Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80736
J. Cai, Yuanzhi Zhang, Yu Li, Ting-chen Jiang, X. Liang, XiaLu, J. Tsou
In this chapter, we present the analysis for the evolution characteristics of temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture. We choose a newly developed method that is based on the information flow (IF) concept to research the causality between annual mean temper- ature, precipitation, and soil moisture in Jiangsu province, China, from 1961 to 2011 by using the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). The correlation and the cau- sality of air temperature and precipitation on soil moisture were compared and discussed. The causality value of 0 – 10 cm layer is significantly different from zero, while the deeper, in comparison to the surface layer, is negligible. This result unambiguously shows the causality in the sense that the precipitation increase and the temperature decrease are causing the shallow soil moisture to increase. Temperature and all layers of soil moisture have a negative correlation, but precipitation inverses. Precipitation strongly has the greatest effects on soil moisture in the surface layer, though the rest layers are not obvious.
{"title":"Analysis for Soil Moisture in Jiangsu Province, China, Using GLDAS Data","authors":"J. Cai, Yuanzhi Zhang, Yu Li, Ting-chen Jiang, X. Liang, XiaLu, J. Tsou","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80736","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we present the analysis for the evolution characteristics of temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture. We choose a newly developed method that is based on the information flow (IF) concept to research the causality between annual mean temper- ature, precipitation, and soil moisture in Jiangsu province, China, from 1961 to 2011 by using the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). The correlation and the cau- sality of air temperature and precipitation on soil moisture were compared and discussed. The causality value of 0 – 10 cm layer is significantly different from zero, while the deeper, in comparison to the surface layer, is negligible. This result unambiguously shows the causality in the sense that the precipitation increase and the temperature decrease are causing the shallow soil moisture to increase. Temperature and all layers of soil moisture have a negative correlation, but precipitation inverses. Precipitation strongly has the greatest effects on soil moisture in the surface layer, though the rest layers are not obvious.","PeriodicalId":221163,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Environment, Disaster, and Infrastructure - A Case Study of China's Coastline","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125506077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80017
X. Liang
Coastal-trappedwaves (CTWs) areaclassofsubinertial signalsin theweatherfrequencyband that playa pivotal role in coastal air-sea interaction. However, this important topic seems to be missingintheheateddebateinrecentyearsoncoastalenvironmentalchangeandprotection.In thischapter,abriefbutself-containedintroductionoftheCTWtheoryispresented,inthehopeofprovidingareferenceforinvestigatorsintherelevantfields.Alsopresentedisanumerical scheme for computing the wave properties. As a demonstration, we have conducted a prelim-inarystudyoftheCTWsforasectionacrosstheSubeiBankintheYellowSea.Bytheresults,allthecomputedslowmodes,includingabottom-intensifiedone,seemtobeslowingdownsince two decades ago. They have particularly slowed down in the event when a strong El Niño is followedbyastrongLaNiña,suchasinthe97 – 98and09 – 10ElNiñoevents.
{"title":"The Slow Coastal-Trapped Waves off Subei Bank in the Yellow Sea and Their Climatic Change in the Past Decades","authors":"X. Liang","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80017","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal-trappedwaves (CTWs) areaclassofsubinertial signalsin theweatherfrequencyband that playa pivotal role in coastal air-sea interaction. However, this important topic seems to be missingintheheateddebateinrecentyearsoncoastalenvironmentalchangeandprotection.In thischapter,abriefbutself-containedintroductionoftheCTWtheoryispresented,inthehopeofprovidingareferenceforinvestigatorsintherelevantfields.Alsopresentedisanumerical scheme for computing the wave properties. As a demonstration, we have conducted a prelim-inarystudyoftheCTWsforasectionacrosstheSubeiBankintheYellowSea.Bytheresults,allthecomputedslowmodes,includingabottom-intensifiedone,seemtobeslowingdownsince two decades ago. They have particularly slowed down in the event when a strong El Niño is followedbyastrongLaNiña,suchasinthe97 – 98and09 – 10ElNiñoevents.","PeriodicalId":221163,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Environment, Disaster, and Infrastructure - A Case Study of China's Coastline","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131614493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80738
Jianyu Hu, X. Liang, Hongyang Lin
Upwelling is an important oceanographic phenomenon that brings cooler and nutrient- rich water upward to the surface, facilitating the growth of phytoplankton and other primary producers, which results in high levels of primary productivity and hence fish - ery production. This chapter presents a review of recent studies on six major upwelling regions along the China coasts, with a focus on the eastern and southeastern coasts of mainland China, based on in situ measurements, satellite observations and numerical simulations. These upwelling regions result primarily from the summer monsoon winds, though other mechanisms, such as river discharge, baroclinicity, topography, tides, and the presence of mean current, may also be in play. In this review, their impacts on local biogeochemical processes are briefly summarized. Also discussed are their possible responses to the globally changing climate.
