Pub Date : 2023-10-29DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05518-1
Fei Huang, Alexandre Sava, Kondo H. Adjallah, Dongyang Zhang
Abstract Feature selection is a difficult but highly important preliminary step for bearings remaining useful life (RUL) estimation. To avoid the weights setting problem in hybrid metric, this work devotes to conduct feature selection by using a single metric. Due to noise and outliers, an existing feature selection metric, called monotonicity, used for estimating bearings RUL, requires data smoothing processing before adequate implementation. Such a smoothing process may remove significant part of meaningful information from data. To overcome this issue, a mixture distribution analysis-based feature selection metric is proposed. Moreover, based on this new metric, a feature selection approach for bearings RUL estimation is proposed. Numerical experiments benchmarking the proposed method and the existing metric monotonicity method on available real datasets highlight its effectiveness.
{"title":"A mixture distributions analysis based feature selection approach for bearing remaining useful life estimation","authors":"Fei Huang, Alexandre Sava, Kondo H. Adjallah, Dongyang Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05518-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05518-1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Feature selection is a difficult but highly important preliminary step for bearings remaining useful life (RUL) estimation. To avoid the weights setting problem in hybrid metric, this work devotes to conduct feature selection by using a single metric. Due to noise and outliers, an existing feature selection metric, called monotonicity, used for estimating bearings RUL, requires data smoothing processing before adequate implementation. Such a smoothing process may remove significant part of meaningful information from data. To overcome this issue, a mixture distribution analysis-based feature selection metric is proposed. Moreover, based on this new metric, a feature selection approach for bearings RUL estimation is proposed. Numerical experiments benchmarking the proposed method and the existing metric monotonicity method on available real datasets highlight its effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136133982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-29DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05515-4
Qinjun Zeng, Minghui Jiang, Junhao Hu
Abstract The issue of synchronizing delayed and complicated dynamical networks (CDNs) using sampling data is examined in this research. First, modified free-matrix-based integral inequalities (MFMBIIs), respectively, are generated from the current free-matrix-based integral inequalities (FMBIIs) [36] and [37] to optimize CDNs’ sampled-data synchronizing control’s efficiency. Following that, the intended data sampling controller is put forth to asymptotically and exponentially synchronize the CDNs by deploying the time-associated Lyapunov functional technique and convexity-based combining approach, which fully utilize the acceptable information with respect to the actual sampling interval. Finally, computational instances verify the validity of the present outcomes and especially show that a larger upper bound of the sampling interval can be obtained from our results.
{"title":"Free-matrix-based integral inequalities for sampled-data synchronization control of delayed complex networks","authors":"Qinjun Zeng, Minghui Jiang, Junhao Hu","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05515-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05515-4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The issue of synchronizing delayed and complicated dynamical networks (CDNs) using sampling data is examined in this research. First, modified free-matrix-based integral inequalities (MFMBIIs), respectively, are generated from the current free-matrix-based integral inequalities (FMBIIs) [36] and [37] to optimize CDNs’ sampled-data synchronizing control’s efficiency. Following that, the intended data sampling controller is put forth to asymptotically and exponentially synchronize the CDNs by deploying the time-associated Lyapunov functional technique and convexity-based combining approach, which fully utilize the acceptable information with respect to the actual sampling interval. Finally, computational instances verify the validity of the present outcomes and especially show that a larger upper bound of the sampling interval can be obtained from our results.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136157649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05523-4
Tesfahun Endalew, Mesfin Anteneh
Abstract Tree plantation-based land use in Ethiopia is a crucial sustainable approach to improving community income and reducing soil resource degradation in highland areas. The study aimed to evaluate land use and cover change and examine factors driving community transition from crop agriculture to tree plantation in Fagita Lekoma district. Landsat 1986, 2002 and 2020 images were used to generate the land use maps by using the maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification. This study utilized field observations, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews as crucial data collection tools for socioeconomic analysis. The change detection results show that cultivated land, grassland, and wetlands are significantly declining by 22.6, 20.1, and 63%, respectively. On the contrary, forestland and settlement areas are increasing by 210 and 1,665%, respectively. Forest cover was increased by 210% in the district’s study year, with the highest conversion rate of 15.1% from cultivated land to forest land in the overall study period. As a result, Acacia decurrens forestation is the main cause of the change of use from arable land to forest land systems. This tree plantation-based land use is also the main driving force behind shifting crop farming to tree plantation-based livelihoods because it increases economic benefits and employment opportunities, reduces soil erosion, and increases soil productivity in the area. To limit the negative consequences and raise the beneficial effects of tree plantations, systematic management of tree-based land use systems, integrated advanced land resource management, and increased economic and environmental benefits are suggested for the district.
