Structural Safety最新文献_第4页

Impact of component damage correlations on seismic fragility and risk assessment of multi-component bridge systems 构件损伤相关性对多构件桥梁体系地震易损性及风险评估的影响

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Structural Safety

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2025.102635

Yazhou Xie

Seismic fragility modeling of bridges has evolved from simplified system-level assessments to high-fidelity, component-based methodologies. However, a key challenge remains in accurately incorporating damage dependency among bridge components, which might influence high-resolution seismic risk estimates that rely upon damage simulations of each bridge component. While previous studies have explored demand and capacity correlations in various structures, a comprehensive framework integrating these dependencies within the component-based bridge fragility modeling approach remains absent. This study addresses this gap by introducing a refined methodology for modeling seismic damage correlations across bridge components and damage states. A correlation-based fragility modeling framework is proposed, leveraging joint probabilistic seismic demand models and a hierarchical capacity correlation structure. The framework is systematically compared against other correlation models, including fully independent, fully correlated, and partially correlated approaches. Using a four-span, multi-column reinforced concrete bridge as a benchmark, the influence of correlation modeling on key seismic risk metrics, such as bridge collapse fragility, repair costs, and recovery durations, is assessed. Results demonstrate that neglecting damage correlation, or treating it perfectly correlated, sometimes would lead to significant biases in risk estimations. The proposed framework provides a practical extension of the existing component-level seismic fragility modeling approach for seamlessly integrating correlation effects, improving its effectiveness and applicability for downstream risk and resilience assessment of bridge systems.

桥梁的地震易损性建模已经从简化的系统级评估发展到高保真的、基于构件的方法。然而，一个关键的挑战仍然是如何准确地结合桥梁构件之间的损伤依赖关系，这可能会影响依赖于每个桥梁构件损伤模拟的高分辨率地震风险估计。虽然以前的研究已经探索了各种结构的需求和容量相关性，但在基于组件的桥梁脆弱性建模方法中集成这些依赖关系的综合框架仍然缺乏。本研究通过引入一种精细的方法来模拟桥梁构件和损伤状态之间的地震损伤相关性，从而解决了这一差距。利用联合概率地震需求模型和分层能力关联结构，提出了一种基于关联的脆弱性建模框架。该框架与其他相关模型进行了系统的比较，包括完全独立、完全相关和部分相关的方法。以一座四跨多柱钢筋混凝土桥梁为基准，评估了相关建模对桥梁倒塌易损性、修复成本和恢复时间等关键地震风险指标的影响。结果表明，忽略损害相关性，或将其视为完全相关，有时会导致风险估计的显著偏差。该框架为现有构件级地震易损性建模方法提供了实用扩展，可无缝集成相关效应，提高了其在桥梁体系下游风险和恢复力评估中的有效性和适用性。

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引用次数: 0

Estimation of simulation failure set with active learning based on Gaussian Process classifiers and random set theory 基于高斯过程分类器和随机集理论的主动学习仿真故障集估计

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Structural Safety

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2025.102607

Morgane Menz , Miguel Munoz Zuniga , Delphine Sinoquet

A wide range of industrial applications require numerous time-consuming simulations across various input sets, such as for optimization, calibration, or reliability assessments. In that context, some simulation failures or instabilities can be observed, due for instance, to convergence issues of the numerical scheme of complex partial derivative equations. Most of the time, the set of inputs corresponding to failures is not known a priori and thus may be associated to a hidden constraint. Since the observation of a simulation failure regarding this unknown constraint may be as costly as a feasible expensive simulation, we seek to learn the feasible set of inputs and thus target areas without simulation failure before further analysis. In this classification context, we propose to learn the feasible domain with a new adaptive Gaussian Process Classifier. The proposed methodology is a batch-mode active learning classification strategy that reduces uncertainty step by step, using a random set paradigm and a Gaussian Process Classifiers. The performance of this strategy is demonstrated on several hidden-constrained problems, particularly in the context of a wind turbine simulator-based reliability analysis.

