n = 66) were college students, with normal hearing and (corrected) vision, enrolled in an L2 language class: second semester ASL (beginner signers), fourth semester ASL (intermediate signers), or Spanish (nonsigners). For the mirror reversal task, the mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) results found that degree of rotation and the interaction between degree of rotation and reversal status were significant factors. The scores of both the intermediate and the beginner signer groups were significantly higher than the scores of the nonsigners. Contrary to previous research, these results indicate that even limited ASL learning may serve as spatial skills training. Results on the Space Relations task were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA, and the groups did not differ, suggesting that the ASL participants did not have greater spatial ability in general and that learning a visual language does not correlate with better performance on all spatial tasks.
{"title":"Emergence of a Signing Advantage: An Investigation of Spatial Abilities of Adult Hearing L2 Learners of ASL","authors":"M. Vercellotti","doi":"10.1353/sls.2022.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2022.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Experience with a visual-spatial language may influence certain cognitive processes (Keehner and Gathercole 2007). Spatial ability is an important cognitive skill (Linn and Petersen 1985). Some research has found that deaf signers outperform hearing nonsigners on certain spatial tasks (e.g., Emmorey, Kosslyn, and Bellugi 1993) and that hearing signing participants outperform new signers and nonsigners (e.g., Talbot and Haude 1993) on certain spatial tasks. More research is needed to understand how much signing experience creates a signing advantage on spatial tasks.This research investigated whether hearing adults learning American Sign Language (ASL) as a second language (L2) would outperform nonsigners on two spatial tasks: a mirror reversal with mental rotation task and the Differential Aptitude Test-Space Relations. Additionally, the research investigated which specific spatial skill might be strengthened with experience with ASL. All participants (n = 66) were college students, with normal hearing and (corrected) vision, enrolled in an L2 language class: second semester ASL (beginner signers), fourth semester ASL (intermediate signers), or Spanish (nonsigners). For the mirror reversal task, the mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) results found that degree of rotation and the interaction between degree of rotation and reversal status were significant factors. The scores of both the intermediate and the beginner signer groups were significantly higher than the scores of the nonsigners. Contrary to previous research, these results indicate that even limited ASL learning may serve as spatial skills training. Results on the Space Relations task were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA, and the groups did not differ, suggesting that the ASL participants did not have greater spatial ability in general and that learning a visual language does not correlate with better performance on all spatial tasks.","PeriodicalId":21753,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42259569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Master’s Theses and Doctoral Dissertations, 2021–2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/sls.2022.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2022.0015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21753,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42584569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This work categorizes Japanese Sign Language (JSL) toponyms, or place names, and examines factors that potentially affect their structure. Exonyms, influenced by the source Japanese name, and endonyms, independent JSL names, contrast structurally in that exonyms tend to emerge as compounds while endonyms conform more closely to canonical monomorphemic JSL lexemes. Based on the contrast, one would expect the structurally more favorable, less marked, endonymic outputs to emerge as the norm; however, structurally inefficient exonymic forms do so. This study analyzes a collection of over 900 names from the 2009 Japan National Federation of the Deaf (JFD) National Toponym Sign Language Map to determine structural influences on JSL toponym outputs. A spreadsheet tracked morpheme counts and relationships between source name characters and their outputs to find categorical distributions. This study finds that JSL toponyms tend to disproportionally borrow Japanese morphemes associated with JSL character signs that map to the source characters. A character sign is a sign isomorphic in some respect to a Chinese-origin orthography. Favored indexation to such source morphemes demonstrates that source name familiarity can support the persistent spread of exonymic toponyms.
{"title":"The Lexical Shift in Japanese Sign Language (JSL) Toponyms: Accounting for the Preference of Complex over Simple Toponym Outputs","authors":"Johnny George","doi":"10.1353/sls.2022.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2022.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This work categorizes Japanese Sign Language (JSL) toponyms, or place names, and examines factors that potentially affect their structure. Exonyms, influenced by the source Japanese name, and endonyms, independent JSL names, contrast structurally in that exonyms tend to emerge as compounds while endonyms conform more closely to canonical monomorphemic JSL lexemes. Based on the contrast, one would expect the structurally more favorable, less marked, endonymic outputs to emerge as the norm; however, structurally inefficient exonymic forms do so. This study analyzes a collection of over 900 names from the 2009 Japan National Federation of the Deaf (JFD) National Toponym Sign Language Map to determine structural influences on JSL toponym outputs. A spreadsheet tracked morpheme counts and relationships between source name characters and their outputs to find categorical distributions. This study finds that JSL toponyms tend to disproportionally borrow Japanese morphemes associated with JSL character signs that map to the source characters. A character sign is a sign isomorphic in some respect to a Chinese-origin orthography. Favored indexation to such source morphemes demonstrates that source name familiarity can support the persistent spread of exonymic toponyms.","PeriodicalId":21753,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41842309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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