{"title":"Acacia decurrens tree plantations brought land use land cover change in northwestern of Ethiopia","authors":"Tesfahun Endalew, Mesfin Anteneh","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05523-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05523-4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Tree plantation-based land use in Ethiopia is a crucial sustainable approach to improving community income and reducing soil resource degradation in highland areas. The study aimed to evaluate land use and cover change and examine factors driving community transition from crop agriculture to tree plantation in Fagita Lekoma district. Landsat 1986, 2002 and 2020 images were used to generate the land use maps by using the maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification. This study utilized field observations, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews as crucial data collection tools for socioeconomic analysis. The change detection results show that cultivated land, grassland, and wetlands are significantly declining by 22.6, 20.1, and 63%, respectively. On the contrary, forestland and settlement areas are increasing by 210 and 1,665%, respectively. Forest cover was increased by 210% in the district’s study year, with the highest conversion rate of 15.1% from cultivated land to forest land in the overall study period. As a result, Acacia decurrens forestation is the main cause of the change of use from arable land to forest land systems. This tree plantation-based land use is also the main driving force behind shifting crop farming to tree plantation-based livelihoods because it increases economic benefits and employment opportunities, reduces soil erosion, and increases soil productivity in the area. To limit the negative consequences and raise the beneficial effects of tree plantations, systematic management of tree-based land use systems, integrated advanced land resource management, and increased economic and environmental benefits are suggested for the district.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"41 16","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136233973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05521-6
Jingyi Shen
Abstract Monitoring and controlling of the showcase environment in a special exhibition in Shanghai Museum are described in this work. The long show time started on March 2022 and ended on January 2023. Various items were shown in this exhibition with different combination modes. Air conditioners, humidifiers and three kinds of passive humidity controlling methods were applied to this exhibition. Massive raw monitoring data are given and some series of data are transformed into specific values to conduct various analyses. Factors including outdoor climate, exhibition hall structure, attendance, showcase structure, tightness and volume, monitor position and object combination modes are discussed in order to assess their effect on monitoring and controlling of temperature and relative humidity. The relation between the average value of temperature (or relative humidity) fluctuation in the whole exhibition period and the corresponding range of maximum temperature (or relative humidity) fluctuation in any 24 h is analyzed in order to obtain the probability of abnormally high fluctuation. The results show that the temperature control target is reached in general, while some unreasonable showcase structures and settings are responsible for the difficulty in monitoring and controlling of relative humidity. By conducting the analysis of big continuous historical data and learning the average values and the ranges reached, it is possible to assess the current environmental risk and predict the future risk in a simple way.
{"title":"Monitoring and controlling of the micro-environment in a special exhibition in the Shanghai Museum","authors":"Jingyi Shen","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05521-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05521-6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Monitoring and controlling of the showcase environment in a special exhibition in Shanghai Museum are described in this work. The long show time started on March 2022 and ended on January 2023. Various items were shown in this exhibition with different combination modes. Air conditioners, humidifiers and three kinds of passive humidity controlling methods were applied to this exhibition. Massive raw monitoring data are given and some series of data are transformed into specific values to conduct various analyses. Factors including outdoor climate, exhibition hall structure, attendance, showcase structure, tightness and volume, monitor position and object combination modes are discussed in order to assess their effect on monitoring and controlling of temperature and relative humidity. The relation between the average value of temperature (or relative humidity) fluctuation in the whole exhibition period and the corresponding range of maximum temperature (or relative humidity) fluctuation in any 24 h is analyzed in order to obtain the probability of abnormally high fluctuation. The results show that the temperature control target is reached in general, while some unreasonable showcase structures and settings are responsible for the difficulty in monitoring and controlling of relative humidity. By conducting the analysis of big continuous historical data and learning the average values and the ranges reached, it is possible to assess the current environmental risk and predict the future risk in a simple way.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"20 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135265765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05533-2
Assylbek Jomartov, Amandyk Tuleshov, Aziz Kamal, Azizbek Abduraimov
Abstract A cable-driven parallel robot (CDPR) for landmine detection, mounted on a vehicle is developed in this work. In the CDPR, the end effector (EE) is suspended on flexible cables, in contrast to the rigid links in traditional parallel robots. Compared to traditional parallel robots, the CDPR have lower inertial characteristics and higher payload-to-weight ratio, resulting in a high speed. The CDPR for landmine detection operates in search mode, lowers the end EE to the possible lower position and the metal detector scanning the minefield. After scanning the area of the minefield, limited by the workspace of the CDPR in the X, Y plane, the information received is transmitted to the sappers. Tests of a prototype of a CDPR for landmine detection showed good performance of its work for detecting landmine.
