Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788015981-00145
D. Tobin
Casual comparison of the appearance and texture of unprotected photoexposed hand and face skin versus the skin of the secluded upper inner arm quickly reveals the striking impact of accumulated solar radiation on skin aging, particularly after the third or fourth decade of life. The basis of this change in superficial appearance can be revealed in a host of anatomical, histological, and ultrastructural changes in the epidermis and dermis of the skin, which result from alterations at the cellular and molecular levels. There is increasing evidence that environmental pollution (including exposure to car fuel-derived particulates with/without light activation) and even certain wavelengths of visible light can also contribute to the global ‘photoaging’ response. Evolution has equipped human skin with at least partially effective protective devices against such environmental damage; principal among them includes the synthesis of copious amounts melanin that acts as a near-universal stress absorber. This still-enigmatic indole biopolymer acts as a ‘sink’ for toxins, pollutants, drugs, as well as a redox buffer against a host of reactive oxygen species. The latter are derived from a raft of chemical reactions at the skin. Brown/black (or wild-type) melanin far outperforms the photolabile red/yellow pheomelanin, which increases the vulnerability of the skin to photodamage and therefore photocarcinogenesis. Interventions that can boost eumelanin levels, in a solar radiation-independent manner, may enhance protection against skin photodamage.
{"title":"CHAPTER 6. Pigmentation and Photoaging","authors":"D. Tobin","doi":"10.1039/9781788015981-00145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015981-00145","url":null,"abstract":"Casual comparison of the appearance and texture of unprotected photoexposed hand and face skin versus the skin of the secluded upper inner arm quickly reveals the striking impact of accumulated solar radiation on skin aging, particularly after the third or fourth decade of life. The basis of this change in superficial appearance can be revealed in a host of anatomical, histological, and ultrastructural changes in the epidermis and dermis of the skin, which result from alterations at the cellular and molecular levels. There is increasing evidence that environmental pollution (including exposure to car fuel-derived particulates with/without light activation) and even certain wavelengths of visible light can also contribute to the global ‘photoaging’ response. Evolution has equipped human skin with at least partially effective protective devices against such environmental damage; principal among them includes the synthesis of copious amounts melanin that acts as a near-universal stress absorber. This still-enigmatic indole biopolymer acts as a ‘sink’ for toxins, pollutants, drugs, as well as a redox buffer against a host of reactive oxygen species. The latter are derived from a raft of chemical reactions at the skin. Brown/black (or wild-type) melanin far outperforms the photolabile red/yellow pheomelanin, which increases the vulnerability of the skin to photodamage and therefore photocarcinogenesis. Interventions that can boost eumelanin levels, in a solar radiation-independent manner, may enhance protection against skin photodamage.","PeriodicalId":220382,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Series in Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115428870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788015981-00341
E. S. Pedersen, J. Voorhees, D. Sachs
Skin photoaging is characterized by fine and coarse wrinkles, dyspigmentation and textural irregularities. These clinical findings have negative cosmetic and functional implications. Topical retinoids activate retinoid receptors in the skin leading to clinical improvement in wrinkles, dyspigmentation and skin roughness and are considered to be the mainstay of therapy for photoaged skin. Natural and synthetic topical retinoids are reviewed with respect to their molecular mechanisms and clinical effects.
{"title":"CHAPTER 13. Topical Retinoids for the Treatment of Photoaged Skin","authors":"E. S. Pedersen, J. Voorhees, D. Sachs","doi":"10.1039/9781788015981-00341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015981-00341","url":null,"abstract":"Skin photoaging is characterized by fine and coarse wrinkles, dyspigmentation and textural irregularities. These clinical findings have negative cosmetic and functional implications. Topical retinoids activate retinoid receptors in the skin leading to clinical improvement in wrinkles, dyspigmentation and skin roughness and are considered to be the mainstay of therapy for photoaged skin. Natural and synthetic topical retinoids are reviewed with respect to their molecular mechanisms and clinical effects.","PeriodicalId":220382,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Series in Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132697743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788015981-00167
M. Aumailley, C. Niemann
Aging of mammalian skin results from two distinct biological processes: intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of skin aging. Exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation (photoaging) is the major extrinsic assault accelerating the normal aging process. The epidermis constitutes the outermost layer of the skin and thus is constantly challenged by harmful environmental assaults. As an integral part of the skin barrier, the epidermis ensures protection by its robust stratified architecture and integrated epidermal appendages. The epidermal tissue is further stabilized by specialized zones connecting the epidermis to the underlying dermal tissue. These dermal–epidermal junctions (DEJs) consist of a network of different intracellular, transmembrane and extracellular proteins that together fulfil crucial biological and structural functions. Above all, the epidermis relies on tissue stem cells to maintain homeostasis and to guarantee tissue repair following damage. Hence, proper stem cell function is pivotal and required to sustain assaults. In this review we present important structural and functional aspects of the DEJ and its role in aging of the skin. We also discuss implications and protective mechanisms of UV-irradiated epidermis, highlighting stem cell-specific surveillance mechanisms and the important function of the stem cell niche.