广泛的工业应用需要跨各种输入集进行大量耗时的模拟，例如优化，校准或可靠性评估。在这种情况下，可以观察到一些模拟失败或不稳定性，例如，由于复杂偏导数方程数值格式的收敛问题。大多数情况下，与失败相对应的输入集是未知的，因此可能与隐藏的约束相关联。由于观察关于这个未知约束的模拟失败可能与可行的昂贵模拟一样昂贵，因此在进一步分析之前，我们寻求学习可行的输入集，从而学习没有模拟失败的目标区域。在这种分类背景下，我们提出了一种新的自适应高斯过程分类器来学习可行域。所提出的方法是使用随机集范式和高斯过程分类器逐步减少不确定性的批处理模式主动学习分类策略。该策略的性能在几个隐藏约束问题上得到了验证，特别是在基于风力发电机模拟器的可靠性分析的背景下。

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引用次数: 0

Reliability analysis for non-deterministic limit-states using stochastic emulators 基于随机仿真器的非确定性极限状态可靠性分析

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Structural Safety

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2025.102621

Anderson V. Pires, Maliki Moustapha, Stefano Marelli, Bruno Sudret

Reliability analysis is a sub-field of uncertainty quantification that assesses the probability of a system performing as intended under various uncertainties. Traditionally, this analysis relies on deterministic models, where experiments are repeatable, i.e. they produce consistent outputs for a given set of inputs. However, real-world systems often exhibit stochastic behavior, leading to non-repeatable outcomes. These so-called stochastic simulators produce different outputs each time the model is run, even with fixed inputs.

This paper formally introduces reliability analysis for stochastic models and addresses it by using suitable surrogate models to lower its typically high computational cost. Specifically, we focus on the recently introduced generalized lambda models and stochastic polynomial chaos expansions. These emulators are designed to learn the inherent randomness of the simulator’s response and enable efficient uncertainty quantification at a much lower cost than traditional Monte Carlo simulation.

We validate our methodology through three case studies. First, using an analytical function with a closed-form solution, we demonstrate that the emulators converge to the correct solution. Second, we present results obtained from the surrogates using a toy example of a simply supported beam. Finally, we apply the emulators to perform reliability analysis on a realistic wind turbine case study, where only a dataset of simulation results is available.

可靠性分析是不确定性量化的一个子领域，用于评估系统在各种不确定性下按预期运行的概率。传统上，这种分析依赖于确定性模型，其中实验是可重复的，即它们对给定的一组输入产生一致的输出。然而，现实世界的系统往往表现出随机行为，导致不可重复的结果。这些所谓的随机模拟器每次运行模型都会产生不同的输出，即使输入是固定的。本文正式介绍了随机模型的可靠性分析，并通过使用合适的替代模型来解决这一问题，以降低其典型的高计算成本。具体来说，我们关注最近引入的广义lambda模型和随机多项式混沌展开式。这些仿真器旨在学习模拟器响应的固有随机性，并以比传统蒙特卡罗仿真低得多的成本实现有效的不确定性量化。我们通过三个案例研究验证了我们的方法。首先，使用具有封闭解的解析函数，我们证明了仿真器收敛到正确的解。其次，我们提出的结果，从代理人使用一个玩具的例子，一个简单的支持梁。最后，我们应用仿真器对一个实际的风力发电机案例进行了可靠性分析，其中只有仿真结果的数据集可用。

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引用次数: 0

Reliability-based vulnerability assessment of steel truss bridge components 基于可靠度的钢桁架桥梁构件易损性评估

