Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.2989/20702620.2023.2180453
Rizki Arisandi, S. N. Marsoem, J. Sutapa, G. Lukmandaru
Swietenia mahogani (L.) Jacq. is one of Indonesia’s commercially valuable timbers. We investigated the time or age at which heartwood formation begins, and observed and determined whether the occurrence of heartwood formation was affected by age or diameter. The presence of heartwood from the bottom to the top (at various axial positions) of the stem was observed, and the basic density (BD) and green moisture content (GMC) were measured. The area of heartwood and sapwood was determined based on the colour differences in the cross-section. The results showed that the formation of the heartwood begins when the tree is four years old. In the axial position, the heartwood can be found in up to 65% of the tree height. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed that heartwood proportion was determined more by diameter than by age. Therefore this can be a consideration for tree breeding programmes to select trees with larger diameters. Harvesting of young, fast-growing mahogany trees with large diameters from tree breeding can be expected to produce wood with good beauty and durability. Furthermore, BD in the heartwood was lower than in the sapwood, although there was a positive correlation between the proportion of heartwood and BD.
{"title":"Heartwood formation and its relationship with basic density and green moisture content of young small-leaf mahogany trees","authors":"Rizki Arisandi, S. N. Marsoem, J. Sutapa, G. Lukmandaru","doi":"10.2989/20702620.2023.2180453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2023.2180453","url":null,"abstract":"Swietenia mahogani (L.) Jacq. is one of Indonesia’s commercially valuable timbers. We investigated the time or age at which heartwood formation begins, and observed and determined whether the occurrence of heartwood formation was affected by age or diameter. The presence of heartwood from the bottom to the top (at various axial positions) of the stem was observed, and the basic density (BD) and green moisture content (GMC) were measured. The area of heartwood and sapwood was determined based on the colour differences in the cross-section. The results showed that the formation of the heartwood begins when the tree is four years old. In the axial position, the heartwood can be found in up to 65% of the tree height. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed that heartwood proportion was determined more by diameter than by age. Therefore this can be a consideration for tree breeding programmes to select trees with larger diameters. Harvesting of young, fast-growing mahogany trees with large diameters from tree breeding can be expected to produce wood with good beauty and durability. Furthermore, BD in the heartwood was lower than in the sapwood, although there was a positive correlation between the proportion of heartwood and BD.","PeriodicalId":21939,"journal":{"name":"Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83917391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.2989/20702620.2023.2179441
M. Tarigan, N. Q. Pham, F. Jami, Leonardo S. S. Oliveira, M. A. Saha, Á. Durán, M. Wingfield
Diseases increasingly threaten the rapidly expanding eucalypt plantation industry of Indonesia. Of these, leaf blight caused by Calonectria spp. is considered amongst the more important problems, causing losses both in production nurseries and plantations. Using DNA sequence data based on the translation elongation factor 1-alpha, β-tubulin, calmodulin, and histone H3 gene regions, 163 isolates of Calonectria spp. obtained from diseased eucalypt seedlings in nurseries and infected leaves in plantations were identified as Calonectria acicola, C. hawksworthii, C. lombardiana, C. multiseptata, C. pseudoreteaudii and C. reteaudii. Of these, C. lombardiana was by far the most commonly isolated and accounted for approximately 84% of the isolates. Given the predominance of this fungus, it is interesting that it has not previously been reported from Indonesia. This is also the first report of C. pseudoreteaudii and C. acicola from the country. All six species of Calonectria were found to be pathogenic to eucalypts in artificial inoculation studies. Calonectria lombardiana was generally the most pathogenic species and eucalypt genotypes displayed different levels of susceptibility, providing confidence that disease caused by this fungus can be reduced by selecting disease-tolerant planting stock.
