U.S. design patent law has a unique statutory remedy that allows patentees to recover an infringer’s “total profit” on sales of “articles of manufacture” to which infringing designs have been applied. In the high-profile Samsung v. Apple case, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the relevant article of manufacture could be either a component of an end product (i.e., the flat face of an electronic device) or the end product (i.e., smartphones). However, it provided no guidance about how to decide what the relevant article is or how to measure profits from sales of them. Upon remand, a jury awarded Apple $533 million for Samsung’s infringement of three patents on small external design features of smartphones. This was 25% higher than the “total profit” award that the Supreme Court vacated when rendering its Samsung decision. We are not alone in regarding this award as excessive and indeed punitive. This Article scrutinizes the legislative history of the total profit disgorgement remedy and offers guidance about how the disgorgement remedy in design patent cases should be analyzed and applied going forward. “Total profit” disgorgement on end products may have been an appropriate remedy when patented designs covered the overall appearance of end products (e.g., carpet or wallpaper designs), as we believe that they did when this special remedy was enacted. The explicit premise was that the infringer contributed (almost) nothing of value to the end product. The nature of the design entitlement has, however, changed over the past 40 years in two key respects. First and most important, the entitlement has fragmented so that ever smaller design elements of end products are being patented. Second, patents are issuing for some designs that are more functional than ornamental. These changes have enabled design patentees to claim total profit disgorgement even when the entire profit on sales of end products is manifestly not attributable to the infringed designs, as was the case in Samsung. The Article explains why and how courts should handle issues of causation and apportionment in applying the disgorgement remedy. Generally, total profits on an end product should be awarded only when none or very little of the profit is causally attributable to the defendant’s contributions to the infringing enterprise. When the defendant’s profit is attributable to the combination of its contributions to the infringing enterprise and the use of the infringing design, the initial problem is identifying profits the defendant would have made without use of the infringing design. The plaintiff is not entitled to any profits attributable to the defendant’s contributions. A second problem is to identify profits arising from the combination of the defendant’s contributions and its use of the infringing design. These profits should be apportioned. The Article concludes with recommendations about reforms. It argues that judges should decide the relevant article of manufac
{"title":"The Disgorgement Remedy of Design Patent Law","authors":"Pamela Samuelson, Mark P. Gergen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3353536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3353536","url":null,"abstract":"U.S. design patent law has a unique statutory remedy that allows patentees to recover an infringer’s “total profit” on sales of “articles of manufacture” to which infringing designs have been applied. In the high-profile Samsung v. Apple case, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the relevant article of manufacture could be either a component of an end product (i.e., the flat face of an electronic device) or the end product (i.e., smartphones). However, it provided no guidance about how to decide what the relevant article is or how to measure profits from sales of them. Upon remand, a jury awarded Apple $533 million for Samsung’s infringement of three patents on small external design features of smartphones. This was 25% higher than the “total profit” award that the Supreme Court vacated when rendering its Samsung decision. We are not alone in regarding this award as excessive and indeed punitive. \u0000 \u0000This Article scrutinizes the legislative history of the total profit disgorgement remedy and offers guidance about how the disgorgement remedy in design patent cases should be analyzed and applied going forward. “Total profit” disgorgement on end products may have been an appropriate remedy when patented designs covered the overall appearance of end products (e.g., carpet or wallpaper designs), as we believe that they did when this special remedy was enacted. The explicit premise was that the infringer contributed (almost) nothing of value to the end product. The nature of the design entitlement has, however, changed over the past 40 years in two key respects. First and most important, the entitlement has fragmented so that ever smaller design elements of end products are being patented. Second, patents are issuing for some designs that are more functional than ornamental. These changes have enabled design patentees to claim total profit disgorgement even when the entire profit on sales of end products is manifestly not attributable to the infringed designs, as was the case in Samsung. \u0000 \u0000The Article explains why and how courts should handle issues of causation and apportionment in applying the disgorgement remedy. Generally, total profits on an end product should be awarded only when none or very little of the profit is causally attributable to the defendant’s contributions to the infringing enterprise. When the defendant’s profit is attributable to the combination of its contributions to the infringing enterprise and the use of the infringing design, the initial problem is identifying profits the defendant would have made without use of the infringing design. The plaintiff is not entitled to any profits attributable to the defendant’s contributions. A second problem is to identify profits arising from the combination of the defendant’s contributions and its use of the infringing design. These profits should be apportioned. \u0000 \u0000The Article concludes with recommendations about reforms. It argues that judges should decide the relevant article of manufac","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125938490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yaohua Wei, Xiaolei Gu, Liang Cheng, F. Meng, G. Storm, Z. Zhong
