We do not think it possible to reconstruct the development of the teaching of Applied Mechanics to the Machines in Naples on the basis of the texts that the various teachers, of which we have news, it have wrote or used for the conduct of their lessons, lacking, among other things, indications certain for all the period to which we have turned our interest. At the same time we consider important the knowledge of the bases on which it they came forming not only the students, but also the teachers who taught in what is currently the Faculty of Engineering Federico II of Naples, Italy. We also consider it important, for any future studies, to make known the amount of books available in the Faculty and in the departments connected to it. For these reasons we have collected in the first chapter the various texts of which we have come to know, reporting in full the indexes of the topics, obviously useful to know the problems considered interesting for the study and at the same time understand their evolution.
From the preface of the text 'General Theory of Machines' by F. Reuleaux, director of the Berlin school, year 1874, first chapter, page 67: the following considerations are intended to discuss the various aspects under which machines are generally presented in order to determine, among many, the real point of view from which one must study. We therefore understand them: Basic principles of a general theory of machines.
…. Here it is not just a matter of giving a new form to principles already known and discussed, nor of substituting new subdivisions and new nomenclatures to the ancient ones. Perhaps with such modifications it will be possible to treat the matter with greater ease or elegance; but for practical use one can still use the known methods for a long time. …for, to open with a phrase by Goethe, one does not possess anything but what one understands ...
An arduous task is certainly to establish in what period and course the lessons of Applied Mechanics to Machines emerge. Intuitively we have to think in some course of Mechanics, then roughly in the period in which courses on Machine Mechanics are introduced; for something more exhaustive you must immerse yourself in historical archives, browse fascinating books that date back to the second half of the eighteenth century, like the text by Frisi Paolo, "institutions of mechanics, hydrostatics of hydrometry and static architecture, and hydraulics to use in the royal school erected in Milan for architects, and for the engineers ", fabulous handwritten texts.
To give the best solution to our problem, that is to say, to try to understand, what were the topics studied that, at least in part, concerned the Mechanics Applied to Machines, before its official insertion, we considered it appropriate to face the problem with a historical approach. Not having specific documents, which could lead directly to the solution of the problem, we have circumvented the obstacl
{"title":"Evolution of Teaching in the School System. Mechanics Applied to Machines.","authors":"Vito Gnazzo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3621406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3621406","url":null,"abstract":"We do not think it possible to reconstruct the development of the teaching of Applied Mechanics to the Machines in Naples on the basis of the texts that the various teachers, of which we have news, it have wrote or used for the conduct of their lessons, lacking, among other things, indications certain for all the period to which we have turned our interest. At the same time we consider important the knowledge of the bases on which it they came forming not only the students, but also the teachers who taught in what is currently the Faculty of Engineering Federico II of Naples, Italy. We also consider it important, for any future studies, to make known the amount of books available in the Faculty and in the departments connected to it. For these reasons we have collected in the first chapter the various texts of which we have come to know, reporting in full the indexes of the topics, obviously useful to know the problems considered interesting for the study and at the same time understand their evolution.<br><br>From the preface of the text 'General Theory of Machines' by F. Reuleaux, director of the Berlin school, year 1874, first chapter, page 67: the following considerations are intended to discuss the various aspects under which machines are generally presented in order to determine, among many, the real point of view from which one must study. We therefore understand them: Basic principles of a general theory of machines.<br><br><i>…. Here it is not just a matter of giving a new form to principles already known and discussed, nor of substituting new subdivisions and new nomenclatures to the ancient ones. Perhaps with such modifications it will be possible to treat the matter with greater ease or elegance; but for practical use one can still use the known methods for a long time. …for, to open with a phrase by Goethe, one does not possess anything but what one understands ...</i><br><br>An arduous task is certainly to establish in what period and course the lessons of Applied Mechanics to Machines emerge. Intuitively we have to think in some course of Mechanics, then roughly in the period in which courses on Machine Mechanics are introduced; for something more exhaustive you must immerse yourself in historical archives, browse fascinating books that date back to the second half of the eighteenth century, like the text by Frisi Paolo, \"institutions of mechanics, hydrostatics of hydrometry and static architecture, and hydraulics to use in the royal school erected in Milan for architects, and for the engineers \", fabulous handwritten texts.