Summary This paper explains the coexistence of concerns about hereditary degeneration and opposition to reproductive intervention such as sterilisation in Dutch eugenic discourse during the interwar years. Based on an analysis of textbooks, periodical publications and printed lectures, I will show how eugenicists positioned themselves within the domain of public health by framing their domain of inquiry as a pivotal addition to curative medicine and sanitary reform. Dutch eugenicists rendered this symbiotic relationship conceptually plausible by combining criticism of genetic determinism and Lamarckian viewpoints on heredity. This paper explains how this conceptual constellation enabled Dutch eugenicists to claim that the combination of proper (eugenic) education and a healthy environment would stimulate individuals to behave socially responsibly and restrain from reproducing. By doing so, this essay contributes to the historiographical trend to comparatively analyse eugenics as a transnational phenomenon.
{"title":"Sown Without Care: Dutch Eugenicists and their Call for Optimising Developmental Conditions, 1919–1939","authors":"Martijn van der Meer","doi":"10.1093/shm/hkae002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkae002","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This paper explains the coexistence of concerns about hereditary degeneration and opposition to reproductive intervention such as sterilisation in Dutch eugenic discourse during the interwar years. Based on an analysis of textbooks, periodical publications and printed lectures, I will show how eugenicists positioned themselves within the domain of public health by framing their domain of inquiry as a pivotal addition to curative medicine and sanitary reform. Dutch eugenicists rendered this symbiotic relationship conceptually plausible by combining criticism of genetic determinism and Lamarckian viewpoints on heredity. This paper explains how this conceptual constellation enabled Dutch eugenicists to claim that the combination of proper (eugenic) education and a healthy environment would stimulate individuals to behave socially responsibly and restrain from reproducing. By doing so, this essay contributes to the historiographical trend to comparatively analyse eugenics as a transnational phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":21922,"journal":{"name":"Social History of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139646430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Boddice Rob, Knowing Pain: A History of Sensation, Emotion, and Experience","authors":"Esther Cohen","doi":"10.1093/shm/hkad102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkad102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21922,"journal":{"name":"Social History of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139526204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary I argue that in the early twentieth-century Netherlands, fathers regularly attended the birth of their children, and that this attendance was generally accepted or even encouraged by doctors. My findings contrast with existing historiography on the Anglo-Saxon countries, where, at the time, fathers were usually not present at births. I explain this difference between the Netherlands and the Anglo-Saxon countries through the ideal of the harmonious family that permeated Dutch society at the time. I show how birth was seen as a family event, in which the father should be emotionally involved. Men had to manage this emotional involvement carefully: they had to display emotions without losing control of these emotions. My findings show that we need to study doctor-led births in order to fully understand the slow rise of hospital births in the Netherlands.
{"title":"‘The Husband, For Whom She Endures All This’: Dutch Men in Childbirth, 1900–1940","authors":"Hieke Huistra","doi":"10.1093/shm/hkad088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkad088","url":null,"abstract":"Summary I argue that in the early twentieth-century Netherlands, fathers regularly attended the birth of their children, and that this attendance was generally accepted or even encouraged by doctors. My findings contrast with existing historiography on the Anglo-Saxon countries, where, at the time, fathers were usually not present at births. I explain this difference between the Netherlands and the Anglo-Saxon countries through the ideal of the harmonious family that permeated Dutch society at the time. I show how birth was seen as a family event, in which the father should be emotionally involved. Men had to manage this emotional involvement carefully: they had to display emotions without losing control of these emotions. My findings show that we need to study doctor-led births in order to fully understand the slow rise of hospital births in the Netherlands.","PeriodicalId":21922,"journal":{"name":"Social History of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139460808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the durability of high postmortem examination rates in Israel between the 1950s-1980s. Previous studies overlooked the issue of medical authority and the social history of autopsy, focusing on policy, technological development, and conflict between science and religion. By contrast, our analysis brings together the medical interest in unlimited research of dead bodies and the power relations between doctors and subaltern groups in Israel. Based on the Israeli State Archives, the Hebrew University Archives, and the daily press, we argue that medical biopolitical aspirations and the public shaped the history of postmortem examinations in Israel. High rates were embedded in the medical construction of doubt regarding the cause of death that only physicians could resolve by autopsy. Civilian protests led to a temporary decrease in the 1960s, while political and medical intervention brought about a gradual resurgence in postmortem rates in the 1980s.