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies. The current chemotherapy with typically low tumor uptake and high toxicity reveals a poor anti-HCC efficacy. Here, we report transferrin-guided polycarbonate based polymersomal doxorubicin (Tf-Ps-Dox) as a low-toxic and potent nanotherapeutics for effective treatment of transferrin receptor (TfR)-positive human liver tumor SMMC-7721 models. Tf-Ps-Dox was facilely fabricated with small sizes of ca. 75 nm and varying Tf densities from 2.2% to 7.0%, by post-modification of maleimide-functionalized Ps-Dox (Dox loading content of 10.6 wt.%) with thiolated transferrin. MTT assays showed that Tf-Ps-Dox had an optimal Tf surface density of 3.9%. The cellular uptake, intracellular Dox level, and anticancer efficacy of Tf-Ps-Dox to SMMC-7721 cells were inhibited by supplementing free transferrin, supporting that Tf-Ps-Dox is endocytosed via TfR. Interestingly, Tf-Ps-Dox exhibited a high accumulation of 8.5% ID/g in subcutaneous SMMC-7721 tumors, which was 2 and 3-fold higher than non-targeted Ps-Dox and clinically used liposomal Dox formulation (Lipo-Dox), respectively. The median survival times of mice bearing orthotopic SMMC-7721 tumors increased from 82, 88 to 96 days when treated with Tf-Ps-Dox at Dox doses from 8, 12 to 16 mg/kg, which was significantly better than Ps-Dox at 8 mg/kg (58 days) and Lipo-Dox at 4 mg/kg (48 days) or PBS (36 days). Notably, unlike Lipo-Dox, no body weight loss and damage to major organs could be discerned for all Tf-Ps-Dox groups, indicating that Tf-Ps-Dox causes low systemic toxicity. This transferrin-dressed polymersomal doxorubicin provides a potent and low-toxic treatment modality for human hepatocellular carcinoma.
{"title":"Transferrin-Guided Polymersomal Doxorubicin for Potent and Low-Toxic Chemotherapy of Orthotopic Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Vivo","authors":"Yaohua Wei, Xiaolei Gu, Liang Cheng, F. Meng, G. Storm, Z. Zhong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3325398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3325398","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies. The current chemotherapy with typically low tumor uptake and high toxicity reveals a poor anti-HCC efficacy. Here, we report transferrin-guided polycarbonate based polymersomal doxorubicin (Tf-Ps-Dox) as a low-toxic and potent nanotherapeutics for effective treatment of transferrin receptor (TfR)-positive human liver tumor SMMC-7721 models. Tf-Ps-Dox was facilely fabricated with small sizes of ca. 75 nm and varying Tf densities from 2.2% to 7.0%, by post-modification of maleimide-functionalized Ps-Dox (Dox loading content of 10.6 wt.%) with thiolated transferrin. MTT assays showed that Tf-Ps-Dox had an optimal Tf surface density of 3.9%. The cellular uptake, intracellular Dox level, and anticancer efficacy of Tf-Ps-Dox to SMMC-7721 cells were inhibited by supplementing free transferrin, supporting that Tf-Ps-Dox is endocytosed via TfR. Interestingly, Tf-Ps-Dox exhibited a high accumulation of 8.5% ID/g in subcutaneous SMMC-7721 tumors, which was 2 and 3-fold higher than non-targeted Ps-Dox and clinically used liposomal Dox formulation (Lipo-Dox), respectively. The median survival times of mice bearing orthotopic SMMC-7721 tumors increased from 82, 88 to 96 days when treated with Tf-Ps-Dox at Dox doses from 8, 12 to 16 mg/kg, which was significantly better than Ps-Dox at 8 mg/kg (58 days) and Lipo-Dox at 4 mg/kg (48 days) or PBS (36 days). Notably, unlike Lipo-Dox, no body weight loss and damage to major organs could be discerned for all Tf-Ps-Dox groups, indicating that Tf-Ps-Dox causes low systemic toxicity. This transferrin-dressed polymersomal doxorubicin provides a potent and low-toxic treatment modality for human hepatocellular carcinoma.","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"05 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129073276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As one of the most commonly meat products, the quality of pork is directly related to people's health. Pig transportation is the key link between breeding farms and slaughterhouses. However, starvation and plague often occur in reality, which not only brings economic losses to farms and slaughterhouses but also brings some food safety risks. This paper analyzed the problems in the transportation process of pigs and puts forward a pig transportation management system model based on RFID and sensor technology under the background of the rapid development of information technology. The system model was analyzed and elaborated in detail from four key business models of slaughter, loading, transportation and receiving. At the same time, the article evaluates the system model from three aspects: problems resolution, economic benefit, and social benefit, which provide some references for the practical application of the system model.