<br><br>To give the best solution to our problem, that is to say, to try to understand, what were the topics studied that, at least in part, concerned the Mechanics Applied to Machines, before its official insertion, we considered it appropriate to face the problem with a historical approach. Not having specific documents, which could lead directly to the solution of the problem, we have circumvented the obstacl","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115264740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The goal of this article is : 1) To popularize "Artificial Human Optimization" field 2) To show opportunities that exist in "Artificial Human Optimization" field. 3) To Design an optimization method based on Artificial Humans 4) To show reviews of papers in “Artificial Human Optimization” field 5) To make corrections to my previews work in “Artificial Human Optimization” field 6) To encourage researchers across the globe to work in “Artificial Human Optimization” field 7) To give Artificial Human Optimization award to researchers who contributed to this new field
{"title":"Artificial Human Optimization - An Introduction","authors":"Satish Gajawada","doi":"10.14738/TMLAI.62.4182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14738/TMLAI.62.4182","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this article is : 1) To popularize \"Artificial Human Optimization\" field 2) To show opportunities that exist in \"Artificial Human Optimization\" field. 3) To Design an optimization method based on Artificial Humans 4) To show reviews of papers in “Artificial Human Optimization” field 5) To make corrections to my previews work in “Artificial Human Optimization” field 6) To encourage researchers across the globe to work in “Artificial Human Optimization” field 7) To give Artificial Human Optimization award to researchers who contributed to this new field","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125346292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 7th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells took place in October 2017. Through presentations and discussions, it was evident that progress in the field is continuing at a fast pace. The limits of screen printing metallization are being pushed further through innovations in screens and process to finger width below 40 µm while keeping high aspect ratio and industrial applicability, and new screen printing pastes enable the introduction of advanced cell structures. While there does not seem to be much push anymore towards using plated metallization in today’s mainstream cell technology, it is being further improved and used as a key enabler for future cell and module technologies for very high power PV panels. Passivated contacts is an intensively researched topic and progress was reported towards industrial implementation. In the field of cell interconnection, a drop-in replacement to SnPb solder was introduced, while emerging disruptive interconnection technologies were seen to progress well, particularly multiwire interconnection where key improvements in cost and durability have been achieved which are needed for wide adoption.
{"title":"Summary of the 7th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells","authors":"G. Beaucarne, G. Schubert, L. Tous, J. Hoornstra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3151953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3151953","url":null,"abstract":"The 7th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells took place in October 2017. Through presentations and discussions, it was evident that progress in the field is continuing at a fast pace. The limits of screen printing metallization are being pushed further through innovations in screens and process to finger width below 40 µm while keeping high aspect ratio and industrial applicability, and new screen printing pastes enable the introduction of advanced cell structures. While there does not seem to be much push anymore towards using plated metallization in today’s mainstream cell technology, it is being further improved and used as a key enabler for future cell and module technologies for very high power PV panels. Passivated contacts is an intensively researched topic and progress was reported towards industrial implementation. In the field of cell interconnection, a drop-in replacement to SnPb solder was introduced, while emerging disruptive interconnection technologies were seen to progress well, particularly multiwire interconnection where key improvements in cost and durability have been achieved which are needed for wide adoption.","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128442253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-27DOI: 10.5121/IJWMN.2018.10102
Z. Alkindi, N. Alzeidi, B. Arafehand, A. Touzene
In this paper, we have conducted a simulation study to evaluate Multipath Grid-Based Geographic Routing Protocol (MGGR) under different selected mobility models. The protocol has been evaluated under three mobility models (i.e. Random Way Point, Reference Point Group and Meandering Current Mobility Model) using Aqua-Sim NS2-based simulator. An Extensive number of experiments have been conducted to assess the packet delivery ratio, the end-to-end-delay and power consumption under different operating conditions. We have noticed that the performance of MGGR is only marginally affected by the mobility behavior of nodes especially with the condition where the speed of nodes movements increased. Nevertheless, the evaluation has also shown that MGGR exhibit only average performance when used in coastal areas. This is evident as the MCMM (used primarily to model the movement of nodes in coastal areas) gave the lowest performance compared to other models.
