Substance Use & Misuse最新文献

Background: Cannabis use severely endangers human health, and identifying its associated risk or protective factors is of crucial importance.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the association between different physical activities and cannabis use.

Methods: In this study, a total of 4,428 individuals was selected from the representative population aged 20-60 years in the National Health and Nutrition Survey of the United States from 2013 to 2018. Physical activity was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ); the drug use questionnaire (DUQ) was used to determine whether the sample had cannabis use at this stage. Binary logistic regression analysis was adopted as the statistical method to evaluate the associations between physical activities, sedentary behaviors, and cannabis use.

Results: After adjusting for all covariates, work physical activity was positively associated with cannabis use (P < 0.001), with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.135 (95% CI: 0.999 - 1.289). Commuting physical activity also showed a positive association with cannabis use (P < 0.001), with an OR of 1.209 (95% CI: 1.048 - 1.395). When no covariates were adjusted for, recreation physical activity was negatively associated with cannabis use (P < 0.05), with an OR of 0.858 (95% CI: 0.762 - 0.967). Sedentary behavior, on the other hand, was positively associated with cannabis use (P < 0.001), with an OR of 1.365 (95% CI: 1.181 - 1.578).

Conclusion: Work physical activity, commuting physical activity, and extended sedentary behavior are correlated with an elevated risk of cannabis use, while recreational physical activity is linked to a decreased risk of cannabis use.

Background: Collegiate alcohol consumption is multi-determined by both precollege (e.g., institutional and community background, academic characteristics, precollege drinking) and college variables. However, precollege variables are rarely investigated. Self-reports of collegiate alcohol use were predicted by novel sources of data from university, census, and public administrative records.

Method: 3,720 first-time, college freshmen at a large, public, Midwestern university (54% female) participated in a longitudinal study of self-reported drinking prior to matriculation and the first four semesters. Data were merged with registrar records of ACT scores, high-school core GPA, first-generation college student status, high school administrative data and census tract information associated with senior year community of residence.

Results: Factor analyses of census and high school characteristics data yielded two census factors of Socioeconomic Advantage and Black/Urban community, and four school factors of Graduation Rates, Predominantly White student composition, Human Capital and School Attendance. Academic Challenge, a reverse-scored composite of entering academic aptitude and achievement, was most strongly associated with increased alcohol use across all five assessments (ORs between 1.33-1.64 and 1.38-1.76 for men and women, respectively). Effects for the census variables were smaller and confined to men's precollege or freshman Fall assessments (OR's1.21-1.56) with students from higher SES and more Black/Urban communities reporting higher levels of alcohol involvement. With minor exceptions, no effects were found for school factors.

Conclusions: Academic Challenge appeared most associated with collegiate substance use across all assessments. Census and high school administrative records constitute additional sources of data which may improve prediction of substance use risk.

Background: Adolescents treated in trauma centers are frequently prescribed opioid pain medication for pain management at hospital discharge. There has been an increase in adolescent opioid overdose deaths requiring additional education on risks associated with opioid pain medication use in this population.

Objectives: The objective of this analysis was to assess the implementation at ten US pediatric trauma centers of an opioid pain medication prevention education intervention and whether implementation of the intervention was also associated with an increase of delivery of pain medication education and a reduction in opioid prescribing.

Results: Across all sites during the study period, 4,371 adolescent patients received an opioid pain medication at discharge. Opioid pain medication education increased from 20.9% before the intervention's implementation to 37.3% (p = 0.0001) after implementation. There was also a significant increase in adolescent patients with positive screens on admission for alcohol or drugs in getting opioid pain medication education after the implementation. Additionally, there was a modest decrease in opioid prescribing at discharge from pre- to post-implementation of the intervention: 54.7% to 48.8% (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion: An intervention that includes training staff on delivery of opioid pain medication education for adolescents and family members can improve education provided to patients being prescribed opioid pain medication at discharge from pediatric trauma centers.

Background: Theory of planned behavior (TPB) is the most effective theory to understand individual behavior based on the psychological perspective.

Objectives: This study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the aggregated studies in the literature on the use of e-cigarettes and vaping based on the tTPB.