{"title":"Research on Pig Transportation Management System Model Based on RFID and Sensor Technology","authors":"Hao Liu, Zhong Yao, Wenwen Zhou, Fu Tao Zhao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3319659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3319659","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the most commonly meat products, the quality of pork is directly related to people's health. Pig transportation is the key link between breeding farms and slaughterhouses. However, starvation and plague often occur in reality, which not only brings economic losses to farms and slaughterhouses but also brings some food safety risks. This paper analyzed the problems in the transportation process of pigs and puts forward a pig transportation management system model based on RFID and sensor technology under the background of the rapid development of information technology. The system model was analyzed and elaborated in detail from four key business models of slaughter, loading, transportation and receiving. At the same time, the article evaluates the system model from three aspects: problems resolution, economic benefit, and social benefit, which provide some references for the practical application of the system model.","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123767777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Silicon shows potential as an anode material in lithium ion batteries due to its high specific capacity, yet its considerable volume expansion during lithiation leads to fracture and pulverization. Unfortunately, neither the atomic-level structural evolution, nor the mechanical behavior of the anode during lithiation and delithiation cycles is well understood. Interestingly, the lithiation process of a-Si provides an interesting continuum from open-structured network glass to densely-packed atomic glass, which could be used to obtain useful insights regarding commonalities in glasses. Here atomic level simulation has been used to investigate one cycle of lithiation and delithiation of amorphous silicon electrode, using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The atomic level structural transformation and damage accumulation of the anode during cycling has been systematically analyzed, as well as their mechanical responses in compact tension tests. There appears to be a ductile-brittle-ductile transition for the amorphous silicon anode during both the lithiation and delithiation cycle. In other words, amorphous silicon is particularly vulnerable at intermediate lithiation. The fracture behavior of lithiated silicon was found to correlate to the Poisson's ratio, due to variations in bond covalency and structural disorder.
{"title":"Structural Transformation and Embrittlement During Lithiation and Delithiation Cycles in an Amorphous Silicon Electrode","authors":"Swastik Basu, N. Koratkar, Yunfeng Shi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3314057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3314057","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Silicon shows potential as an anode material in lithium ion batteries due to its high specific capacity, yet its considerable volume expansion during lithiation leads to fracture and pulverization. Unfortunately, neither the atomic-level structural evolution, nor the mechanical behavior of the anode during lithiation and delithiation cycles is well understood. Interestingly, the lithiation process of a-Si provides an interesting continuum from open-structured network glass to densely-packed atomic glass, which could be used to obtain useful insights regarding commonalities in glasses. Here atomic level simulation has been used to investigate one cycle of lithiation and delithiation of amorphous silicon electrode, using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The atomic level structural transformation and damage accumulation of the anode during cycling has been systematically analyzed, as well as their mechanical responses in compact tension tests. There appears to be a ductile-brittle-ductile transition for the amorphous silicon anode during both the lithiation and delithiation cycle. In other words, amorphous silicon is particularly vulnerable at intermediate lithiation. The fracture behavior of lithiated silicon was found to correlate to the Poisson's ratio, due to variations in bond covalency and structural disorder.","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130064191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-08DOI: 10.33552/GJES.2019.01.000511
Hamed Taherdoost
This editorial article is studying the importance of technology acceptance assessment for successful implementation and development of New Technologies. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour (TIB), Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DIT), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Extension of TAM, Motivational Model (MM), Uses and Gratification Theory (UGT), Model of PC Utilization (MPCU), Igbaria’s Model, Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), Compatibility UTAUT (C-UTAUT), Perceived Characteristics of Innovating Theory (PCIT) and E-Service Technology Acceptance Model (ESAM).