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Grid Based Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Under Different Mobility Models","authors":"Z. Alkindi, N. Alzeidi, B. Arafehand, A. Touzene","doi":"10.5121/IJWMN.2018.10102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5121/IJWMN.2018.10102","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we have conducted a simulation study to evaluate Multipath Grid-Based Geographic Routing Protocol (MGGR) under different selected mobility models. The protocol has been evaluated under three mobility models (i.e. Random Way Point, Reference Point Group and Meandering Current Mobility Model) using Aqua-Sim NS2-based simulator. An Extensive number of experiments have been conducted to assess the packet delivery ratio, the end-to-end-delay and power consumption under different operating conditions. We have noticed that the performance of MGGR is only marginally affected by the mobility behavior of nodes especially with the condition where the speed of nodes movements increased. Nevertheless, the evaluation has also shown that MGGR exhibit only average performance when used in coastal areas. This is evident as the MCMM (used primarily to model the movement of nodes in coastal areas) gave the lowest performance compared to other models.","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125865855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-27DOI: 10.5121/ijwmn.2018.10101
Suk-Jin Lee, Hongsik Choi, S. U. Kim
Devices in a beacon-enabled network use slotted CSMA/CA to contend for channel usage. Each node in the network competes for the channels when ready to transmit data. The slotted CSMA/CA mechanism based on the super-frame structure fairly provides communication chance for each node and makes a reasonable usage of the available energy in beacon-enabled Zigbee networks. When wireless nano-sensor nodes are implanted into the target human body area for detecting disease symptoms or virus existence, each node also requires a similar characteristic in channel sharing and in the transmission of event-driven data with a short length. In this paper, we suggest a wireless network model with nano-sensor nodes for the in-body application. We propose a novel MAC protocol derived from an existing Zigbee MAC protocol scheme and analyze the performance of energy usage with variable super-frame durations and packet sizes.
{"title":"Slotted CSMA/CA Based Energy Efficinet MAC Protocol Design in Nanonetworks","authors":"Suk-Jin Lee, Hongsik Choi, S. U. Kim","doi":"10.5121/ijwmn.2018.10101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2018.10101","url":null,"abstract":"Devices in a beacon-enabled network use slotted CSMA/CA to contend for channel usage. Each node in the network competes for the channels when ready to transmit data. The slotted CSMA/CA mechanism based on the super-frame structure fairly provides communication chance for each node and makes a reasonable usage of the available energy in beacon-enabled Zigbee networks. When wireless nano-sensor nodes are implanted into the target human body area for detecting disease symptoms or virus existence, each node also requires a similar characteristic in channel sharing and in the transmission of event-driven data with a short length. In this paper, we suggest a wireless network model with nano-sensor nodes for the in-body application. We propose a novel MAC protocol derived from an existing Zigbee MAC protocol scheme and analyze the performance of energy usage with variable super-frame durations and packet sizes.","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125151179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.18413/2518-1092-2016-1-2-31-45
O. Pihnastyi
Russian Abstract: В статье рассмотрен механизм переноса технологических ресурсов на предмет труда в результате воздействия технологического оборудования. Проанализирована структура производственного цикла и технологических ресурсов. Основываясь на определениях составных частейтехнологического процесса показана структура эффективного времени обработки предмета труда. Рассмотрены составные части переноса технологических ресурсов на предмет труда в результате воздействия технологического оборудования. Исследованы законы распределения случайных процессов переноса технологических ресурсов для простых технологических схем обработки предметов труда. Рассмотрен принцип формирования обобщенной единицы технологического оборудования и показан механизм построения производственных функций обобщенной единицы технологического оборудования для параллельной и последовательной схемы расположения оборудования. Рассмотрен принцип построения сетевой моделипроизводственной линии для многономенклатурного производства
English Abstract: The article describes the transfer of technological resources on the subject of labour as a result of the impact of technological equipment. The paper analyzes the structure of the production cycle and technological resources. It shows the structure of effective processing time of the subject of labour. The author considers the laws of distribution of random processes of transfer of technological resources for simple flow schemes of processing the subject of labour. The article describes the principle of formation of a generalized production unit and demonstrates the mechanism of building production functions of the generalized production unit for the sequential and parallel arrangement of equipment. The article also demonstrates the principle of construction of a network model of the production line for multiproduct production.