{"title":"Calonectria species diversity on eucalypts in Indonesia","authors":"M. Tarigan, N. Q. Pham, F. Jami, Leonardo S. S. Oliveira, M. A. Saha, Á. Durán, M. Wingfield","doi":"10.2989/20702620.2023.2179441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2023.2179441","url":null,"abstract":"Diseases increasingly threaten the rapidly expanding eucalypt plantation industry of Indonesia. Of these, leaf blight caused by Calonectria spp. is considered amongst the more important problems, causing losses both in production nurseries and plantations. Using DNA sequence data based on the translation elongation factor 1-alpha, β-tubulin, calmodulin, and histone H3 gene regions, 163 isolates of Calonectria spp. obtained from diseased eucalypt seedlings in nurseries and infected leaves in plantations were identified as Calonectria acicola, C. hawksworthii, C. lombardiana, C. multiseptata, C. pseudoreteaudii and C. reteaudii. Of these, C. lombardiana was by far the most commonly isolated and accounted for approximately 84% of the isolates. Given the predominance of this fungus, it is interesting that it has not previously been reported from Indonesia. This is also the first report of C. pseudoreteaudii and C. acicola from the country. All six species of Calonectria were found to be pathogenic to eucalypts in artificial inoculation studies. Calonectria lombardiana was generally the most pathogenic species and eucalypt genotypes displayed different levels of susceptibility, providing confidence that disease caused by this fungus can be reduced by selecting disease-tolerant planting stock.","PeriodicalId":21939,"journal":{"name":"Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79121447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.2989/20702620.2022.2148588
A. F. F. Gomes, Fernando Júnior Resende Macarenhas, Diego Henrique de Almeida, A. Dias, T. Panzera, F. Lahr, A. Christoforo
Brazil has a vast area of native forests with the potential to be sustainably exploited for application in civil construction. Density is a key factor when analysing the characteristics of different wood species and their future uses, and additionally it can be used as an estimator for other mechanical properties of wood. Furthermore, in a developing country like Brazil, carrying out various characterisation tests for different wood species is sometimes impossible because of the associated high costs. The Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190:1997, Design of Timber Structure, governs wood construction and timber structures in Brazil. However, this guideline lacks equations that link the majority of mechanical characteristics to density. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to propose regression models for estimating compressive strength perpendicular to grain, for 17 native species of Brazilian tropical wood, as a function of apparent density and the characteristic value of apparent density. From the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that all the regression models provided in this study were successful in estimating characteristic compressive strength perpendicular to grain (fc90,k), and that the model from Equation 3 in this work, a linear model with one independent variable, might be included in future revisions of ABNT NBR 7190:1997.
{"title":"Tropical wood species: alternative model to determine the characteristic compressive strength perpendicular to grain","authors":"A. F. F. Gomes, Fernando Júnior Resende Macarenhas, Diego Henrique de Almeida, A. Dias, T. Panzera, F. Lahr, A. Christoforo","doi":"10.2989/20702620.2022.2148588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2022.2148588","url":null,"abstract":"Brazil has a vast area of native forests with the potential to be sustainably exploited for application in civil construction. Density is a key factor when analysing the characteristics of different wood species and their future uses, and additionally it can be used as an estimator for other mechanical properties of wood. Furthermore, in a developing country like Brazil, carrying out various characterisation tests for different wood species is sometimes impossible because of the associated high costs. The Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190:1997, Design of Timber Structure, governs wood construction and timber structures in Brazil. However, this guideline lacks equations that link the majority of mechanical characteristics to density. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to propose regression models for estimating compressive strength perpendicular to grain, for 17 native species of Brazilian tropical wood, as a function of apparent density and the characteristic value of apparent density. From the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that all the regression models provided in this study were successful in estimating characteristic compressive strength perpendicular to grain (fc90,k), and that the model from Equation 3 in this work, a linear model with one independent variable, might be included in future revisions of ABNT NBR 7190:1997.","PeriodicalId":21939,"journal":{"name":"Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83405175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.2989/20702620.2023.2192372
Nkosinathi D Kaptein, A. Clulow, M. Toucher, C. Everson, S. Dovey, I. Germishuizen
Global demand for forest products is ever-increasing, creating competition for water between downstream water users and commercial forest producers. Tree production should therefore aim at the effective use of water by producing maximum tree biomass from water used with the least total evaporative losses. A ratio of accumulated biomass to transpiration (T) known as the water use efficiency (WUE) is a common technique used to determine commercial forest plantation productivity. This review argues that WUE does not account for total plantation water use (ET), transpiration efficiency of trees (TE) and harvest index (HI, the tree stemwood, which is the most profitable component of a tree). This research suggests using PWPWOOD which is defined as the maximum amount of wood produced, also referred to as plantation yield (TE × HI) from a given volume of ET (T + canopy interception + soil water evaporation). Improving PWPWOOD requires that TE and HI are increased while ET losses are kept to a minimum. Practical interventions to improve plantation yield (TE and HI) are discussed in detail while techniques to minimise ET are discussed to a lesser extent. PWPWOOD has been shown to be a better measure and found to improve commercial forest plantation productivity as indicated by different case studies presented in this review.