{"title":"Importance of Technology Acceptance Assessment for Successful Implementation and Development of New Technologies","authors":"Hamed Taherdoost","doi":"10.33552/GJES.2019.01.000511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33552/GJES.2019.01.000511","url":null,"abstract":"This editorial article is studying the importance of technology acceptance assessment for successful implementation and development of New Technologies. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour (TIB), Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DIT), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Extension of TAM, Motivational Model (MM), Uses and Gratification Theory (UGT), Model of PC Utilization (MPCU), Igbaria’s Model, Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), Compatibility UTAUT (C-UTAUT), Perceived Characteristics of Innovating Theory (PCIT) and E-Service Technology Acceptance Model (ESAM).","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115099005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The balancing of interest is an important objective according to Article 7 of the TRIPS Agreement, which requires the States Parties to implement the provisions of international law in the national legal system. However, each country faces differences in social, economic, political, and cultural backgrounds, especially differences of the developed countries when compared to the developing countries. There is a significant difference in the use of intellectual property law in each country. Therefore, the criteria for the exception of reverse engineering vary from country to country. The purpose of this research is to study the equilibrium of intellectual property rights under fair use derivation from reverse engineering in a developing economy. This study leads to the proposed recommendations for the criterion of intellectual property rights protection for reverse engineering in developing countries and the legislative amendment into two Thai Acts which in the Copyright Act B.E. 2537 (1994), and in the Trade Secret Act B.E. 2545 (2002). Thus, the development of economy in developing countries should amend the intellectual property law that related to reverse engineering.
{"title":"Equilibrium of Intellectual Property Rights Under Fair Use: Case Study of Copyright Law and Trade Secrets Law Derivation of Reverse Engineering in Developing Countries","authors":"Walaiwan Mathurotpreechakun","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3546322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3546322","url":null,"abstract":"The balancing of interest is an important objective according to Article 7 of the TRIPS Agreement, which requires the States Parties to implement the provisions of international law in the national legal system. However, each country faces differences in social, economic, political, and cultural backgrounds, especially differences of the developed countries when compared to the developing countries. There is a significant difference in the use of intellectual property law in each country. Therefore, the criteria for the exception of reverse engineering vary from country to country. The purpose of this research is to study the equilibrium of intellectual property rights under fair use derivation from reverse engineering in a developing economy. This study leads to the proposed recommendations for the criterion of intellectual property rights protection for reverse engineering in developing countries and the legislative amendment into two Thai Acts which in the Copyright Act B.E. 2537 (1994), and in the Trade Secret Act B.E. 2545 (2002). Thus, the development of economy in developing countries should amend the intellectual property law that related to reverse engineering.","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123063665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In high speed applications like pumps, turbines, turbocharger journal bearing serviceability is very important one. The journal bearing acting as a support for high rotary speeds as well as acting as a damping element so as to absorb the vibrations at high speeds. In hydrodynamic region if failure of lubrication or starved lubrication is occurred it responsible for tremendous amount of friction between the shaft and bearing with high wear loss causing damage to the surfaces of the component. So it focuses that use of sintered composites for journal bearing applications is suitable for reduced frictional wear. However experimental analysis is required for sintered composites at high speed with starved or dry conditions of lubrication. The combine effect of parameters has to be studied for tribological behaviour of sintered journal bearings. It includes surface quality, alloying material compositions, porosity of sintered bearings, geometrical aspects and external conditions like applied loads, speed transitions, temperature, lubricating conditions etc. With reference to said subject thorough literature review was carried out. It provides very valuable information regarding parametric analysis and its effect on friction and wear of bearings in different situations of temperature, load, speeds etc.