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Structural Safety

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2025.102623

Santiago López , Brais Barros , Manuel Buitrago , Jose M. Adam , Belen Riveiro

Bridges are among the most vulnerable and expensive assets of transportation networks. The failure of a bridge component can lead to catastrophic consequences for the entire structure. Therefore, vulnerability assessments have gained prominence to ensure their structural safety. However, as bridges age, performing a reliable assessment becomes increasingly challenging. This paper proposed a framework for the component-based vulnerability assessment of steel truss bridges. An index (SoD) that quantifies the State of Demand of each structural element is proposed. The level of vulnerability of all bridge elements is evaluated through a FEM-based approach that considers the uncertainty of the variables affecting the structural behaviour. The proposed framework has been tested in a real steel truss bridge located in Galicia, Spain. The framework finally integrates finite element modelling, uncertainty quantification and propagation, and probabilistic tools into a systematic approach for evaluating the component-level vulnerability of steel truss bridges. The outputs can be used to optimise inspection routines, reduce costs, and support the decision of authorities regarding bridge safety, monitoring, and maintenance. This work breaks new ground in the practical application of new knowledge, as the methodology could be further automated, simplifying engineering efforts and supporting bridge management entities to improve the bridge’s structural safety.

桥梁是交通网络中最脆弱、最昂贵的资产之一。桥梁构件的失效可能导致整个结构的灾难性后果。因此，对其进行易损性评估以确保其结构安全已成为研究重点。然而，随着桥梁的老化，进行可靠的评估变得越来越具有挑战性。提出了一种基于构件的钢桁架桥梁易损性评估框架。提出了一种量化各结构要素需求状态的指标（SoD）。所有桥梁构件的易损性水平通过基于有限元的方法进行评估，该方法考虑了影响结构行为的变量的不确定性。该框架已经在位于西班牙加利西亚的一座真实钢桁架桥上进行了测试。该框架最后将有限元建模、不确定性量化和传播以及概率工具集成为评估钢桁架桥梁构件级脆弱性的系统方法。其结果可用于优化检查程序，降低成本，并支持有关当局对桥梁安全、监测和维护的决策。这项工作在新知识的实际应用方面开辟了新的领域，因为该方法可以进一步自动化，简化工程工作，并支持桥梁管理实体提高桥梁的结构安全性。

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引用次数: 0

Probabilistic calibration of design resistance models for the anchorage length of prestressing strands considering model uncertainty 考虑模型不确定性的预应力锚固长度设计阻力模型的概率校正

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Structural Safety

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2025.102631

Sergio Belluco, Flora Faleschini

This study investigates the reliability and the model uncertainty of the anchorage length resistance models proposed in the 2nd generation Eurocode 2 and fib Model Code 2020. First, the two resistance models and their safety format are presented and discussed. Then, the probability distribution of the model uncertainty is estimated comparing the model predictions with a large set of flexural tests collected from the scientific literature. According to the results, the prestress release method and the strand surface conditions are the two variables affecting most the model uncertainty. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that anchorage lengths predicted with fib Model Code 2020 exceed the expected target level of reliability and they could be reduced, particularly for gradual prestress release. Conversely, anchorage lengths calculated according to the 2nd generation Eurocode 2 in case of sudden prestress release need to be increased to guarantee the expected level of reliability. For the same code, no significant changes are necessary in case of gradual prestress release.

本文研究了第二代欧洲规范2和fib模型规范2020中提出的锚固长度阻力模型的可靠性和模型不确定性。首先，提出并讨论了两种阻力模型及其安全格式。然后，将模型预测与从科学文献中收集的大量弯曲试验进行比较，估计模型不确定性的概率分布。结果表明，预应力释放方法和钢绞线表面条件是影响模型不确定性最大的两个变量。此外，还证明了fib模型规范2020预测的锚固长度超过了预期的目标可靠性水平，并且可以减小锚固长度，特别是在逐渐释放预应力的情况下。相反，根据第二代欧洲规范2计算的预应力突然释放情况下的锚固长度需要增加，以保证预期的可靠度水平。对于相同的规范，如果预应力逐渐释放，则不需要进行重大更改。