{"title":"Plantation water productivity (PWPWOOD) and not water-use efficiency (WUE) as the measure of commercial plantation yield improvement: a review","authors":"Nkosinathi D Kaptein, A. Clulow, M. Toucher, C. Everson, S. Dovey, I. Germishuizen","doi":"10.2989/20702620.2023.2192372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2023.2192372","url":null,"abstract":"Global demand for forest products is ever-increasing, creating competition for water between downstream water users and commercial forest producers. Tree production should therefore aim at the effective use of water by producing maximum tree biomass from water used with the least total evaporative losses. A ratio of accumulated biomass to transpiration (T) known as the water use efficiency (WUE) is a common technique used to determine commercial forest plantation productivity. This review argues that WUE does not account for total plantation water use (ET), transpiration efficiency of trees (TE) and harvest index (HI, the tree stemwood, which is the most profitable component of a tree). This research suggests using PWPWOOD which is defined as the maximum amount of wood produced, also referred to as plantation yield (TE × HI) from a given volume of ET (T + canopy interception + soil water evaporation). Improving PWPWOOD requires that TE and HI are increased while ET losses are kept to a minimum. Practical interventions to improve plantation yield (TE and HI) are discussed in detail while techniques to minimise ET are discussed to a lesser extent. PWPWOOD has been shown to be a better measure and found to improve commercial forest plantation productivity as indicated by different case studies presented in this review.","PeriodicalId":21939,"journal":{"name":"Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87092812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.2989/20702620.2023.2186282
Luiz Moreira Coelho Junior, Thaisa de Sousa Selvatti, Filipe Vanderlei Alencar, A. M. Melo Nunes, M. S. Joaquim, E. S. Santos Júnior, Álvaro Nogueira de Souza
Wood pulp is one of the main products of forestry worldwide, being a necessary intermediate product for all types of paper produced. In order to understand the market dynamics of this product, this study analyses the global concentration of the wood-pulp production from 1961 to 2021 using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). To measure the degree of concentration, the following indicators were used: concentration ratio [CR(fc)], the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), the Theil Entropy Index (E), the Hall and Tideman Index (HTI), the Comprehensible Concentration Index (CCI) and the Gini Coefficient (G). A decreasing tendency in the concentration of the world production of wood pulp was verified, but the concentration is still classified as intense. The inequality was also strongly verified by the G, but also with a downward tendency. The participation of major producers is also decreasing. This trend of reduced concentration is explained by the increase in the number of countries producing wood pulp. This study concluded that the environmental and technological conditions of the management of planted forests restrict the participation of many of the countries producing wood pulp.