{"title":"Coastal Upwelling Off the China Coasts","authors":"Jianyu Hu, X. Liang, Hongyang Lin","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80738","url":null,"abstract":"Upwelling is an important oceanographic phenomenon that brings cooler and nutrient- rich water upward to the surface, facilitating the growth of phytoplankton and other primary producers, which results in high levels of primary productivity and hence fish - ery production. This chapter presents a review of recent studies on six major upwelling regions along the China coasts, with a focus on the eastern and southeastern coasts of mainland China, based on in situ measurements, satellite observations and numerical simulations. These upwelling regions result primarily from the summer monsoon winds, though other mechanisms, such as river discharge, baroclinicity, topography, tides, and the presence of mean current, may also be in play. In this review, their impacts on local biogeochemical processes are briefly summarized. Also discussed are their possible responses to the globally changing climate.","PeriodicalId":221163,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Environment, Disaster, and Infrastructure - A Case Study of China's Coastline","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130899818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80737
Chenxu Ji, Yuanzhi Zhang, Kapo Wong, Yu Li, Ting-chen Jiang, Liang Xiangsan, Xia Lu
In this chapter, we present the analysis for the effect of summertime SST on the coastal environments of Jiangsu province, China. We analyze the relationship between the SST and the Jiangsu precipitation in summer based on GPCP’s precipitation data and NOAA’s SST data from 1979 to 2011, using approaches that include correlation analysis, regression analysis, and lead-lag analysis. The results show that certain strong oceanic signals affect summer Jiangsu precipitation, showing that SST of some oceanic areas significantly affect the precipitation of Jiangsu in summer. By the lead-lag analysis, it is found that the spring SST plays an important role in the summer precipitation in the coastal areas of Jiangsu, China.
{"title":"Analysis for the Effect of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) on the Coastal Environments of Jiangsu Province, China","authors":"Chenxu Ji, Yuanzhi Zhang, Kapo Wong, Yu Li, Ting-chen Jiang, Liang Xiangsan, Xia Lu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80737","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we present the analysis for the effect of summertime SST on the coastal environments of Jiangsu province, China. We analyze the relationship between the SST and the Jiangsu precipitation in summer based on GPCP’s precipitation data and NOAA’s SST data from 1979 to 2011, using approaches that include correlation analysis, regression analysis, and lead-lag analysis. The results show that certain strong oceanic signals affect summer Jiangsu precipitation, showing that SST of some oceanic areas significantly affect the precipitation of Jiangsu in summer. By the lead-lag analysis, it is found that the spring SST plays an important role in the summer precipitation in the coastal areas of Jiangsu, China.","PeriodicalId":221163,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Environment, Disaster, and Infrastructure - A Case Study of China's Coastline","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131199801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80016
X. Liang, Yineng Rong
Nuclear pollution has become a new form and perhaps more harmful type of pollution that obsesses coastal regions; it has been of increasing concern after the disastrous Fukushima nuclear leak on March 11, 2011. In order to assess the impact of the Fukushima accident on the East China Sea (ECS), a highly resolved model is set up to simulate the evolution of the Cs concentration. Different from previous studies in this regard, here we take into account the radionuclides originally existing in the ocean. It is found that the radionuclides from the Fukushima leak do have reached ECS, though with a concentration far below the harmful level. The major waterways that inlet the radionuclides are Taiwan Strait and the waterway east of Taiwan. The radioactive material tends to accumulate in the ECS until reaching its peak in 2019; afterward, the outflux through Tokara Strait and Tsushima exceeds the influx through the two southern waterways, and the material resumes in 2021 to its original state. The concentration is neither homogeneously nor stationarily distributed; for example, usually in summer, there is a high center over the Subei Bank in the Yellow Sea. This study is expected, should a similar accident happen again, to help decide where to monitor the ocean, and, hopefully, how to get the pollution under control.
{"title":"Nuclear Pollution in the East China Sea from the Fukushima Disaster","authors":"X. Liang, Yineng Rong","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80016","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear pollution has become a new form and perhaps more harmful type of pollution that obsesses coastal regions; it has been of increasing concern after the disastrous Fukushima nuclear leak on March 11, 2011. In order to assess the impact of the Fukushima accident on the East China Sea (ECS), a highly resolved model is set up to simulate the evolution of the Cs concentration. Different from previous studies in this regard, here we take into account the radionuclides originally existing in the ocean. It is found that the radionuclides from the Fukushima leak do have reached ECS, though with a concentration far below the harmful level. The major waterways that inlet the radionuclides are Taiwan Strait and the waterway east of Taiwan. The radioactive material tends to accumulate in the ECS until reaching its peak in 2019; afterward, the outflux through Tokara Strait and Tsushima exceeds the influx through the two southern waterways, and the material resumes in 2021 to its original state. The concentration is neither homogeneously nor stationarily distributed; for example, usually in summer, there is a high center over the Subei Bank in the Yellow Sea. This study is expected, should a similar accident happen again, to help decide where to monitor the ocean, and, hopefully, how to get the pollution under control.","PeriodicalId":221163,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Environment, Disaster, and Infrastructure - A Case Study of China's Coastline","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123665397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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