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引用次数: 0

Multi-point active learning probability density evolution method 多点主动学习概率密度演化方法

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Structural Safety

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2025.102633

Tong Zhou , Tong Guo , Xujia Zhu , Alexandros A. Taflanidis , Jize Zhang

Probability density evolution method has been efficiently adapted for structural reliability analysis, owing to it rooting in the principle of preservation of probability. Despite achieving significant progress in the past decades, there remains a critical need to enhance its theoretical foundations and improve computational efficiency. In this paper, we develop a multi-point active learning probability density evolution method distinguished by the following four key features: (i) Quantification. An explicit formulation of failure probability is proposed for probability density evolution method by combining the finite difference scheme and the Dirac sequence scheme. Then, an epistemic uncertainty measure of Kriging-based failure probability estimation is quantified. (ii) Reduction. A multi-point learning function is deduced in closed form, aiming to select a batch of new samples to optimally reduce such epistemic uncertainty measure. (iii) Maximization. The multi-point enrichment process is directly conducted based on stepwise maximization of learning function, eliminating the traditional practice of combining a single-point learning function with some additional batch selection procedures. (iv) Termination. The termination of multi-point enrichment process is checked from the actual reduction of epistemic uncertainty of failure probability. The proposed method is tested on four examples and compared against several existing ones in the literature. The results indicate that the proposed method comes with high accuracy of failure probability estimate, whilst gaining favorable savings of the number of iterations and the total computational time, particularly when tackling with complex dynamic reliability problems.

概率密度演化法基于概率保持原理，可有效地应用于结构可靠度分析。尽管在过去几十年中取得了重大进展，但仍然迫切需要加强其理论基础和提高计算效率。本文提出了一种多点主动学习概率密度进化方法，该方法具有以下四个关键特征：(1)量化。将有限差分格式与Dirac序列格式相结合，提出了概率密度演化法失效概率的显式表达式。然后，量化了基于kriging的失效概率估计的认知不确定性测度。(2)减少。以封闭形式推导了一个多点学习函数，旨在选择一批新样本，以最优地减少这种认知不确定性度量。(3)最大化。多点富集过程直接基于学习函数的逐步最大化进行，消除了传统的将单点学习函数与一些额外的批量选择过程相结合的做法。(四)终止。从失效概率的认知不确定性的实际减少来检验多点富集过程的终止性。该方法在四个实例上进行了测试，并与文献中已有的几种方法进行了比较。结果表明，该方法具有较高的故障概率估计精度，在处理复杂的动态可靠性问题时，有效地节省了迭代次数和总计算时间。

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引用次数: 0

Target low-carbon conditional probability for low-carbon structural design 针对低碳结构设计的低碳条件概率

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Structural Safety

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2025.102636

Bing Xia , Jianzhuang Xiao , Xiangshuo Guan

Probabilistic low-carbon structural design is an emerging method for mitigating structural embodied carbon, whereas the absence of a rational target for probabilistic regulation hindered its effectiveness. Here, we clarify the necessity of verifying the low-carbon conditional probability in low-carbon design of structures/structural members, and propose methods for determining acceptable and optimal low-carbon conditional probabilities (i.e., P_LT,a and P_LT,o), respectively based on the carbon mitigation obligation for construction sector and the carbon-related cost minimization for structures/structural members. Based on typical levels of parameter values for target determination, we reveal that P_LT,a is primarily influenced by the distributions of structural embodied carbon premised on safety I_s and its embodied carbon limit I_cr,c, and it typically decreases with the decrease in the difference between the coefficients of variance of I_s and I_cr,c. The reduction of marginal cost for embodied carbon reduction (k), the increase of relative carbon cost (u_c), and the increase of penalty for the excess of carbon emissions (γ_p) facilitate the attainment of the lowest carbon-related cost at lower embodied carbon levels, where a higher P_LT,o could be specified to promote stricter carbon mitigation efforts. The target low-carbon conditional probability P_LT is recommended to be taken as the larger of P_LT,a and P_LT,o, while the γ_p required to ensure that the lowest carbon-related cost is reached with P_LT increases as k increases or u_c decreases.

