Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05546-x
Amira A. El-Fallal, Reham A. Elfayoumy, Mohamed M. El-Zahed
Abstract Antibacterial resistance is a growing global vital medical problem when the innovation and development of new antibiotics are dwindling. Different nanomaterials were synthesized and developed as safe and effective alternative antimicrobial agents. The current study highlights the effect of the antibacterial activity of newly biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) obtained from Kombucha extract. Production of ZnO NPs was optimized and the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Zeta potential and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. The optimum conditions for ZnO NPs production were at temperature 30 °C, pH 9 and 25 mM of Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O. The ZnO NPs biosynthesis was detected in the extract within 24 h. at 35 °C in dark conditions. The XRD pattern displayed 100, 101, 110, and 103 crystal planes. FTIR spectrum showed bands of 1° and 2° amines at 2922.6 cm −1 and a stretching vibration band of vinyl at 1657.5 cm −1 . In addition, the results confirmed the positive charge (19 ± 3 mV) and crystalline nature of spherical-shaped ZnO NPs with an average size of 23 ± 1.5 nm. The antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs was tested against different American-type culture collection strains. ZnO NPs exhibited minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of 25 µg/ml against Escherichia coli ATCC25922, 30 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, 35 µg/ml against Serratia liquefaciens OQ071699.1 and S. saprophyticus OQ071703.1 and 40 µg/ml against Lysinibacillus fusiformis OQ071701.1 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC33495. Ultrastructure TEM study of the treated bacteria by MIC of ZnO NPs confirmed their highly toxic action on the bacterial cell wall, resulting in bacterial cell membrane rupture. Treated bacteria appeared as extensively damaged cells with the formation of vacuoles and lipids. The provided approach of ZnO NPs in combination with Kombucha SCOBY has a promising future in overcoming bacterial resistance problems in place of using antibiotics.
{"title":"Antibacterial activity of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using Kombucha extract","authors":"Amira A. El-Fallal, Reham A. Elfayoumy, Mohamed M. El-Zahed","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05546-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05546-x","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Antibacterial resistance is a growing global vital medical problem when the innovation and development of new antibiotics are dwindling. Different nanomaterials were synthesized and developed as safe and effective alternative antimicrobial agents. The current study highlights the effect of the antibacterial activity of newly biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) obtained from Kombucha extract. Production of ZnO NPs was optimized and the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Zeta potential and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. The optimum conditions for ZnO NPs production were at temperature 30 °C, pH 9 and 25 mM of Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O. The ZnO NPs biosynthesis was detected in the extract within 24 h. at 35 °C in dark conditions. The XRD pattern displayed 100, 101, 110, and 103 crystal planes. FTIR spectrum showed bands of 1° and 2° amines at 2922.6 cm −1 and a stretching vibration band of vinyl at 1657.5 cm −1 . In addition, the results confirmed the positive charge (19 ± 3 mV) and crystalline nature of spherical-shaped ZnO NPs with an average size of 23 ± 1.5 nm. The antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs was tested against different American-type culture collection strains. ZnO NPs exhibited minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of 25 µg/ml against Escherichia coli ATCC25922, 30 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, 35 µg/ml against Serratia liquefaciens OQ071699.1 and S. saprophyticus OQ071703.1 and 40 µg/ml against Lysinibacillus fusiformis OQ071701.1 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC33495. Ultrastructure TEM study of the treated bacteria by MIC of ZnO NPs confirmed their highly toxic action on the bacterial cell wall, resulting in bacterial cell membrane rupture. Treated bacteria appeared as extensively damaged cells with the formation of vacuoles and lipids. The provided approach of ZnO NPs in combination with Kombucha SCOBY has a promising future in overcoming bacterial resistance problems in place of using antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"35 19","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134953944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05571-w
Kudiyarasan Swamynathan, N. Mahalingam, Alagumariyappan Paramasivam, Sankaran Vijayalakshmi
Abstract In recent years, Electric Vehicles are becoming more popular. The pollution level in the atmosphere can be effectively minimized by using Electric vehicles for large-scale transportation. A battery station is required for continuous operation; however, the Photovoltaic-based OFF grid charging station can only operate during the day. Therefore, the three-port converters have started to arise from a number of current EV charging station developments. In this study, a unique PWM and Phase Shift Controller are proposed to reduce switching losses and to improve reliability. In addition, for Maximum PowerPoint Tracking, a Fuzzy is added to the PV system. Furthermore, an appropriate interleaved boost converter topology is used to create the various charging voltages required for EV and battery stations. The proposed topology is simulated, and the hardware prototype has been created and tested. The result shows that the proposed topology has a better efficiency than the traditional converters. Article Highlights. A dual composite charging station for electric vehicle charging in environment friendly manner. Optimization of power electronics required in Electric Vehicle charging stations. Maximum utilization of battery for cyclic charging from charger and discharging through Electric Vehicles.