{"title":"Global concentration of wood-pulp production, 1961–2021","authors":"Luiz Moreira Coelho Junior, Thaisa de Sousa Selvatti, Filipe Vanderlei Alencar, A. M. Melo Nunes, M. S. Joaquim, E. S. Santos Júnior, Álvaro Nogueira de Souza","doi":"10.2989/20702620.2023.2186282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2023.2186282","url":null,"abstract":"Wood pulp is one of the main products of forestry worldwide, being a necessary intermediate product for all types of paper produced. In order to understand the market dynamics of this product, this study analyses the global concentration of the wood-pulp production from 1961 to 2021 using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). To measure the degree of concentration, the following indicators were used: concentration ratio [CR(fc)], the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), the Theil Entropy Index (E), the Hall and Tideman Index (HTI), the Comprehensible Concentration Index (CCI) and the Gini Coefficient (G). A decreasing tendency in the concentration of the world production of wood pulp was verified, but the concentration is still classified as intense. The inequality was also strongly verified by the G, but also with a downward tendency. The participation of major producers is also decreasing. This trend of reduced concentration is explained by the increase in the number of countries producing wood pulp. This study concluded that the environmental and technological conditions of the management of planted forests restrict the participation of many of the countries producing wood pulp.","PeriodicalId":21939,"journal":{"name":"Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75317147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.2989/20702620.2022.2162459
L. V. Molinari, D. Souza, M. Avelar, S. B. Fernandes, D. Gonçalves, D. Carvalho, Laura Ribeiro Atala, G. E. Brondani
Corymbia maculata stands out for its resistance to biotic and abiotic stress and for its high-density wood, which is ideal for sawmills, sleepers, posts, firewood and charcoal. In vitro culture techniques can be used for large-scale clonal microplant production, given the difficulty in adventitious rooting via cutting or mini-cutting techniques. The aim of the work was to evaluate the in vitro multiplication, elongation and adventitious rooting stages of Corymbia maculata based on chemical sterilisation of the culture medium, plant growth regulators, gaseous exchange, activated charcoal and growth room lighting. Supplementation of active chlorine in culture medium reduced fungal and bacterial contamination. The best result for the in vitro multiplication stage was observed in the absence of active chlorine and 0.5 mg l−1 benzylaminopurine (BAP). In vitro shoot elongation in culture medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.001% or 0.003% active chlorine, and vessels sealed with a rigid polypropylene lid with one or three membranes was the most suitable. Glass flasks with porous membrane lids allowed gaseous exchange and favoured elongation and adventitious rooting. Microshoots treated with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for 48 h (pulse effect) in the absence of light and activated charcoal in the culture medium is recommended for in vitro adventitious rooting of Corymbia maculata.
Corymbia maculata因其对生物和非生物压力的抵抗力以及高密度木材而脱颖而出，这是锯木厂，枕木，柱子，木柴和木炭的理想选择。考虑到通过扦插或小扦插技术难以实现不定生根，离体培养技术可用于大规模克隆微型植株生产。本研究的目的是在化学灭菌培养基、植物生长调节剂、气体交换、活性炭和生长室照明的基础上，对山茅的体外增殖、伸长和不定根阶段进行评价。在培养基中添加活性氯可减少真菌和细菌污染。在不添加活性氯和0.5 mg l−1苄基氨基嘌呤(BAP)的条件下，体外增殖效果最好。在添加0.5 mg l - 1 α-萘乙酸(NAA)、0.001%或0.003%活性氯、用一层或三层刚性聚丙烯盖密封的培养基中，离体芽伸长效果最佳。带有多孔膜盖的玻璃烧瓶允许气体交换，有利于延长和不定根。推荐用吲哚-3-丁酸(IBA)处理微芽48 h(脉冲效应)，在无光和活性炭培养基中培养山茱萸的离体不定根。
{"title":"Clonal microplant production of Corymbia maculata: effect of chemical sterilisation, plant growth regulator, gas exchange, activated charcoal and lighting","authors":"L. V. Molinari, D. Souza, M. Avelar, S. B. Fernandes, D. Gonçalves, D. Carvalho, Laura Ribeiro Atala, G. E. Brondani","doi":"10.2989/20702620.2022.2162459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2022.2162459","url":null,"abstract":"Corymbia maculata stands out for its resistance to biotic and abiotic stress and for its high-density wood, which is ideal for sawmills, sleepers, posts, firewood and charcoal. In vitro culture techniques can be used for large-scale clonal microplant production, given the difficulty in adventitious rooting via cutting or mini-cutting