{"title":"Design of a cable-driven parallel robot for landmine detection","authors":"Assylbek Jomartov, Amandyk Tuleshov, Aziz Kamal, Azizbek Abduraimov","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05533-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05533-2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A cable-driven parallel robot (CDPR) for landmine detection, mounted on a vehicle is developed in this work. In the CDPR, the end effector (EE) is suspended on flexible cables, in contrast to the rigid links in traditional parallel robots. Compared to traditional parallel robots, the CDPR have lower inertial characteristics and higher payload-to-weight ratio, resulting in a high speed. The CDPR for landmine detection operates in search mode, lowers the end EE to the possible lower position and the metal detector scanning the minefield. After scanning the area of the minefield, limited by the workspace of the CDPR in the X, Y plane, the information received is transmitted to the sappers. Tests of a prototype of a CDPR for landmine detection showed good performance of its work for detecting landmine.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"81 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135266298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05520-7
Ali Raza, Neyha Rubab Syed, Romana Fahmeed, Siham Acharki, Sajjad Hussain, Muhammad Zubair, Hussein Almohamad, Joseph Omeiza Alao, Md. Naimur Rahman, Hazem Ghassan Abdo
Abstract The current study determined the changes in Land Use/Land Change (LU/LC) and variation in land surface temperature (LST) in the Green Belt (Nasirabad district) area of Balochistan, Pakistan. To achieve this, we used GIS software (ArcMap 10.7.1) to analyze remote sensing data acquired from Landsat imagery taken in 1993, 2003, 2013, and 2023. A supervised classification technique using the maximum likelihood algorithm (MLC) was applied to generate a ground-truth LU/LC classification. Based on our findings, almost 415.28 km 2 (− 12.89%) of formerly undeveloped land has been transformed into urban neighborhoods and green spaces during the last three decades. Between 1993 and 2023, the study area gained 288.29 km 2 (8.94%) of vegetation and 136.10 km 2 (4.22%) of settled land. Minimum, maximum, and average LST changes were recorded as 7.50, − 5.06, and 1.22 °C for the whole thirty years. Overall, the analysis data showed that an increase in human settlements in the area investigated led to a rise in mean LST (1.22 °C). Finally, GIS and RS may be used together to track land usage over time, a crucial piece of data for eco-friendly planning. While the LU/LC and LST provide valuable insights into the rational and optimal use of land resources, the implications of policy remain constrained.