Results: Applying a systematic review and the theory-context-characteristics-method (TCCM) framework, this study presents an overview of the literature and explores future research avenues. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), 17 studies were retrieved from Scopus and the Web of Science (WoS) database.

Conclusions: Four themes were identified: (1) Fundamental role of TPB in predicting e-cigarette intention and actual behavior, (2) Determinants and theoretical approaches to vaping behavior, (3) Vaping among youth, and (4) Communication of e-cigarette use. The findings highlight the central role of TPB in explaining the psychological drivers behind e-cigarette use. Future work would benefit from the identified themes by integrating comprehensive intervention, expanding the theoretical framework, and targeting specific populations to enhance e-cigarette prevention and cessation strategies.

Background: Determining the cognitive processes involved in maintaining tobacco use is an important step toward explaining the nature of addiction. Studies have found that young smokers are more impulsive than nonsmokers. Working memory (WM) is needed to prevent and control impulsivity in unwanted situations.

Objectives: This study examined the relationship between WM capacity and impulsivity and how WM load influences impulsive decision making with smokers, nonsmokers, and abstinent participants (n_total = 36) with an experimental dual-task. Participants completed the N-back (WM) and delay discounting (DD-impulsivity) tasks simultaneously, whilst their eye movements were recorded.

Results: The results showed accuracy in the n-back task reduced as n increased, there was no evidence of delay discounting in any of the groups. There was no correlation of WMC and trait impulsivity. Participants' first fixation durations, indicating attention and information processing, increased with increasing WM load. All participants had shorter first fixation durations on proximal rewards than on distal rewards and revisited proximal rewards more.

Conclusion: Participants may change their attentional strategies under WM load, and different attentional processes measured by eye movements may be an indicator of impulsivity.

Introduction: Chemsex, the use of psychoactive substances to enhance sexual experience, is most prominent in gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). This study explores the prevalence of chemsex in Australian GBMSM (N = 632) and its associations with psychosexual and psychosocial health.

Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted. Measures included demographics, psychological distress, attitudes toward sexuality (Sex-Positivity-Negativity Scale), sexual self-esteem, LGBT Community Connectedness, and sexual behaviors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and chi-square tests.

Results: One-third (32.3%) reported engaging in chemsex in the past year. Those engaged in chemsex were younger and more likely to identify as Indigenous Australians. They reported higher levels of psychological distress, sex negativity, sexual self-esteem and satisfaction with their sex life. Men engaged in chemsex reported a lower degree of connectedness to the LGBT community and were more likely to report adventurous sexual behaviors, including group sex and creating pornographic imagery.

Discussion: The association between chemsex and health is complex. While some men report higher sexual self-esteem and satisfaction, their reported involvement in chemsex also correlates with increased psychological distress and lower community connectedness; however, the directionality of associations is unclear and may reflect complex or bidirectional dynamics.

Conclusions: Engagement in chemsex is common among Australian GBMSM and is associated with a range of mental health, sexual wellbeing, and social connection outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of developing informed, community-based public health strategies that reflect the complexity of chemsex practices and diverse experiences of men engaged in chemsex.

Introduction: Researchers posit that adherence to traditional masculine norms can contribute to college men's disproportionate risk for alcohol use and consequences; however, historically they have measured general masculine norms (e.g., winning, risk-taking) that are distal to alcohol use behaviors. Alcohol-specific masculine norms of excess (e.g., "A real man can drink a lot") and control (e.g., "A real man knows when he has had enough to drink and is able to stop") are conceptually more proximal to alcohol use behaviors and thus allow for a more nuanced examination of how masculinity relates to drinking. One way in which masculine norms might influence alcohol use behaviors and consequences is through their associations with drinking motives, which are considered the "final common pathway" to alcohol use. Method: In the current study, we examined the relationship between masculine drinking norms of excess and control and drinking motives in a multisite sample of male college students (n = 1,350), while adjusting for demographic factors (age, fraternity status, athletic involvement) and conformity to traditional masculine norms. Results: Results indicated that the masculine drinking norm of excess was positively associated with all five drinking motives, while control was positively associated only with social drinking motives. Discussion: Our findings further illustrate the potential harms of the alcohol-specific masculine norm of excess given that it relates to drinking for all the drinking motives and higher drinking motives of any type are associated with alcohol-related behaviors. The present study helps shine a light on potential mechanisms of the relationship between masculine drinking norms and alcohol use.