{"title":"Investigation of Tribological Behaviour of Journal Bearings for Different Conditions : A Review","authors":"Mangesh Saraf, B. Kothavale","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3323680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3323680","url":null,"abstract":"In high speed applications like pumps, turbines, turbocharger journal bearing serviceability is very important one. The journal bearing acting as a support for high rotary speeds as well as acting as a damping element so as to absorb the vibrations at high speeds. In hydrodynamic region if failure of lubrication or starved lubrication is occurred it responsible for tremendous amount of friction between the shaft and bearing with high wear loss causing damage to the surfaces of the component. So it focuses that use of sintered composites for journal bearing applications is suitable for reduced frictional wear. However experimental analysis is required for sintered composites at high speed with starved or dry conditions of lubrication. The combine effect of parameters has to be studied for tribological behaviour of sintered journal bearings. It includes surface quality, alloying material compositions, porosity of sintered bearings, geometrical aspects and external conditions like applied loads, speed transitions, temperature, lubricating conditions etc. With reference to said subject thorough literature review was carried out. It provides very valuable information regarding parametric analysis and its effect on friction and wear of bearings in different situations of temperature, load, speeds etc.","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114359093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conical hydrodynamic journal bearing is used to sustain radial load and observed to adjust the effect of axial load on rotating elements. Small compact size conical hydrodynamic fluid film bearings are used in many applications, such as compact hard disc drive. Hence need arises to explore the performance of these bearing for variable load condition and various sizes in terms of aspect ratio. These conical bearings also emerge with better feature to replace two separate bearings (journal and thrust bearings) in various applications. The present study proposed the stability analysis of conical hydrodynamic journal bearing in terms of stiffness and damping coefficients for bearing of semi cone angle (γ = 30o) and bearing size in terms of aspect ratio (λ = 0.5, 0.8, 1.0) for a wide range of radial load ((W_r ) ̅=0.1-0.9) on rotating journal at a speed of 500 rpm. Finite element method has been used to solve the modified Reynolds equation in spherical coordinate system to investigate the flow of lubricant in the clearance space. Stability parameters for various configuration of conical hydrodynamic bearing have been presented and discussed in terms of direct and cross coupled stiffness coefficients, damping coefficients and threshold speed margin. Results show that threshold speed (ω ̅_th) of conical journal bearing is improved for short bearings when aspect ratio changes from 1.0 to 0.5.
{"title":"Stability Analysis of Various Lengths Conical Hydrodynamic Bearing for Variable Load Conditions","authors":"A. Gangrade, V. Phalle, S. S. Mantha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3331447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3331447","url":null,"abstract":"Conical hydrodynamic journal bearing is used to sustain radial load and observed to adjust the effect of axial load on rotating elements. Small compact size conical hydrodynamic fluid film bearings are used in many applications, such as compact hard disc drive. Hence need arises to explore the performance of these bearing for variable load condition and various sizes in terms of aspect ratio. These conical bearings also emerge with better feature to replace two separate bearings (journal and thrust bearings) in various applications. The present study proposed the stability analysis of conical hydrodynamic journal bearing in terms of stiffness and damping coefficients for bearing of semi cone angle (γ = 30o) and bearing size in terms of aspect ratio (λ = 0.5, 0.8, 1.0) for a wide range of radial load ((W_r ) ̅=0.1-0.9) on rotating journal at a speed of 500 rpm. Finite element method has been used to solve the modified Reynolds equation in spherical coordinate system to investigate the flow of lubricant in the clearance space. Stability parameters for various configuration of conical hydrodynamic bearing have been presented and discussed in terms of direct and cross coupled stiffness coefficients, damping coefficients and threshold speed margin. Results show that threshold speed (ω ̅_th) of conical journal bearing is improved for short bearings when aspect ratio changes from 1.0 to 0.5.","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"147 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129943841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ankush P. Sharma, Aditya Purohit, R. Nagar, A. Patnaik
In current work, solid-particle erosion wear of the needle-punched-nonwoven jute felt epoxy (NPNWJ/E) composite filled with waste marble powder (MP) particulates is investigated. The composites are fabricated in controlled condition using vacuum-assisted-resin-transfer-molding (VARTM) technique with 0, 10 20, and 30wt. % of waste marble powder. The influence of test parameters: velocity (30-60 m/s), impingement angle (30°- 90°) and erodent size (75-180 μm) are studied using air jet erosion test rig. The experiments are performed using orthogonal array L16 (45) and prominent control factors affecting the erosion rate were determined using ANOVA. The study reveals that the increasing content of marble dust in composite reduces the erosion wear rate. The maximum erosion rate is recorded at 60° impingement angle and shows the semi ductile behavior. Surface analysis of the eroded samples is performed through a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to understand the erosion mechanism meticulously of the particulate filled composites. The eroded surfaces resulting from air-jet erosion were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) for greater understanding of erosion mechanism meticulously of the particulate filled composites.