{"title":"Land use/land change detection and determination of land surface temperature variation in green belt (Nasirabad) district of Balochistan, Pakistan","authors":"Ali Raza, Neyha Rubab Syed, Romana Fahmeed, Siham Acharki, Sajjad Hussain, Muhammad Zubair, Hussein Almohamad, Joseph Omeiza Alao, Md. Naimur Rahman, Hazem Ghassan Abdo","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05520-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05520-7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The current study determined the changes in Land Use/Land Change (LU/LC) and variation in land surface temperature (LST) in the Green Belt (Nasirabad district) area of Balochistan, Pakistan. To achieve this, we used GIS software (ArcMap 10.7.1) to analyze remote sensing data acquired from Landsat imagery taken in 1993, 2003, 2013, and 2023. A supervised classification technique using the maximum likelihood algorithm (MLC) was applied to generate a ground-truth LU/LC classification. Based on our findings, almost 415.28 km 2 (− 12.89%) of formerly undeveloped land has been transformed into urban neighborhoods and green spaces during the last three decades. Between 1993 and 2023, the study area gained 288.29 km 2 (8.94%) of vegetation and 136.10 km 2 (4.22%) of settled land. Minimum, maximum, and average LST changes were recorded as 7.50, − 5.06, and 1.22 °C for the whole thirty years. Overall, the analysis data showed that an increase in human settlements in the area investigated led to a rise in mean LST (1.22 °C). Finally, GIS and RS may be used together to track land usage over time, a crucial piece of data for eco-friendly planning. While the LU/LC and LST provide valuable insights into the rational and optimal use of land resources, the implications of policy remain constrained.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135273426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-23DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05529-y
Md. Abdul Muttalib Moon, Md. Kaimujjaman, Md. Mahabub Hossain, Md. Mehedi Islam, Md. Selim Hossain
Abstract Thermal imaging technology has become increasingly popular for various applications, including industrial monitoring, building automation, and medical diagnostics. However, existing thermal imaging systems often come with high costs and limited connectivity options. In this paper, we propose a method to address these challenges by utilizing the ESP8266 microcontroller to create a thermal imaging system that can measure thermal pixel values, transfer the data wirelessly using the ESP8266’s networking capabilities and display the pixel data in real-time on a Thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal (TFT) display. The objective is to establish a seamless and real-time transfer of thermal images within a local network environment. User datagram protocol (UDP) supports transmission via broadcast and multicast, making it highly efficient for delivering data to multiple clients or devices on a network. It allows a single UDP packet to be simultaneously sent to multiple destinations, enhancing its effectiveness. This feature simplifies the implementation of network protocols and applications, reducing their overall complexity. UDP is particularly well-suited for devices with limited resources, such as microcontrollers or embedded systems, where memory and computing power are constrained. Experimental results demonstrate the successful transmission and display of thermal pixel data between the ESP8266 microcontrollers using the UDP protocol. The project utilizes the Arduino framework along with ESP8266WiFi and UDP libraries to enable network connectivity and UDP communication. The sender and receiver devices are connected to the same local network, guaranteeing efficient and low-latency transmission of thermal pixel data. The system achieves real-time communication within a radius of approximately 15–18 m, ensuring immediate visualization of thermal images on connected displays. By minimizing latency, the system enables a seamless and instantaneous viewing experience offering seamless and instantaneous image visualization for the users.
{"title":"Seamless real-time thermal imaging system with ESP8266: wireless data transfer and display using UDP","authors":"Md. Abdul Muttalib Moon, Md. Kaimujjaman, Md. Mahabub Hossain, Md. Mehedi Islam, Md. Selim Hossain","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05529-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05529-y","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Thermal imaging technology has become increasingly popular for various applications, including industrial monitoring, building automation, and medical diagnostics. However, existing thermal imaging systems often come with high costs and limited connectivity options. In this paper, we propose a method to address these challenges by utilizing the ESP8266 microcontroller to create a thermal imaging system that can measure thermal pixel values, transfer the data wirelessly using the ESP8266’s networking capabilities and display the pixel data in real-time on a Thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal (TFT) display. The objective is to establish a seamless and real-time transfer of thermal images within a local network environment. User datagram protocol (UDP) supports transmission via broadcast and multicast, making it highly efficient for delivering data to multiple clients or devices on a network. It allows a single UDP packet to be simultaneously sent to multiple destinations, enhancing its effectiveness. This feature simplifies the implementation of network protocols and applications, reducing their overall complexity. UDP is particularly well-suited for devices with limited resources, such as microcontrollers or embedded systems, where memory and computing power are constrained. Experimental results demonstrate the successful transmission and display of thermal pixel data between the ESP8266 microcontrollers using the UDP protocol. The project utilizes the Arduino framework along with ESP8266WiFi and UDP libraries to enable network connectivity and UDP communication. The sender and receiver devices are connected to the same local network, guaranteeing efficient and low-latency transmission of thermal pixel data. The system achieves real-time communication within a radius of approximately 15–18 m, ensuring immediate visualization of thermal images on connected displays. By minimizing latency, the system enables a seamless and instantaneous viewing experience offering seamless and instantaneous image visualization for the users.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135405516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-20DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05519-0