{"title":"CHAPTER 7. Epidermal Stem Cells and Dermal–Epidermal Junction","authors":"M. Aumailley, C. Niemann","doi":"10.1039/9781788015981-00167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015981-00167","url":null,"abstract":"Aging of mammalian skin results from two distinct biological processes: intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of skin aging. Exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation (photoaging) is the major extrinsic assault accelerating the normal aging process. The epidermis constitutes the outermost layer of the skin and thus is constantly challenged by harmful environmental assaults. As an integral part of the skin barrier, the epidermis ensures protection by its robust stratified architecture and integrated epidermal appendages. The epidermal tissue is further stabilized by specialized zones connecting the epidermis to the underlying dermal tissue. These dermal–epidermal junctions (DEJs) consist of a network of different intracellular, transmembrane and extracellular proteins that together fulfil crucial biological and structural functions. Above all, the epidermis relies on tissue stem cells to maintain homeostasis and to guarantee tissue repair following damage. Hence, proper stem cell function is pivotal and required to sustain assaults. In this review we present important structural and functional aspects of the DEJ and its role in aging of the skin. We also discuss implications and protective mechanisms of UV-irradiated epidermis, highlighting stem cell-specific surveillance mechanisms and the important function of the stem cell niche.","PeriodicalId":220382,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Series in Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126538067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788015981-00315
E. Bradley, M. Bell, Z. Draelos
Cosmeceuticals, defined for the purpose of this chapter as highly efficacious functional ingredients or final products, are becoming more commonplace in the skincare market globally, in particular within the anti-aging category. Many of these ingredients or products aim to improve the clinical features of photoaged skin such as wrinkles and pigmentation through targeting the underlying causes of these clinical features, with increasingly comprehensive efficacy and mechanistic data to support these claims. In this chapter, we review the main classes of cosmeceuticals, the biological endpoints they target together with the evidence that supports their clinical efficacy.
{"title":"CHAPTER 12. Cosmeceuticals","authors":"E. Bradley, M. Bell, Z. Draelos","doi":"10.1039/9781788015981-00315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015981-00315","url":null,"abstract":"Cosmeceuticals, defined for the purpose of this chapter as highly efficacious functional ingredients or final products, are becoming more commonplace in the skincare market globally, in particular within the anti-aging category. Many of these ingredients or products aim to improve the clinical features of photoaged skin such as wrinkles and pigmentation through targeting the underlying causes of these clinical features, with increasingly comprehensive efficacy and mechanistic data to support these claims. In this chapter, we review the main classes of cosmeceuticals, the biological endpoints they target together with the evidence that supports their clinical efficacy.","PeriodicalId":220382,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Series in Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences","volume":"22 6S 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122810814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788015981-00195
L. Rittié
Because of its lack of a protective fur, human skin is readily susceptible to external elements, including ultraviolet radiations from sunlight. In fair-skinned and mildly pigmented individuals, ultraviolet radiations have severe damaging effects: they are responsible for premature aging of the skin (photoaging) and for tumorigenesis. This chapter details our current knowledge of how ultraviolet radiations affect the dermis (the nutritional and supportive layer of the skin) and, particularly, its collagen network. Dermal collagen provides strength and resiliency to the skin and is an important substrate for cell migration during wound repair. Altered collagen structure is a hallmark of aged dermis that can no longer exert its supportive function. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which ultraviolet light-induced signaling cascades transiently affect collagen homeostasis, we detail our understanding of how repeated exposure to sunlight leads to a sustained presence of damaged collagen fibers, and we explain why photoaging should be viewed as a self-sustained process. In all, we highlight many molecular targets to be considered by scientists aiming to restore the structure and function of photoaged skin.