Background: This study investigated sex differences in concerns about unwanted sexual advances (CAUSA) in drinking contexts that varied in terms of the familiarity of people and location, and size of the party. Hypotheses tested were: women have more CAUSA than men, CAUSA are higher in unfamiliar large events than familiar small events for women more than men, and CAUSA will predict decisions to drink less especially in unfamiliar contexts. Methods: Drinking decisions were assessed in 569 (120 men, 449 women) undergraduate students in 8 randomly presented hypothetical scenarios varying along 3 dimensions: Closeness with friends attending, Location familiarity, and Size of the event. Results: Analyses revealed that women had more CAUSA than men (p < .00001), that CAUSA were higher for women when with acquaintances than with close friends (p < .0001) and that CAUSA were higher in unfamiliar large party settings than familiar small get-together settings (ps < .0001). CAUSA was a stronger predictor (p < .05) of decisions to drink less in unfamiliar large party events (p < .0001, R2 =, 0.085) compared with familiar small gatherings (p < .0001, R2 =, 0.038) for both men and women. Conclusions: Overall, concerns about unwanted sexual advances are higher in women and in unfamiliar contexts and are modest predictors of drinking decisions in men and women.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify subgroups of early adolescents based on their history of initiation and recent substance use, examine changes in their subgroup membership across two waves, and evaluate whether sociodemographic characteristics were associated with longitudinal changes in substance use patterns. Methods: Participants were 1,811 early adolescents (72% Black, 53% female) attending middle schools in neighborhoods with high rates of violence and residents with incomes below the federal poverty level. Latent class analysis identified subgroups of adolescents with different substance use patterns at two waves 3 months apart. Latent transition analysis then examined changes in subgroup membership over time and the impact of sex, grade, and time of year on the likelihood of transitioning subgroups. Results: Four patterns were identified: Non-use (76% of sample at wave 1, 73% at wave 2), Initiation (11%, 13%), Alcohol Use (7%, 7%), and Polysubstance Use (6%, 7%). Instability in membership in the Alcohol Use and Polysubstance Use subgroups across waves indicated that early adolescents varied in the number of types of substances they used across 3-month intervals. Female adolescents and eighth grade students were most likely to endorse past 30-day polysubstance use. Conclusions: These findings indicate that membership in substance use subgroups changes even across several months, and that older middle school students are more likely to report polysubstance use. Early adolescence is an important period for early interventions to prevent stability and escalation of use among those who have initiated substance use.

Objective: Adverse experiences during childhood (ACEs) and other adversities, such as experiences of discrimination are important risk factors for substance use, particularly among Black individuals in the United States (U.S.). Given the ethnic diversity of Black people in the U.S., it is important to examine how nativity influences the impact of these stressors on substance use risk.

Methods: Participants were 484 Black young adults (YA) recruited through opt-in panels and online platforms. Nativity differences in the association between ACEs, everyday discrimination, and count of tobacco/nicotine and cannabis products used were examined with descriptive statistics, zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB), and logistic regression models.

Results: Participants' average age was 21.96 years; 53.1% females and 37.6% foreign-born. There were nativity differences (p < 0.05) in education, ACEs, everyday discrimination and lifetime count of tobacco/nicotine and cannabis product types used. Each additional ACE and experience of everyday discrimination was associated with higher lifetime tobacco/nicotine product count by 5% (IRR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.09) and 2% (IRR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.04), respectively. ACEs were associated with lower odds of abstaining from tobacco/nicotine and cannabis products in the lifetime (aOR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.76-0.99 and aOR = 0.83 95% CI 0.73-0.95, respectively) and higher odds of co-occurring product exposure (aOR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.05-1.31). Foreign-born YA had 40% lower cannabis product count (IRR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.41-0.88) relative to U.S.-born YA.

Conclusion: Findings emphasize the role of early life (ACEs) and societal stressors (everyday discrimination) on tobacco/nicotine and cannabis product count (i.e., exposure) among U.S.- and foreign-born Black YA.