概率低碳结构设计是一种新兴的减少结构隐含碳的方法，但缺乏合理的概率调控目标阻碍了其有效性。本文明确了在结构/构件低碳设计中验证低碳条件概率的必要性，提出了基于建筑行业碳减排义务和结构/构件碳相关成本最小化的可接受低碳条件概率（PLT,a）和最优低碳条件概率（PLT,o）确定方法。基于目标确定参数值的典型水平，我们发现PLT，a主要受以安全is为前提的结构隐含碳分布及其隐含碳限值Icr，c的影响，并随着is与Icr，c方差系数差的减小而减小。实际碳减排边际成本(k)的降低、相对碳成本（uc）的增加以及对超额碳排放的惩罚（γp）的增加，有助于在较低实际碳水平下实现最低碳相关成本，在这种情况下，可以规定较高的PLT，o以促进更严格的碳减排努力。建议将目标低碳条件概率PLT取PLT、a和PLT中较大的一个，而确保PLT达到最低碳相关成本所需的γp随k的增大或uc的减小而增大。

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引用次数: 0

Spatial variability identification of carbonation depth in concrete using Bayesian networks 利用贝叶斯网络识别混凝土碳化深度的空间变异性

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Structural Safety

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2025.102632

Thanh-Binh Tran , Emilio Bastidas-Arteaga

Accurate prediction of carbonation depth is crucial for evaluating the durability and service life of reinforced concrete structures. Traditional methods for assessing carbonation depth often involve destructive testing, which is both costly and time-consuming, and yields results with limited accuracy, thus restricting their practical applicability. To address these shortcomings, this research introduces a novel two-step procedure that leverages inspection data on concrete porosity and saturation degree to estimate carbonation depth. By integrating Bayesian networks and considering the influence of spatial variability, the proposed methodology aims to enhance prediction accuracy compared to existing techniques. The study comprehensively investigates the impact of various factors, including the use of individual or combined inspection data, spatial dependence, and inspection distance, on prediction performance. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in capturing complex interactions between concrete properties, carbonation depth, and spatial variability. This research contributes to the advancement of non-destructive evaluation methods for concrete structures and provides valuable insights for optimizing inspection strategies.

准确预测碳化深度是评价钢筋混凝土结构耐久性和使用寿命的关键。评估碳酸化深度的传统方法通常涉及破坏性测试，既昂贵又耗时，而且结果精度有限，从而限制了其实际适用性。为了解决这些缺点，本研究引入了一种新的两步程序，该程序利用混凝土孔隙度和饱和度的检测数据来估计碳化深度。通过整合贝叶斯网络并考虑空间变异性的影响，与现有技术相比，该方法旨在提高预测精度。该研究全面考察了各种因素对预测性能的影响，包括单个或组合检测数据的使用、空间依赖性和检测距离。研究结果表明，所提出的方法在捕获混凝土性能、碳化深度和空间变异性之间复杂的相互作用方面是有效的。本研究对混凝土结构无损评价方法的发展具有重要意义，并为优化检测策略提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Spatial and time-dependent reliability analysis for post-tensioned concrete decks subjected to multiple failure modes 多破坏模式下后张混凝土桥面空间时变可靠度分析

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Structural Safety

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2025.102634

Simone Celati , Agnese Natali , Walter Salvatore , Ivar Björnsson , Sebastian Thöns

The durability of existing infrastructures is a worldwide challenge in structural engineering. Societal demands for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, coupled with the financial constraints faced by many countries, push infrastructure management companies and owners to extend the lifespan of existing structures. However, extending the lifespan comes with a set of problems related to safety and time-dependent degradation. The latter problem is particularly acute for prestressed bridge decks with post-tensioned tendons, which are especially prone to degradation due to defects observed for bridges built using older construction techniques.