{"title":"PV based OFF grid charging station for E-vehicles using PWM and phase shift controlled interleaved three port converter","authors":"Kudiyarasan Swamynathan, N. Mahalingam, Alagumariyappan Paramasivam, Sankaran Vijayalakshmi","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05571-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05571-w","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent years, Electric Vehicles are becoming more popular. The pollution level in the atmosphere can be effectively minimized by using Electric vehicles for large-scale transportation. A battery station is required for continuous operation; however, the Photovoltaic-based OFF grid charging station can only operate during the day. Therefore, the three-port converters have started to arise from a number of current EV charging station developments. In this study, a unique PWM and Phase Shift Controller are proposed to reduce switching losses and to improve reliability. In addition, for Maximum PowerPoint Tracking, a Fuzzy is added to the PV system. Furthermore, an appropriate interleaved boost converter topology is used to create the various charging voltages required for EV and battery stations. The proposed topology is simulated, and the hardware prototype has been created and tested. The result shows that the proposed topology has a better efficiency than the traditional converters. Article Highlights. A dual composite charging station for electric vehicle charging in environment friendly manner. Optimization of power electronics required in Electric Vehicle charging stations. Maximum utilization of battery for cyclic charging from charger and discharging through Electric Vehicles.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"30 29","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134953678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05573-8
Natassya Ezzaty Mohd Sabri, Mansharan Kaur Chainchel Singh, Mohd Shah Mahmood, Lay See Khoo, Mohd Yusmiaidil Putera Mohd Yusof, Chong Chin Heo, Muhammad Dzulfiqri Muhammad Nasir, Hapizah Nawawi
{"title":"Correction to: A scoping review on drone technology applications in forensic science","authors":"Natassya Ezzaty Mohd Sabri, Mansharan Kaur Chainchel Singh, Mohd Shah Mahmood, Lay See Khoo, Mohd Yusmiaidil Putera Mohd Yusof, Chong Chin Heo, Muhammad Dzulfiqri Muhammad Nasir, Hapizah Nawawi","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05573-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05573-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"58 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136346815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05542-1
Abeer Salah, Salah Hassab-Elnaby, Marwa A. Ramadan
{"title":"Correction to: Boosting the nonlinear optical absorption of graphene oxide, and gold nanorods by tailoring graphene oxide-gold nanorods hybrids","authors":"Abeer Salah, Salah Hassab-Elnaby, Marwa A. Ramadan","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05542-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05542-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"34 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136347675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05568-5
Thean Chun Koh, Chai Kiat Yeo, Xuan Jing, Sunil Sivadas
Abstract Given the prevalence of surveillance cameras in our daily lives, human action recognition from videos holds significant practical applications. A persistent challenge in this field is to develop more efficient models capable of real-time recognition with high accuracy for widespread implementation. In this research paper, we introduce a novel human action recognition model named Context-Aware Memory Attention Network (CAMA-Net), which eliminates the need for optical flow extraction and 3D convolution which are computationally intensive. By removing these components, CAMA-Net achieves superior efficiency compared to many existing approaches in terms of computation efficiency. A pivotal component of CAMA-Net is the Context-Aware Memory Attention Module, an attention module that computes the relevance score between key-value pairs obtained from the 2D ResNet backbone. This process establishes correspondences between video frames. To validate our method, we conduct experiments on four well-known action recognition datasets: ActivityNet, Diving48, HMDB51 and UCF101. The experimental results convincingly demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed model, surpassing the performance of existing 2D-CNN based baseline models. Article Highlights Recent human action recognition models are not yet ready for practical applications due to high computation needs. We propose a 2D CNN-based human action recognition method to reduce the computation load. The proposed method achieves competitive performance compared to most SOTA 2D CNN-based methods on public datasets.