techniques. The aim of the work was to evaluate the in vitro multiplication, elongation and adventitious rooting stages of Corymbia maculata based on chemical sterilisation of the culture medium, plant growth regulators, gaseous exchange, activated charcoal and growth room lighting. Supplementation of active chlorine in culture medium reduced fungal and bacterial contamination. The best result for the in vitro multiplication stage was observed in the absence of active chlorine and 0.5 mg l−1 benzylaminopurine (BAP). In vitro shoot elongation in culture medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.001% or 0.003% active chlorine, and vessels sealed with a rigid polypropylene lid with one or three membranes was the most suitable. Glass flasks with porous membrane lids allowed gaseous exchange and favoured elongation and adventitious rooting. Microshoots treated with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for 48 h (pulse effect) in the absence of light and activated charcoal in the culture medium is recommended for in vitro adventitious rooting of Corymbia maculata.","PeriodicalId":21939,"journal":{"name":"Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83193338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-20DOI: 10.2989/20702620.2022.2150586
G. Jaganathan, Jiajin Li, Baolin Liu
The International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) recommends two methods for seed moisture content determination: high constant temperature drying, carried out at 130 °C for 1, 2, 3 or 4 hours, and low constant temperature drying, carried out at 103 °C for 17 hours. However, in species with impermeable seed coats, i.e. physical dormancy (PY), a range of temperatures and duration was used to determine the moisture content. This work found that seeds of Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf., Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir. and Adenanthera pavinona L, which all have PY, can reach constant weight between two and five hours when dried at 103 °C for 17 hours. Such high temperatures could either open the water gaps, e.g. the lens in Fabaceae which are present in the seed coat, or crack open the seed coat, as observed during episodes of fire and dry-heat treatments. Therefore, it is suggested that the low constant temperature drying method can be used for species with impermeable seed coats.
国际种子测试协会(ISTA)推荐两种测定种子水分含量的方法:高温恒温干燥，在130°C下进行1、2、3或4小时，低温恒温干燥，在103°C下进行17小时。然而，对于具有不透水种皮的物种，即物理休眠(PY)，则使用一系列温度和持续时间来确定水分含量。这项工作发现，龙葵的种子(Bojer ex Hook。)英国皇家空军。大田葵(L.)Poir。和Adenanthera pavinona L，均含有PY，在103℃下干燥17小时，可在2 ~ 5小时内达到恒重。如此高的温度可能会打开水隙，例如豆科植物中存在于种皮中的晶状体，或者在火灾和干热处理期间观察到的种皮破裂。因此，对于种皮不透水的品种，建议采用低温恒温干燥法。
{"title":"Low constant temperature drying can be a satisfactory method to determinethe moisture content of impermeable seed coated species","authors":"G. Jaganathan, Jiajin Li, Baolin Liu","doi":"10.2989/20702620.2022.2150586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2022.2150586","url":null,"abstract":"The International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) recommends two methods for seed moisture content determination: high constant temperature drying, carried out at 130 °C for 1, 2, 3 or 4 hours, and low constant temperature drying, carried out at 103 °C for 17 hours. However, in species with impermeable seed coats, i.e. physical dormancy (PY), a range of temperatures and duration was used to determine the moisture content. This work found that seeds of Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf., Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir. and Adenanthera pavinona L, which all have PY, can reach constant weight between two and five hours when dried at 103 °C for 17 hours. Such high temperatures could either open the water gaps, e.g. the lens in Fabaceae which are present in the seed coat, or crack open the seed coat, as observed during episodes of fire and dry-heat treatments. Therefore, it is suggested that the low constant temperature drying method can be used for species with impermeable seed coats.","PeriodicalId":21939,"journal":{"name":"Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80738699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-20DOI: 10.2989/20702620.2022.2151385
Daiana Sousa de Jesus, J. P. Castro, T. Guedes, J. R. M. da Silva, J. V. Latorraca, A. Nascimento