{"title":"CHAPTER 8. Collagen Damage Induced by Chronic Exposure to Sunlight","authors":"L. Rittié","doi":"10.1039/9781788015981-00195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015981-00195","url":null,"abstract":"Because of its lack of a protective fur, human skin is readily susceptible to external elements, including ultraviolet radiations from sunlight. In fair-skinned and mildly pigmented individuals, ultraviolet radiations have severe damaging effects: they are responsible for premature aging of the skin (photoaging) and for tumorigenesis. This chapter details our current knowledge of how ultraviolet radiations affect the dermis (the nutritional and supportive layer of the skin) and, particularly, its collagen network. Dermal collagen provides strength and resiliency to the skin and is an important substrate for cell migration during wound repair. Altered collagen structure is a hallmark of aged dermis that can no longer exert its supportive function. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which ultraviolet light-induced signaling cascades transiently affect collagen homeostasis, we detail our understanding of how repeated exposure to sunlight leads to a sustained presence of damaged collagen fibers, and we explain why photoaging should be viewed as a self-sustained process. In all, we highlight many molecular targets to be considered by scientists aiming to restore the structure and function of photoaged skin.","PeriodicalId":220382,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Series in Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116097104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788015981-00001
J. Ayer, C. Griffiths
This chapter discusses the prevalence of photoaging in white Northern Europeans, as well as describing the two main facial photoaging phenotypes, termed ‘hypertrophic’ photoaging (HP) and ‘atrophic’ photoaging (AP). HP individuals have deep, coarse wrinkles, whereas those with AP have relatively smooth, unwrinkled skin with pronounced telangiectasia. Both phenotypes have distinct histological characteristics. AP has a significantly thicker epidermis than HP. Further stratification by gender demonstrates that the AP epidermal thickness is increased significantly in males as compared to females. HP photoaged skin exhibits severe solar elastosis, characterized by extensive deposition of amorphous, abnormally thickened, curled and fragmented elastic material in the dermis. In AP photoaged skin, there are gender differences in elastic fibre deposition; solar elastosis is apparent in females but not in males. Loss of papillary dermal fibrillin-rich microfibrils is a distinctive feature of photoaging occurring in both HP subjects and in AP females. It is important for clinicians to recognize that these two phenotypes exist because individuals with the AP phenotype have an increased propensity for developing keratinocyte cancers. Lastly, tools for measuring and objectively assessing response of photoaged skin to treatment exist and should be used for these purposes.
{"title":"CHAPTER 1. Photoaging in Caucasians","authors":"J. Ayer, C. Griffiths","doi":"10.1039/9781788015981-00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015981-00001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the prevalence of photoaging in white Northern Europeans, as well as describing the two main facial photoaging phenotypes, termed ‘hypertrophic’ photoaging (HP) and ‘atrophic’ photoaging (AP). HP individuals have deep, coarse wrinkles, whereas those with AP have relatively smooth, unwrinkled skin with pronounced telangiectasia. Both phenotypes have distinct histological characteristics. AP has a significantly thicker epidermis than HP. Further stratification by gender demonstrates that the AP epidermal thickness is increased significantly in males as compared to females. HP photoaged skin exhibits severe solar elastosis, characterized by extensive deposition of amorphous, abnormally thickened, curled and fragmented elastic material in the dermis. In AP photoaged skin, there are gender differences in elastic fibre deposition; solar elastosis is apparent in females but not in males. Loss of papillary dermal fibrillin-rich microfibrils is a distinctive feature of photoaging occurring in both HP subjects and in AP females. It is important for clinicians to recognize that these two phenotypes exist because individuals with the AP phenotype have an increased propensity for developing keratinocyte cancers. Lastly, tools for measuring and objectively assessing response of photoaged skin to treatment exist and should be used for these purposes.","PeriodicalId":220382,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Series in Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114808250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788015981-00275
S. Momen, R. Sarkany
Ultraviolet (UV) exposure, from the sun and sunbeds, is the main cause of skin cancer and the only cause of photoaging. Photoprotection involves a complex set of behaviours decreasing UV exposure by a wide range of means. The tools for photoprotection, especially sunscreens, have improved dramatically over recent years. There is limited evidence that photoprotection with sunscreen protects against skin cancer. Major barriers to good photoprotection remain, because photoprotection involves a complex set of behaviours, which are crucially dependent on psychosocial and societal factors.