{"title":"Towards efficient video-based action recognition: context-aware memory attention network","authors":"Thean Chun Koh, Chai Kiat Yeo, Xuan Jing, Sunil Sivadas","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05568-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05568-5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Given the prevalence of surveillance cameras in our daily lives, human action recognition from videos holds significant practical applications. A persistent challenge in this field is to develop more efficient models capable of real-time recognition with high accuracy for widespread implementation. In this research paper, we introduce a novel human action recognition model named Context-Aware Memory Attention Network (CAMA-Net), which eliminates the need for optical flow extraction and 3D convolution which are computationally intensive. By removing these components, CAMA-Net achieves superior efficiency compared to many existing approaches in terms of computation efficiency. A pivotal component of CAMA-Net is the Context-Aware Memory Attention Module, an attention module that computes the relevance score between key-value pairs obtained from the 2D ResNet backbone. This process establishes correspondences between video frames. To validate our method, we conduct experiments on four well-known action recognition datasets: ActivityNet, Diving48, HMDB51 and UCF101. The experimental results convincingly demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed model, surpassing the performance of existing 2D-CNN based baseline models. Article Highlights Recent human action recognition models are not yet ready for practical applications due to high computation needs. We propose a 2D CNN-based human action recognition method to reduce the computation load. The proposed method achieves competitive performance compared to most SOTA 2D CNN-based methods on public datasets.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"24 21","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136282279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-11DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05563-w
S. Usha, P. Geetha, R. Palanisamy, None Kitmo, Yosef Berhan Jember
Abstract Significance of this research is based on torque controlling strategies in hybrid electric vehicle. The traction motor of a hybrid electric commercial vehicle must have a high power density-to-weight ratio and excellent torque at extremely low speeds. A proportional-integral controller estimates the high-resolution rotor position based on the difference between actual as well as reference output power. This technique can correct for hall position sensor installation error and also accurately estimate rotor position. In this study, a current proportional integral controller is also used to determine the permanent magnetic flux linkage. Experiments are used to test other key metrics such as d-axis and q-axis inductances, stator resistance, and energy loss. The measured parameters are kept in lookup tables that span the whole operating range at various current levels. A maximum torque per ampere control methodology, paired with the feed forward parameter iteration method, may be used to produce accurate and efficient torque control based on these precise parameters. The standard driving cycle performance requirements of the modelled Federal Test Procedure vehicle is analysed in the article for understanding the real model requirements of the vehicle. The efficacy of the proposed methodology using Matlab/Simulink environment is analysed. Both modelling and experimental findings validate the efficacy, torque ripple, stator and rotor flux, sensitivity of the vehicle parameter as well as the computational complexity of the proposed methodology.
{"title":"Analysis of torque controlling strategies of interior permanent magnet synchronous machine in hybrid electric vehicle","authors":"S. Usha, P. Geetha, R. Palanisamy, None Kitmo, Yosef Berhan Jember","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05563-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05563-w","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Significance of this research is based on torque controlling strategies in hybrid electric vehicle. The traction motor of a hybrid electric commercial vehicle must have a high power density-to-weight ratio and excellent torque at extremely low speeds. A proportional-integral controller estimates the high-resolution rotor position based on the difference between actual as well as reference output power. This technique can correct for hall position sensor installation error and also accurately estimate rotor position. In this study, a current proportional integral controller is also used to determine the permanent magnetic flux linkage. Experiments are used to test other key metrics such as d-axis and q-axis inductances, stator resistance, and energy loss. The measured parameters are kept in lookup tables that span the whole operating range at various current levels. A maximum torque per ampere control methodology, paired with the feed forward parameter iteration method, may be used to produce accurate and efficient torque control based on these precise parameters. The standard driving cycle performance requirements of the modelled Federal Test Procedure vehicle is analysed in the article for understanding the real model requirements of the vehicle. The efficacy of the proposed methodology using Matlab/Simulink environment is analysed. Both modelling and experimental findings validate the efficacy, torque ripple, stator and rotor flux, sensitivity of the vehicle parameter as well as the computational complexity of the proposed methodology.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"29 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135043194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Soil has an important role in the structure of every building. Although there are different methods available to improve the mechanical properties of soil (adhesion, friction, and rigidity), some, such as chemical methods, despite their limited advantages, will harm the environment. The present study examined the use of microbiologically induced calcite precipitation, which is good for the environment and is a stable improvement method. An experimental study was conducted to study the influence of different factors on the resistance parameters of improved sandy soil. These parameters were the concentration of reactive materials (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 M), curing time (3, 7, 14 days), and compatibility of the bacteria with the nanoparticle. The results showed that the shear strength parameters improved and the soil adhesion rate increased from 0.1 to 186. The soil friction angle reached 35.6°, indicating a 12% increase compared to that of unimproved sand.