Heat treatment has been used in wood to improve its technological properties, but due to the complex nature of wood, it is necessary to carry out analyses to confirm the changes, and also to investigate which temperatures and protocols are ideal to provide the desired effect. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the modulus of elasticity, in order to understand the mechanical behaviour of thermally modified wood, using the non-destructive technique of ultrasound. The subjects of study were the woods of Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. and Pinus elliottii Engelm. Heat treatments were carried out with temperatures of 160, 180 and 200 °C, for a period of 60 min. After the treatments, the dynamic modulus of elasticity was estimated by the non-destructive technique of ultrasound and the static modulus of elasticity was obtained using a universal testing machine. It was observed that the heat treatment provided an increase in the dynamic modulus of elasticity for both species. For P. elliottii wood, a high linear correlation was observed between the dynamic and static modulus of elasticity for (R 2 = 0.87). For B. excelsa wood, a low correlation was observed (R 2 = 0.31).
{"title":"Assessment of the acoustic change in heat-treated Pinus elliottii and Bertholletia excelsa wood from homogeneous plantations in Brazil","authors":"Daiana Sousa de Jesus, J. P. Castro, T. Guedes, J. R. M. da Silva, J. V. Latorraca, A. Nascimento","doi":"10.2989/20702620.2022.2151385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2022.2151385","url":null,"abstract":"Heat treatment has been used in wood to improve its technological properties, but due to the complex nature of wood, it is necessary to carry out analyses to confirm the changes, and also to investigate which temperatures and protocols are ideal to provide the desired effect. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the modulus of elasticity, in order to understand the mechanical behaviour of thermally modified wood, using the non-destructive technique of ultrasound. The subjects of study were the woods of Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. and Pinus elliottii Engelm. Heat treatments were carried out with temperatures of 160, 180 and 200 °C, for a period of 60 min. After the treatments, the dynamic modulus of elasticity was estimated by the non-destructive technique of ultrasound and the static modulus of elasticity was obtained using a universal testing machine. It was observed that the heat treatment provided an increase in the dynamic modulus of elasticity for both species. For P. elliottii wood, a high linear correlation was observed between the dynamic and static modulus of elasticity for (R 2 = 0.87). For B. excelsa wood, a low correlation was observed (R 2 = 0.31).","PeriodicalId":21939,"journal":{"name":"Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76550664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-20DOI: 10.2989/20702620.2022.2149365
S. Déguénon, C. Hounmenou, R. Idohou, B. Tente, A. Assogbadjo, B. Sinsin
The diversity of forest resources is threatened in its current form of exploitation by rural communities. In order to contribute to the sustainable use of forest resources, this study aimed to assess the diversity of ‘utilitarian’ plant species (those that are useful to humans) among communities living in the 11 classified forests managed by the National Timber Office of Benin (Office National du Bois du Bénin, ONAB) and to identify priority species for conservation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 385 riparian residents of the forests using a simple random sampling method. The data collected focused mainly on plant biodiversity. The ecological parameters of habitats, such as the number of genera and species according to families, were calculated. In addition, the prioritisation method used four approaches and eight criteria that made it possible to identify priority species for conservation. Overall, the study revealed the existence of 97 utilitarian species divided into 33 families and 76 genera in the forest areas. The ten priority species for conservation, in order of priority as per the point score procedure, are: Khaya senegalensis, Afzelia africana, Khaya grandifoliola, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Anogeissus leiocarpa, Milicia excelsa, Albizia zygia, Vitex doniana, Antidesma laciniatum and Bombax costatum. This study provides scientific support for conservation planning and as a decision-making tool for the socio-economic conservation of these species.