{"title":"Monopoly on doubt: Post-mortem examinations in Israel, 1950s–1980s","authors":"Benny Nuriely, Liat Kozma","doi":"10.1093/shm/hkad101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkad101","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the durability of high postmortem examination rates in Israel between the 1950s-1980s. Previous studies overlooked the issue of medical authority and the social history of autopsy, focusing on policy, technological development, and conflict between science and religion. By contrast, our analysis brings together the medical interest in unlimited research of dead bodies and the power relations between doctors and subaltern groups in Israel. Based on the Israeli State Archives, the Hebrew University Archives, and the daily press, we argue that medical biopolitical aspirations and the public shaped the history of postmortem examinations in Israel. High rates were embedded in the medical construction of doubt regarding the cause of death that only physicians could resolve by autopsy. Civilian protests led to a temporary decrease in the 1960s, while political and medical intervention brought about a gradual resurgence in postmortem rates in the 1980s.","PeriodicalId":21922,"journal":{"name":"Social History of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139460882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Francisco J. Medina-Albaladejo, José Miguel Martínez-Carrión, Salvador Calatayud, Inequality and Nutritional Transition in Economic History: Spain in the 19th–21st Centuries","authors":"Fernando Collantes","doi":"10.1093/shm/hkad105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkad105","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21922,"journal":{"name":"Social History of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139626127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary In interwar Italy, the mental hygiene movement enacted a series of measures in order to control, prevent and contain psychiatric diseases. Developing as a pillar of social medicine, mental hygiene represented a challenging outlook for the psychiatric field, as far as it filled a gap in existing assistance, providing outpatient facilities and avoiding the pitfalls of hospitalisation’s legal constraints. This article analyses the debates aimed at reforming the 1904 law on asylums and the issues at stake, as autonomy from judiciary powers and screening and follow-up in free consultations. It then examines the functioning of dispensaries that responded to these issues, the role of the visiting nurses, as well as that of propaganda deployed by the local sections of The League of Mental Hygiene. Relying on diverse case studies, it aims at reopening the debate on a controversial phase of Italian sociopolitical history through the analysis of psychiatric practices.
{"title":"Outpatient Clinics, Visiting Nurses and Propaganda: Spaces, Actors and Tools of Mental Hygiene in Interwar Italy","authors":"Marianna Scarfone","doi":"10.1093/shm/hkad056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkad056","url":null,"abstract":"Summary In interwar Italy, the mental hygiene movement enacted a series of measures in order to control, prevent and contain psychiatric diseases. Developing as a pillar of social medicine, mental hygiene represented a challenging outlook for the psychiatric field, as far as it filled a gap in existing assistance, providing outpatient facilities and avoiding the pitfalls of hospitalisation’s legal constraints. This article analyses the debates aimed at reforming the 1904 law on asylums and the issues at stake, as autonomy from judiciary powers and screening and follow-up in free consultations. It then examines the functioning of dispensaries that responded to these issues, the role of the visiting nurses, as well as that of propaganda deployed by the local sections of The League of Mental Hygiene. Relying on diverse case studies, it aims at reopening the debate on a controversial phase of Italian sociopolitical history through the analysis of psychiatric practices.","PeriodicalId":21922,"journal":{"name":"Social History of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139410577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Catherine Mas, Culture in the Clinic: Miami and the Making of Modern Medicine","authors":"Eram Alam","doi":"10.1093/shm/hkad104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkad104","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21922,"journal":{"name":"Social History of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139445732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Claire Bubb, Michael Peachin, Medicine and the Law Under the Roman Empire","authors":"Ido Israelowich","doi":"10.1093/shm/hkad106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkad106","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21922,"journal":{"name":"Social History of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139446235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"David Howes, Sensorial Investigations: A History of the Senses in Anthropology, Psychology, and Law","authors":"Brian Glenney","doi":"10.1093/shm/hkad103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkad103","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21922,"journal":{"name":"Social History of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139149799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Examining the work of Georges Paul-Boncour and Jean Philippe, two now almost forgotten physicians active from the turn of the twentieth century on in the medical and educational field of ‘school hygiene’ for so-called abnormal children, this article exemplifies a specific current in psychiatry whose terms first kept oscillating between medico-pedagogical treatment and therapeutic hygiene. I investigate how Paul-Boncour and Philippe’s interest in abnormal children led them to challenge education as a whole. By attempting to individualise education, the two doctors were swimming against the tide of regular schooling, which evaluated children on their ability to fit in with others and fulfil preset expectations. The conflicts between these physicians and their contemporaries (teachers, psychologists, lawyers) attest the emergence of a dimension in psychiatry that was rooted in collaboration with teachers, as doctors and teachers worked together for the full development of ‘pedology’, the scientific study of children’s development.
{"title":"Fields of Knowledge under Construction: Pedology and Medico-pedagogical Approaches in France at the Turn of the Twentieth Century","authors":"Sabine Arnaud","doi":"10.1093/shm/hkad063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkad063","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Examining the work of Georges Paul-Boncour and Jean Philippe, two now almost forgotten physicians active from the turn of the twentieth century on in the medical and educational field of ‘school hygiene’ for so-called abnormal children, this article exemplifies a specific current in psychiatry whose terms first kept oscillating between medico-pedagogical treatment and therapeutic hygiene. I investigate how Paul-Boncour and Philippe’s interest in abnormal children led them to challenge education as a whole. By attempting to individualise education, the two doctors were swimming against the tide of regular schooling, which evaluated children on their ability to fit in with others and fulfil preset expectations. The conflicts between these physicians and their contemporaries (teachers, psychologists, lawyers) attest the emergence of a dimension in psychiatry that was rooted in collaboration with teachers, as doctors and teachers worked together for the full development of ‘pedology’, the scientific study of children’s development.","PeriodicalId":21922,"journal":{"name":"Social History of Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139051721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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