{"title":"Soil improvement to enhance resistance parameters using bacterial precipitation and nanosilica","authors":"Moein Khoshdel Sangdeh, Alireza Negahdar, Fatemeh Tabandeh","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05551-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05551-0","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Soil has an important role in the structure of every building. Although there are different methods available to improve the mechanical properties of soil (adhesion, friction, and rigidity), some, such as chemical methods, despite their limited advantages, will harm the environment. The present study examined the use of microbiologically induced calcite precipitation, which is good for the environment and is a stable improvement method. An experimental study was conducted to study the influence of different factors on the resistance parameters of improved sandy soil. These parameters were the concentration of reactive materials (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 M), curing time (3, 7, 14 days), and compatibility of the bacteria with the nanoparticle. The results showed that the shear strength parameters improved and the soil adhesion rate increased from 0.1 to 186. The soil friction angle reached 35.6°, indicating a 12% increase compared to that of unimproved sand.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"48 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135042973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Intracranial aneurysm is a life-threatening pathology related to the arterial wall alteration. As yet there is no method capable of predicting rupture risk based on quantitative in vivo mechanical data. This work is part of a large-scale project aimed at providing clinicians with a non-invasive patient-specific decision support tool, based on the in vivo mechanical characterisation of the aneurysm wall. First, an original wall deformation device was developed on polymeric phantom arteries. These artery models were obtained by 3D printing and an injection moulding process, each one showing pros and cons of designs of a biofidelic phantom in terms of thickness and local stiffness. A numerical modelling of this experimental study was built as a support for designing phantoms as design process choices and determining the geometrical and mechanical parameters of arteries. A numerical Fluid–Structure Interaction model based on the finite element method was developed. Several wall thicknesses, mechanical properties and deformation device locations were considered. Regarding the 3D printed phantom artery, the numerical model demonstrated that a thin wall thickness should be emphasised instead of a low Young’s modulus to reach a significant and experimentally observable strain. Regarding the injection moulded phantom, the results pointed to a locally reduced aneurysm thickness with a Young’s modulus of 0.7 MPa for the strain analysis. The numerical study provided helpful information regarding the scientific challenges of the experimental study. This work is the keystone of further animal studies and associated patient-specific models.
{"title":"Design of a polymeric cerebral aneurysm based on numerical modelling for the development of an aneurysm mechanical characterisation device","authors":"Jolan Raviol, Guillaume Plet, Hélène Magoariec, Cyril Pailler-Mattei","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05553-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05553-y","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Intracranial aneurysm is a life-threatening pathology related to the arterial wall alteration. As yet there is no method capable of predicting rupture risk based on quantitative in vivo mechanical data. This work is part of a large-scale project aimed at providing clinicians with a non-invasive patient-specific decision support tool, based on the in vivo mechanical characterisation of the aneurysm wall. First, an original wall deformation device was developed on polymeric phantom arteries. These artery models were obtained by 3D printing and an injection moulding process, each one showing pros and cons of designs of a biofidelic phantom in terms of thickness and local stiffness. A numerical modelling of this experimental study was built as a support for designing phantoms as design process choices and determining the geometrical and mechanical parameters of arteries. A numerical Fluid–Structure Interaction model based on the finite element method was developed. Several wall thicknesses, mechanical properties and deformation device locations were considered. Regarding the 3D printed phantom artery, the numerical model demonstrated that a thin wall thickness should be emphasised instead of a low Young’s modulus to reach a significant and experimentally observable strain. Regarding the injection moulded phantom, the results pointed to a locally reduced aneurysm thickness with a Young’s modulus of 0.7 MPa for the strain analysis. The numerical study provided helpful information regarding the scientific challenges of the experimental study. This work is the keystone of further animal studies and associated patient-specific models.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"23 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135091553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05569-4
Henrique G. da Silva, Joao C. E. Ferreira, Tamile Kelm, Thiago M. Ivaniski
Abstract Sustainability has become increasingly important, given the scenario of environmental degradation, and the industrial sector is significantly responsible for this adverse scenario. An important manufacturing process is casting, but it consumes many natural resources and generates waste, emitting pollutants and consuming much water and electricity. Thus, this work investigated the environmental impacts through life cycle assessment (LCA) arising from the gray cast iron casting process by adding niobium from scrap. Niobium improves molten material’s structure and mechanical properties, and it has been obtained from a company that separates it with a ballistic magnetic separator. A production model of 800 ingots was devised, using recycled material from a supplier and reused material from the factory itself, such as recycled sand. The processes using recycled materials resulted in lower impacts than those using new materials. Sand recycling and sand mold preparation stages have significant impact due to the presence of binders, typically used in sand molds, and transportation by vehicles powered by fossil fuels. Abiotic depletion indicates the need to transition to renewable energy sources and sustainable materials, such as developing clean energy infrastructure. Regarding global warming, there were high values for all stages of the casting process, with the highest value in the sand recycling stage. To prevent eutrophication, proper waste management should be implemented, such as cleaner technologies in the smelter implementing efficient effluent treatment systems. Concerning freshwater ecotoxicity, the effluents generated should be treated to reduce the concentration of pollutants before being discarded in the aquatic environment.