Shweta Dabas, Manoj Kumar
Abstract This paper reports two distinct architectures for digitally-controlled oscillators (DCOs) utilizing MOS varactor, designed in TSMC 180 nm CMOS technology. The first DCO design employs a CMOS inverter, while the second design features a Three-Transistors (3T) NAND gate as a delay stage inverter. Using these delay stages, three-bit, five-bit, and seven-bit controlled DCO circuits have been designed. For the inverter-based DCO circuit, the frequency spans from 4.844 to 2.708 GHz, 2.523 to 0.853 GHz, and 1.364 to 0.253 GHz, with a power consumption of 0.958 mW, 1.597 mW, and 2.236 mW for three-bit, five-bit, and seven-bit DCO variants, respectively. Further, the 3T-NAND gate-based DCO circuit exhibits oscillation frequencies ranging from 2.024 to 0.517 GHz, 0.867 to 0.131 GHz, and 0.341 to 0.033 GHz, with the resulting power consumption of 0.335 mW, 0.559 mW, and 0.782 mW. Equally significant, the proposed inverter-based DCO attains phase noise of − 102.61 dBc/Hz@1MHz, − 99.65 dBc/Hz@1MHz, and − 117.54 dBc/Hz@1MHz, accompanied by corresponding figures of merit (FoM) 174.94 dBc/Hz, 161.27 dBc/Hz, and 165.10 dBc/Hz for three-bit, five-bit, and seven-bit control words, respectively. For the 3T-NAND gate-based DCO, phase noise levels register at − 93.51 dBc/Hz@1MHz, − 113.07 dBc/Hz@1MHz, and − 106.96 dBc/Hz@1MHz, with FoM values of 160.23 dBc/Hz, 166.70 dBc/Hz, and 150.30 dBc/Hz for three-bit, five-bit, and seven-bit DCO variants, respectively. The comprehensive analysis of the proposed DCOs demonstrates the power supply variations, phase noise deviations, and frequency variations. The reported DCOs perform better with regard to output frequency range, power consumption, and overall FoM.
{"title":"A low power varactor based digitally controlled oscillator design in 180 nm CMOS technology","authors":"Shweta Dabas, Manoj Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05519-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05519-0","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper reports two distinct architectures for digitally-controlled oscillators (DCOs) utilizing MOS varactor, designed in TSMC 180 nm CMOS technology. The first DCO design employs a CMOS inverter, while the second design features a Three-Transistors (3T) NAND gate as a delay stage inverter. Using these delay stages, three-bit, five-bit, and seven-bit controlled DCO circuits have been designed. For the inverter-based DCO circuit, the frequency spans from 4.844 to 2.708 GHz, 2.523 to 0.853 GHz, and 1.364 to 0.253 GHz, with a power consumption of 0.958 mW, 1.597 mW, and 2.236 mW for three-bit, five-bit, and seven-bit DCO variants, respectively. Further, the 3T-NAND gate-based DCO circuit exhibits oscillation frequencies ranging from 2.024 to 0.517 GHz, 0.867 to 0.131 GHz, and 0.341 to 0.033 GHz, with the resulting power consumption of 0.335 mW, 0.559 mW, and 0.782 mW. Equally significant, the proposed inverter-based DCO attains phase noise of − 102.61 dBc/Hz@1MHz, − 99.65 dBc/Hz@1MHz, and − 117.54 dBc/Hz@1MHz, accompanied by corresponding figures of merit (FoM) 174.94 dBc/Hz, 161.27 dBc/Hz, and 165.10 dBc/Hz for three-bit, five-bit, and seven-bit control words, respectively. For the 3T-NAND gate-based DCO, phase noise levels register at − 93.51 dBc/Hz@1MHz, − 113.07 dBc/Hz@1MHz, and − 106.96 dBc/Hz@1MHz, with FoM values of 160.23 dBc/Hz, 166.70 dBc/Hz, and 150.30 dBc/Hz for three-bit, five-bit, and seven-bit DCO variants, respectively. The comprehensive analysis of the proposed DCOs demonstrates the power supply variations, phase noise deviations, and frequency variations. The reported DCOs perform better with regard to output frequency range, power consumption, and overall FoM.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"485 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135618045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05470-0
Adnan Zahid, Sajid Ali, Waheed Anwar, Ammara Fatima, Muhammad Bilal Chattha, Asma Ayub, Ahmad Raza, Kashif Ali, Maroof Siddique
Abstract Industrialization and extensive use of automobiles cause air pollution which indicates the inability of trees plants due to changes in their biochemical and physiological processes for absorbing the air pollutants. Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) is an important indicator for determining the ability of trees plants for their efficient ability for controlling air pollution. To estimate it and its effects a comparitive study of the air pollution tolerance index was examined in 14 species of plants between residential areas (University of the Punjab) and roadside areas (orange train line). To calculate the APTI value, four physiological and biochemical parameters—ascorbic acid, relative water content (RWC), pH, and chlorophyll concentration of leaf samples—were integrated. Present study results reveal that the plant tolerance against pollution is site specific, and that integrating a number of biochemical parameters give more accurate results as compared to single. Results show that Alstonia scholaris show maximum and Magnifera indica show minimum APTI values in residential areas while Magnifera indica shows maximum and Bougainvillea glabra shows minimum APTI value in roadside areas. Present study results show that plants with higher APTI values are tolerant of pollution, whereas those with lower APTI values are susceptible to it. Thus Plants with more APTI values are tolerant and use as a sink to control pollution in urban and industrial sites.