{"title":"Сетевая модель многоресурсной поточной производственной линии (The Network Model of the Multiple Resources Flow Manufacturing Line)","authors":"O. Pihnastyi","doi":"10.18413/2518-1092-2016-1-2-31-45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18413/2518-1092-2016-1-2-31-45","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> В статье рассмотрен механизм переноса технологических ресурсов на предмет труда в результате воздействия технологического оборудования. Проанализирована структура производственного цикла и технологических ресурсов. Основываясь на определениях составных частейтехнологического процесса показана структура эффективного времени обработки предмета труда. Рассмотрены составные части переноса технологических ресурсов на предмет труда в результате воздействия технологического оборудования. Исследованы законы распределения случайных процессов переноса технологических ресурсов для простых технологических схем обработки предметов труда. Рассмотрен принцип формирования обобщенной единицы технологического оборудования и показан механизм построения производственных функций обобщенной единицы технологического оборудования для параллельной и последовательной схемы расположения оборудования. Рассмотрен принцип построения сетевой моделипроизводственной линии для многономенклатурного производства<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> The article describes the transfer of technological resources on the subject of labour as a result of the impact of technological equipment. The paper analyzes the structure of the production cycle and technological resources. It shows the structure of effective processing time of the subject of labour. The author considers the laws of distribution of random processes of transfer of technological resources for simple flow schemes of processing the subject of labour. The article describes the principle of formation of a generalized production unit and demonstrates the mechanism of building production functions of the generalized production unit for the sequential and parallel arrangement of equipment. The article also demonstrates the principle of construction of a network model of the production line for multiproduct production.","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"101 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117291546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of information technology in the field of agriculture is one of the biggest challenges in the field of agriculture in economic transition in Montenegro. Montenegrin society has made significant progress in the development of agriculture, but there are difficulties in the implementation of modern technologies in all phases of agricultural production. The importance of ICT application in agriculture is very significant from the standpoint of reductions in manufacturing costs, yield increase, protection of the environment, etc. This paper will deal with the problems and proposed solutions (examples) for the application of ICT in the production process, in the process of planning and reporting within the agricultural sector. The research focuses on a comparison of the current situation in the Montenegrin agricultural sector with the situation at the EU level as well as several global initiatives. ICT application in agriculture is also important from the point of view of producers (small and large), and from the standpoint of the state in terms of monitoring the implementation of planned activities. Therefore, it is crucial for Montenegro to keep developing in this field. This paper could also serve as a guideline for the Government in implementation of development policies in the eAgriculture field.