{"title":"Life cycle assessment of the casting process with the addition of niobium from scrap","authors":"Henrique G. da Silva, Joao C. E. Ferreira, Tamile Kelm, Thiago M. Ivaniski","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05569-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05569-4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sustainability has become increasingly important, given the scenario of environmental degradation, and the industrial sector is significantly responsible for this adverse scenario. An important manufacturing process is casting, but it consumes many natural resources and generates waste, emitting pollutants and consuming much water and electricity. Thus, this work investigated the environmental impacts through life cycle assessment (LCA) arising from the gray cast iron casting process by adding niobium from scrap. Niobium improves molten material’s structure and mechanical properties, and it has been obtained from a company that separates it with a ballistic magnetic separator. A production model of 800 ingots was devised, using recycled material from a supplier and reused material from the factory itself, such as recycled sand. The processes using recycled materials resulted in lower impacts than those using new materials. Sand recycling and sand mold preparation stages have significant impact due to the presence of binders, typically used in sand molds, and transportation by vehicles powered by fossil fuels. Abiotic depletion indicates the need to transition to renewable energy sources and sustainable materials, such as developing clean energy infrastructure. Regarding global warming, there were high values for all stages of the casting process, with the highest value in the sand recycling stage. To prevent eutrophication, proper waste management should be implemented, such as cleaner technologies in the smelter implementing efficient effluent treatment systems. Concerning freshwater ecotoxicity, the effluents generated should be treated to reduce the concentration of pollutants before being discarded in the aquatic environment.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"121 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135136349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05538-x
Hakima Degaichia, Rashid Jan, Ziad Ur Rehman, Salah Boulaaras, Asif Jan
Abstract An enormous cost is placed on people, communities, and healthcare systems by bacterial infections. Measures of the burden of bacterial infections include morbidity, mortality, economic expenditures, and overall effects on public health. Campylobacteriosis is a bacterial infection imposes a significant economic burden on both individuals and societies due to its prevalence, healthcare costs, and the associated loss of productivity. In our research, we develop a model to analyze the transmission of campylobacteriosis infection, taking into account factors such as vaccination and treatment. We also examine the fundamental characteristics of fractional calculus to understand the model better. The equilibria of the model are studied, and we calculate the reproduction parameter denoted as $$mathcal{R}_{0}$$ R0 . Furthermore, we provide proof of stability for the equilibria of the system. Lastly, we conduct numerical investigations to explore the variation of the system’s reproduction parameter with different input parameters. We have established the necessary conditions to ensure the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the proposed model of campylobacteriosis infection. To better understand the complex dynamics of campylobacteriosis infection, we conduct various simulations of the suggested model while modifying the input factors. These simulations allow us to investigate the effects of different input parameters on the dynamics of campylobacteriosis infection. We analyze the dynamic behavior of the system to develop efficient control strategies for managing the infection. Notable improvements have been observed by reducing the order of the fractional derivative. Based on our findings, we propose various factors to the policy makers in the community to mitigate the spread of campylobacteriosis infection.
细菌感染给人们、社区和医疗保健系统带来了巨大的成本。衡量细菌感染负担的措施包括发病率、死亡率、经济支出和对公共卫生的总体影响。弯曲杆菌病是一种细菌感染，由于其普遍性、医疗费用和相关的生产力损失，给个人和社会带来了重大的经济负担。在我们的研究中，我们建立了一个模型来分析弯曲杆菌病感染的传播，考虑到疫苗接种和治疗等因素。我们还考察了分数阶微积分的基本特征，以便更好地理解该模型。研究了模型的均衡，并计算了模型的再生参数$$mathcal{R}_{0}$$ R 0。进一步给出了系统平衡点的稳定性证明。最后，通过数值研究探讨了不同输入参数下系统再生参数的变化规律。我们已经建立了必要的条件，以确保所提出的弯曲杆菌感染模型解的存在性和唯一性。为了更好地理解弯曲杆菌感染的复杂动力学，我们在修改输入因素的同时对所建议的模型进行了各种模拟。这些模拟使我们能够研究不同输入参数对弯曲杆菌病感染动力学的影响。我们分析了系统的动态行为，以制定有效的控制策略来管理感染。通过降低分数阶导数的阶数，可以观察到显著的改进。基于我们的研究结果，我们向社区决策者提出了各种因素来减轻弯曲杆菌病感染的传播。
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