{"title":"Diversity and conservation prioritisation of plant species utilised by communities living in the forest areas managed by the Benin National Timber Office","authors":"S. Déguénon, C. Hounmenou, R. Idohou, B. Tente, A. Assogbadjo, B. Sinsin","doi":"10.2989/20702620.2022.2149365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2022.2149365","url":null,"abstract":"The diversity of forest resources is threatened in its current form of exploitation by rural communities. In order to contribute to the sustainable use of forest resources, this study aimed to assess the diversity of ‘utilitarian’ plant species (those that are useful to humans) among communities living in the 11 classified forests managed by the National Timber Office of Benin (Office National du Bois du Bénin, ONAB) and to identify priority species for conservation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 385 riparian residents of the forests using a simple random sampling method. The data collected focused mainly on plant biodiversity. The ecological parameters of habitats, such as the number of genera and species according to families, were calculated. In addition, the prioritisation method used four approaches and eight criteria that made it possible to identify priority species for conservation. Overall, the study revealed the existence of 97 utilitarian species divided into 33 families and 76 genera in the forest areas. The ten priority species for conservation, in order of priority as per the point score procedure, are: Khaya senegalensis, Afzelia africana, Khaya grandifoliola, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Anogeissus leiocarpa, Milicia excelsa, Albizia zygia, Vitex doniana, Antidesma laciniatum and Bombax costatum. This study provides scientific support for conservation planning and as a decision-making tool for the socio-economic conservation of these species.","PeriodicalId":21939,"journal":{"name":"Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85078581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-20DOI: 10.2989/20702620.2022.2148587
B. G. Mandigora, D. Drew
Short-rotation forest stands are sensitive to extreme climate conditions during their growth period, which presents a challenge to managing forests and modelling forest growth in a constantly changing climate. We developed climate-sensitive dominant height models for the Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid (GU) in South Africa. In addition, dominant height growth under three future climate scenarios was investigated. The Chapman– Richards and Gompertz models, modified by within-rotation and long-term climate data, were used to model dominant height. Model testing using independent permanent sample plot data showed that the Gompertz model modified by within-rotation bioclimatic data performed better than the other models. The climate-modified Gompertz model was used to project height growth for eucalypt stands under three future climate scenarios; ‘No change’, ‘RCP4.5’ and ‘RCP8.5’, for two periods: 2050 (years 2040 to 2060); and 2070 (years 2061 to 2080). Climate change might decelerate dominant height growth in the study area, therefore forest management plans need to be adapted accordingly.
{"title":"Enhancing predictive precision of dominant height projection equations for eucalypts by incorporating rainfall and temperature terms","authors":"B. G. Mandigora, D. Drew","doi":"10.2989/20702620.2022.2148587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2022.2148587","url":null,"abstract":"Short-rotation forest stands are sensitive to extreme climate conditions during their growth period, which presents a challenge to managing forests and modelling forest growth in a constantly changing climate. We developed climate-sensitive dominant height models for the Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid (GU) in South Africa. In addition, dominant height growth under three future climate scenarios was investigated. The Chapman– Richards and Gompertz models, modified by within-rotation and long-term climate data, were used to model dominant height. Model testing using independent permanent sample plot data showed that the Gompertz model modified by within-rotation bioclimatic data performed better than the other models. The climate-modified Gompertz model was used to project height growth for eucalypt stands under three future climate scenarios; ‘No change’, ‘RCP4.5’ and ‘RCP8.5’, for two periods: 2050 (years 2040 to 2060); and 2070 (years 2061 to 2080). Climate change might decelerate dominant height growth in the study area, therefore forest management plans need to be adapted accordingly.","PeriodicalId":21939,"journal":{"name":"Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82599852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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