{"title":"E-Agriculture: Montenegro Case","authors":"Davor Ćorić, M. Popović","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3282230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3282230","url":null,"abstract":"The use of information technology in the field of agriculture is one of the biggest challenges in the field of agriculture in economic transition in Montenegro. Montenegrin society has made significant progress in the development of agriculture, but there are difficulties in the implementation of modern technologies in all phases of agricultural production. The importance of ICT application in agriculture is very significant from the standpoint of reductions in manufacturing costs, yield increase, protection of the environment, etc. This paper will deal with the problems and proposed solutions (examples) for the application of ICT in the production process, in the process of planning and reporting within the agricultural sector. The research focuses on a comparison of the current situation in the Montenegrin agricultural sector with the situation at the EU level as well as several global initiatives. ICT application in agriculture is also important from the point of view of producers (small and large), and from the standpoint of the state in terms of monitoring the implementation of planned activities. Therefore, it is crucial for Montenegro to keep developing in this field. This paper could also serve as a guideline for the Government in implementation of development policies in the eAgriculture field.","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127388306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.1260/1757-2258.4.3-4.95
Vadiraj B, S. Omkar, S.B. Kandaga, M. C. Kiran
Human exposure to local accelerations during strategic spaceflight operations is required for assessing the potential health risks and performance. The objective of this study is to know the relation of human responses to the peak g and duration as well as orientations. This paper discusses an approach for human body modeling and simulation. Multibody dynamics approach is used to model the human body using LifeMOD®. The developed biomechanical models are analyzed for different acceleration pulses (4g, 6g and 10g) and seat orientations (20°, 30°, and 40°). A 4-DOF lumped parameter model is studied to compare with multibody model. Interrogation of results indicates the physical significance of the study. From the results obtained, we determine the responses of human body segments to various impact levels and seat orientations. The results obtained using multibody model is in good agreement with the results obtained using lumped parameter model.
{"title":"Human Response Characteristics to Impact Conditions During Spacecraft Takeoff and Impact Landing","authors":"Vadiraj B, S. Omkar, S.B. Kandaga, M. C. Kiran","doi":"10.1260/1757-2258.4.3-4.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1260/1757-2258.4.3-4.95","url":null,"abstract":"Human exposure to local accelerations during strategic spaceflight operations is required for assessing the potential health risks and performance. The objective of this study is to know the relation of human responses to the peak g and duration as well as orientations. This paper discusses an approach for human body modeling and simulation. Multibody dynamics approach is used to model the human body using LifeMOD®. The developed biomechanical models are analyzed for different acceleration pulses (4g, 6g and 10g) and seat orientations (20°, 30°, and 40°). A 4-DOF lumped parameter model is studied to compare with multibody model. Interrogation of results indicates the physical significance of the study. From the results obtained, we determine the responses of human body segments to various impact levels and seat orientations. The results obtained using multibody model is in good agreement with the results obtained using lumped parameter model.","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123049117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Jowett, J. Currie, Kristopher A Pataky, Letitia Tudor
This paper describes experiments with novel shallow-draft, small dose, continuously cycling siphons for septic tank effluent that prime at low flows, and break at high flows, covering the full range of household flows (e.g., 5-20 L/min). Comparative test results for a commercially available, conventional ‘bell siphon’ are also provided for a wider range of flows of 1-35 L/min.
{"title":"Continuous Cycling, Shallow-Draft Sewage Siphons","authors":"E. Jowett, J. Currie, Kristopher A Pataky, Letitia Tudor","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3874825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3874825","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes experiments with novel shallow-draft, small dose, continuously cycling siphons for septic tank effluent that prime at low flows, and break at high flows, covering the full range of household flows (e.g., 5-20 L/min). Comparative test results for a commercially available, conventional ‘bell siphon’ are also provided for a wider range of flows of 1-35 L/min.","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126496050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This book covers a range of topics crucial to child development and wellbeing. Each chapter is centered around a theme, which is related to but distinct from themes in other chapters. Within each chapter, the reader will find review and analysis of legal and sociological literature, from international conventions to statutes, cases, and academic articles. Examination of such breadth of sources helps us make objective evaluation of issues. Results of these inquiries are formatted as suggestions and recommendations directed toward numerous stakeholders in children’s lives, including legal professionals, educators, doctors, and parents.