{"title":"Effect of Marble Dust as Filler on Erosion Behaviour of Needle-punched-nonwoven Jute/Epoxy Composite","authors":"Ankush P. Sharma, Aditya Purohit, R. Nagar, A. Patnaik","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3322501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3322501","url":null,"abstract":"In current work, solid-particle erosion wear of the needle-punched-nonwoven jute felt epoxy (NPNWJ/E) composite filled with waste marble powder (MP) particulates is investigated. The composites are fabricated in controlled condition using vacuum-assisted-resin-transfer-molding (VARTM) technique with 0, 10 20, and 30wt. % of waste marble powder. The influence of test parameters: velocity (30-60 m/s), impingement angle (30°- 90°) and erodent size (75-180 μm) are studied using air jet erosion test rig. The experiments are performed using orthogonal array L16 (45) and prominent control factors affecting the erosion rate were determined using ANOVA. The study reveals that the increasing content of marble dust in composite reduces the erosion wear rate. The maximum erosion rate is recorded at 60° impingement angle and shows the semi ductile behavior. Surface analysis of the eroded samples is performed through a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to understand the erosion mechanism meticulously of the particulate filled composites. The eroded surfaces resulting from air-jet erosion were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) for greater understanding of erosion mechanism meticulously of the particulate filled composites.","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130330188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Sharma, Felicia Lalremruati, Vanlalmalsawmi Vanlalmalsawmi, N. Kaur
Withania somnifera is an important medicinal plant utilized for several medicinal purposes. Due to poor germination rate, over exploitation and habitat destruction the plant has become critically endangered. In the present study intermodal segments were utilized for development of simple and efficient protocol for mass propagation of the plant. Development of callus was achieved onto 2,4-D supplemented medium. Regeneration of shoots from callus was achieved onto MS BAP 2,4-D. In vitro regenerated shoots were successfully rooted onto ½ MS IAA. about 78.4&% plants survived during transplantation. Methanolic extract of roots of mother and in vitro regenerated plant were subjected to GC-MS analysis which revealed comparatively higher number of phytocompounds in roots of mother plant.
{"title":"In Vitro Conservation and Comparative GC-MS Analysis of Roots of Mother and Micropropagated Plant of Withania Somnifera","authors":"N. Sharma, Felicia Lalremruati, Vanlalmalsawmi Vanlalmalsawmi, N. Kaur","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3299847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3299847","url":null,"abstract":"Withania somnifera is an important medicinal plant utilized for several medicinal purposes. Due to poor germination rate, over exploitation and habitat destruction the plant has become critically endangered. In the present study intermodal segments were utilized for development of simple and efficient protocol for mass propagation of the plant. Development of callus was achieved onto 2,4-D supplemented medium. Regeneration of shoots from callus was achieved onto MS BAP 2,4-D. In vitro regenerated shoots were successfully rooted onto ½ MS IAA. about 78.4&% plants survived during transplantation. Methanolic extract of roots of mother and in vitro regenerated plant were subjected to GC-MS analysis which revealed comparatively higher number of phytocompounds in roots of mother plant.","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"277 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127383243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：