To address this problem, we propose an approach for evaluating the global time-dependent reliability of prestressed concrete bridge decks with post-tensioned tendons, which are subject to corrosion-related degradation. A model for the time-dependent corrosion process is proposed that combines physics-based formulations with empirical evidence from existing structures, accounting for the necessary thermodynamic conditions and the quality of both the concrete and the grout. Furthermore, the sections of each deck element are assessed for two failure modes, namely, bending and shear failure. The time-dependent reliability is then computed for the bridge deck as a system accounting for the spatial and failure mode dependencies. The approach is applied to evaluate the reliability and technical service life of a prestressed structure representing a typical deck configuration for Italian prestressed bridges, and the main input variables for the case study are identified through a sensitivity analysis. Finally, it is demonstrated that the comparison with consequence-related target reliabilities facilitates the determination of a structure's remaining lifespan and provides the basis for economically efficient and sustainable integrity management.

现有基础设施的耐久性是结构工程领域的世界性难题。社会对减少温室气体排放的需求，加上许多国家面临的财政限制，促使基础设施管理公司和业主延长现有结构的使用寿命。然而，延长使用寿命会带来一系列与安全性和时间依赖性退化相关的问题。后一个问题对于后张预应力桥面尤其严重，由于使用旧施工技术建造的桥梁观察到的缺陷，这些桥面特别容易退化。为了解决这一问题，我们提出了一种评估后张预应力混凝土桥面整体时变可靠性的方法，这些桥面会受到腐蚀相关退化的影响。提出了一个时间依赖腐蚀过程的模型，该模型结合了基于物理的公式和现有结构的经验证据，考虑了必要的热力学条件和混凝土和灌浆的质量。此外，对每个桥面单元的截面进行了两种破坏模式的评估，即弯曲破坏和剪切破坏。然后计算桥面的时变可靠度，作为一个考虑空间和失效模式依赖关系的系统。将该方法应用于意大利预应力桥梁典型桥面结构的预应力结构的可靠性和技术使用寿命评估，并通过灵敏度分析确定了案例研究的主要输入变量。最后，与结果相关的目标可靠度的比较有助于确定结构的剩余寿命，并为经济高效和可持续的完整性管理提供基础。

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引用次数: 0

Optimal redundancy allocation and quality control in structural systems 结构系统的最优冗余分配与质量控制

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Structural Safety

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2025.102603

André T. Beck, Lucas A. Rodrigues da Silva, Luis G.L. Costa, Jochen Köhler

Reliability-Based and Risk-Based design optimization are popular research topics nowadays. Yet, not many studies have addressed the progressive collapse, the optimal robustness nor the optimal redundancy of structural systems. By way of fundamental examples, it is shown herein that redundancy is of little benefit, unless the structural system is exposed to external ‘shocks’. These ‘shocks’ are abnormal loading events; unanticipated failure modes; gross errors in design, construction or operation; operational abuse; and other factors that have historically contributed to observed structural collapses. Shocks may lead to structural damage or complete loss of structural members. The effect of such shocks on system reliability is generically represented by a member damage probability. This is a hazard-imposed damage probability, which is shown to be the key factor justifying the additional spending on structural redundancy. In structural reliability theory, it is understood that quality control should handle gross errors and their impacts; yet, it is shown herein that optimal redundancy is related to the frequency of inspections. The study reveals an intricate interaction between optimal redundancy and optimal quality control by way of inspections, challenging the separation between structural reliability theory and quality control in safety management.

基于可靠性和基于风险的设计优化是当今研究的热点。然而，针对结构体系的渐进崩溃、最优鲁棒性和最优冗余性的研究并不多见。通过基本的例子，本文表明，除非结构系统暴露于外部“冲击”，否则冗余几乎没有好处。这些“冲击”是异常加载事件；意外失效模式；设计、施工、操作出现重大失误的；操作滥用;历史上其他因素导致了观察到的结构崩塌。冲击可能导致结构损坏或结构构件完全丧失。这种冲击对系统可靠性的影响一般用构件损坏概率来表示。这是一个危险造成的损坏概率，这是证明在结构冗余上额外支出的关键因素。在结构可靠性理论中，质量控制应处理大误差及其影响；然而，本文表明，最优冗余与检查频率有关。研究揭示了最优冗余和最优质量控制之间复杂的相互作用，对安全管理中结构可靠性理论与质量控制的分离提出了挑战。

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引用次数: 0