Overall, this study aims to discover problem areas in application and enforcement of children’s rights, and offer pragmatic solutions that can be implemented to enhance the lives of children. The research is primarily qualitative literature review and analyses, supported with quantitative statistical analysis. Natural law theories and legal positivism are incorporated with the intent of affirming application of existing positive law while also calling for increased, revised, and improved lex scripta in order to create and enforce children’s rights at the local level. Natural law theories are not used in attempts to invalidate lex lata as is usually the case. Rather than relying on the natural law axiom that “an unjust law is not a law”, natural law theories are applied in this book using the assumption that absence of just law is unjust law. Bearing in mind general principles of international public law, especially that of territoriality, Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice is also used as a guide for prioritizing sources of law.
Frequently, as we will find throughout this book, children’s rights are threatened by all three branches of government through ineffective legislation, inadequate policing, and insufficient adjudication. Corruption and low public funding are consistent obstacles to improving state intervention. We can mitigate this problem through focusing on the 3P’s strategy: Prevention, Protection for victims, and Punishment for offenders. Prevention relies heavily on individual, family, and community volunteer support. Crime rates and totals are reduced through prevention, which is ultimately the goal. States support civilian efforts by protecting victims’ rights, and later by prosecuting and sentencing offenders, but prevention requires more intrinsic sociocultural change. Such fundamental changes in the way people live together have been elusive throughout human history, and to a certain extent we must assume some behaviors cannot be eliminated. On this note, we shall find great insight and inspiration from the earliest pioneer of modern human rights theory, Eleanor Roosevelt, who said:
“Where, after all, do universal human rights begin? In small places, close to home – so close and so small that they cannot be seen on any maps of the world. Yet the
{"title":"Child Protection in an Interconnected World: Integrating Ideals and Cooperating With a Common Purpose","authors":"Adam R. Tanielian","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3646761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3646761","url":null,"abstract":"This book covers a range of topics crucial to child development and wellbeing. Each chapter is centered around a theme, which is related to but distinct from themes in other chapters. Within each chapter, the reader will find review and analysis of legal and sociological literature, from international conventions to statutes, cases, and academic articles. Examination of such breadth of sources helps us make objective evaluation of issues. Results of these inquiries are formatted as suggestions and recommendations directed toward numerous stakeholders in children’s lives, including legal professionals, educators, doctors, and parents. <br><br>Overall, this study aims to discover problem areas in application and enforcement of children’s rights, and offer pragmatic solutions that can be implemented to enhance the lives of children. The research is primarily qualitative literature review and analyses, supported with quantitative statistical analysis. Natural law theories and legal positivism are incorporated with the intent of affirming application of existing positive law while also calling for increased, revised, and improved lex scripta in order to create and enforce children’s rights at the local level. Natural law theories are not used in attempts to invalidate lex lata as is usually the case. Rather than relying on the natural law axiom that “an unjust law is not a law”, natural law theories are applied in this book using the assumption that absence of just law is unjust law. Bearing in mind general principles of international public law, especially that of territoriality, Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice is also used as a guide for prioritizing sources of law.<br><br>Frequently, as we will find throughout this book, children’s rights are threatened by all three branches of government through ineffective legislation, inadequate policing, and insufficient adjudication. Corruption and low public funding are consistent obstacles to improving state intervention. We can mitigate this problem through focusing on the 3P’s strategy: Prevention, Protection for victims, and Punishment for offenders. Prevention relies heavily on individual, family, and community volunteer support. Crime rates and totals are reduced through prevention, which is ultimately the goal. States support civilian efforts by protecting victims’ rights, and later by prosecuting and sentencing offenders, but prevention requires more intrinsic sociocultural change. Such fundamental changes in the way people live together have been elusive throughout human history, and to a certain extent we must assume some behaviors cannot be eliminated. <br>On this note, we shall find great insight and inspiration from the earliest pioneer of modern human rights theory, Eleanor Roosevelt, who said:<br><br>“Where, after all, do universal human rights begin? In small places, close to home – so close and so small that they cannot be seen on any maps of the world. Yet the","PeriodicalId":220342,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science Educator: Courses","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134503930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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