{"title":"Assessing the air pollution tolerance index (APTI) of trees in residential and roadside sites of Lahore, Pakistan","authors":"Adnan Zahid, Sajid Ali, Waheed Anwar, Ammara Fatima, Muhammad Bilal Chattha, Asma Ayub, Ahmad Raza, Kashif Ali, Maroof Siddique","doi":"10.1007/s42452-023-05470-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05470-0","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Industrialization and extensive use of automobiles cause air pollution which indicates the inability of trees plants due to changes in their biochemical and physiological processes for absorbing the air pollutants. Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) is an important indicator for determining the ability of trees plants for their efficient ability for controlling air pollution. To estimate it and its effects a comparitive study of the air pollution tolerance index was examined in 14 species of plants between residential areas (University of the Punjab) and roadside areas (orange train line). To calculate the APTI value, four physiological and biochemical parameters—ascorbic acid, relative water content (RWC), pH, and chlorophyll concentration of leaf samples—were integrated. Present study results reveal that the plant tolerance against pollution is site specific, and that integrating a number of biochemical parameters give more accurate results as compared to single. Results show that Alstonia scholaris show maximum and Magnifera indica show minimum APTI values in residential areas while Magnifera indica shows maximum and Bougainvillea glabra shows minimum APTI value in roadside areas. Present study results show that plants with higher APTI values are tolerant of pollution, whereas those with lower APTI values are susceptible to it. Thus Plants with more APTI values are tolerant and use as a sink to control pollution in urban and industrial sites.","PeriodicalId":21821,"journal":{"name":"SN Applied Sciences","volume":"220 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135994400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05514-5
Chao Yang
Abstract The rapid dissemination of hot information on the Internet has become a common phenomenon in today's society. Traditional methods of information capture and preprocessing often require a lot of manpower and material resources, and the captured information has low timeliness and accuracy. The purpose of this paper was to use sensor technology to find and locate network hotspots in time. By collecting user generated content, social media data, news reports, etc., the data is analyzed and mined to identify popular topics and events. In terms of information capture, sensor technology can monitor and understand user activities, the popularity of posts, emotional tendencies, user attention, user interaction, etc., through information monitoring. Network data was collected, such as network latency, data loss rate, and bandwidth utilization. Sensor technology was used to collect social media data to understand the level of public attention to hot events. In information preprocessing, sensor technology was used to remove noise and redundant information in data to ensure data quality. The data were labeled and classified, and the information dissemination rules of network hotspot were analyzed in depth. The average capture accuracy of Method 1 for Hotspot 1, Hotspot 2, and Hotspot 3 was 72.11%, 71.81%, and 72.54%, respectively. The average capture accuracy of Method 2 for Hotspot 1, Hotspot 2, and Hotspot 3 was 82.55%, 83.14%, and 82.91%, respectively. When the data was 40, 80, and 120, the preprocessing times of Method 1 for Post 1 were 8.81 s, 15.47 s, and 18.77 s, respectively. The preprocessing times of Method 2 for Post 1 were 5.97 s, 7.80 s, and 9.25 s, respectively. The application of sensor technology in the capture and preprocessing of network hot information dissemination has brought a variety of innovations, including multi-modal data acquisition, real-time monitoring and analysis, user behavior analysis, data cleaning and integration, anomaly detection and early warning, intelligent recommendation and personalized service, etc., thus improving the accuracy, real-time and personalized degree of information acquisition.
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