{"title":"CHAPTER 11. Photoprotection in the Prevention of Photodamage and Cutaneous Cancer","authors":"S. Momen, R. Sarkany","doi":"10.1039/9781788015981-00275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015981-00275","url":null,"abstract":"Ultraviolet (UV) exposure, from the sun and sunbeds, is the main cause of skin cancer and the only cause of photoaging. Photoprotection involves a complex set of behaviours decreasing UV exposure by a wide range of means. The tools for photoprotection, especially sunscreens, have improved dramatically over recent years. There is limited evidence that photoprotection with sunscreen protects against skin cancer. Major barriers to good photoprotection remain, because photoprotection involves a complex set of behaviours, which are crucially dependent on psychosocial and societal factors.","PeriodicalId":220382,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Series in Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences","volume":"882 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126217000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1039/9781839165580-00133
T. Douki, S. Adar
{"title":"CHAPTER 7. Ultraviolet-induced Formation of DNA Damage in Cells and their Mutational Consequences","authors":"T. Douki, S. Adar","doi":"10.1039/9781839165580-00133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781839165580-00133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":220382,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Series in Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129928606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1039/9781788015981-00231
Jang-Hee Oh, J. Chung
As well as collagen and elastin, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) are abundant components in the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the skin. Hyaluronic acid (HA), dermatan sulfate (DS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan sulfate (HS), heparin (HP), and keratin sulfate (KS) are six known members of GAGs, and numbers of their own partner PGs have been reported, except HA. Their structural and physiological roles are being revealed, and they are focused in these days as one of new targets for preventing or recovering skin aging. Understanding the complex interaction of GAGs and PGs with ECM components, specially, collagen and elastic fibers, may help us find new ideas to overcome the skin aging phenomenon. In this review, aging-related change of collagen and elastic fibers and glycosaminoglycan synthesis were simply explained as background, and the structural and physiological roles of skin-abundant GAGs and PGs, including hyaluronic acid, DS-PGs (decorin, biglycan, and others), CS-PGs (versican, CD44, and others), HS-PGs (perlecan and others), KS-PGs (lumican, osteoglycin, and fibromodulin), and their skin aging-related changes and possible involvements in the development of phenotypes of photoaging were summarized.
{"title":"CHAPTER 10. Do Proteoglycans Mediate Chronic Photoaging?","authors":"Jang-Hee Oh, J. Chung","doi":"10.1039/9781788015981-00231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015981-00231","url":null,"abstract":"As well as collagen and elastin, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) are abundant components in the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the skin. Hyaluronic acid (HA), dermatan sulfate (DS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan sulfate (HS), heparin (HP), and keratin sulfate (KS) are six known members of GAGs, and numbers of their own partner PGs have been reported, except HA. Their structural and physiological roles are being revealed, and they are focused in these days as one of new targets for preventing or recovering skin aging. Understanding the complex interaction of GAGs and PGs with ECM components, specially, collagen and elastic fibers, may help us find new ideas to overcome the skin aging phenomenon. In this review, aging-related change of collagen and elastic fibers and glycosaminoglycan synthesis were simply explained as background, and the structural and physiological roles of skin-abundant GAGs and PGs, including hyaluronic acid, DS-PGs (decorin, biglycan, and others), CS-PGs (versican, CD44, and others), HS-PGs (perlecan and others), KS-PGs (lumican, osteoglycin, and fibromodulin), and their skin aging-related changes and possible involvements in the development of phenotypes of photoaging were summarized.","PeriodicalId":220382,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Series in Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130494730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cutaneous Photoaging","authors":"","doi":"10.1039/9781788015981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015981","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":220382,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Series in Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128697388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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