The analysis of the restoration carried out on the Acropolis of Athens between 1834 and 1875 offers the opportunity to evaluate the inferences of law and artistic taste on the reconstruction of one of the most famous monuments in the world. The ethical and aesthetic ambiguities of this early work are outlined through the study of Leo von Klenze’s memoranda on the refurbishment of the Acropolis temples, and the first laws on the protection of the Greek heritage issued by the Bavarian rulers in 1834 and 1837. In particular, the discussion will consider Klenze’s guidelines in relation to his conceptual inconsistencies about Romanticism and Neoclassicism, and within the implications – both juridical and aesthetic – of the edicts issued on the safeguard of antiquity in Greece. As will be argued, this early restoration not only would transform the Acropolis historical profile, but also affect the later refurbishment completed on the site in the twentieth century.
对1834年至1875年间对雅典卫城进行的修复工作的分析，为评估法律和艺术品味对世界上最著名的纪念碑之一的重建的影响提供了机会。通过研究Leo von Klenze关于雅典卫城神庙翻新的备忘录，以及巴伐利亚统治者于1834年和1837年颁布的第一部保护希腊遗产的法律，可以概述这一早期作品的伦理和美学模糊性。特别地，讨论将考虑Klenze的指导方针与他关于浪漫主义和新古典主义的概念不一致，以及在法律和美学的含义中，在希腊颁布的保护古代的法令。正如将要讨论的那样，这种早期的修复不仅改变了卫城的历史形象，而且影响了后来在20世纪对该遗址完成的翻新。
{"title":"Legislation on the Heritage Protection and Restoration of Antiquity. The Case of the Acropolis of Athens in the Nineteenth Century.","authors":"C. Mannoni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3841388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3841388","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of the restoration carried out on the Acropolis of Athens between 1834 and 1875 offers the opportunity to evaluate the inferences of law and artistic taste on the reconstruction of one of the most famous monuments in the world. The ethical and aesthetic ambiguities of this early work are outlined through the study of Leo von Klenze’s memoranda on the refurbishment of the Acropolis temples, and the first laws on the protection of the Greek heritage issued by the Bavarian rulers in 1834 and 1837. In particular, the discussion will consider Klenze’s guidelines in relation to his conceptual inconsistencies about Romanticism and Neoclassicism, and within the implications – both juridical and aesthetic – of the edicts issued on the safeguard of antiquity in Greece. As will be argued, this early restoration not only would transform the Acropolis historical profile, but also affect the later refurbishment completed on the site in the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":221394,"journal":{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Legal History & Legal Theory Research Paper Series","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129155378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spanish Abstract: La acción de la justicia eclesiástica era ejercida por un cuerpo de ministros y oficiales con funciones específicas. Enmarcados en el derecho canónico, sus perfiles y competencias fueron adaptados de acuerdo a las circunstancias históricas, las realidades espaciales y culturales de las poblaciones. La producción de nuevos corpus jurídicos a través de experiencias conciliares previas junto con los aportes de las distintas partes en el proceso de reorganización de la Iglesia en el nuevo mundo, permitió ajustes normativos de acuerdo a las circunstancias del lugar y el momento. Este estudio analiza los impactos que esos ajustes acarrearon en las estructuras eclesiásticas de justicia en Hispanoamérica, principalmente tratando de indagar cómo se organizaban los tribunales tanto en la doctrina, como en las prácticas locales. Se investiga si se disponía de una forma organizativa para las diversas instancias y cómo las propias prácticas judiciales diocesanas generaron especificidades locales. Nos preguntamos también cómo el propio cuerpo de ministros, oficiales y agentes de la justicia se iba ajustando a cada lugar o situación, y cómo los corpus legales y doctrinales podían establecer patrones generales en cuanto a sus perfiles, prerrogativas, atribuciones, estipendios y penas.
English Abstract: The action of ecclesiastical justice was exercised by a body of ministers and officials with specific functions. Their profile and competences were adapted according to the historical circumstances and the spatial and cultural realities of the population. The production of a new juridical corpus through previous conciliar experiences and the contributions of different parties to the reorganizing process of the Church in the new world allowed for normative adjustments in accordance with temporal and spatial circumstances. This study analyses the impact that such adjustments had on the ecclesiastical structures of justice in Spanish America, mainly by investigating how the courts were organized, both in the doctrine and in local practices. The author explores whether the same organizational form was available for the various instances and how the diocesan judicial practices themselves generated local specificities. He also asks how the body of ministers, its officials and agents of justice, locally adjusted itself to each situation, and how the legal and doctrinal corpus could establish general patterns in terms of their profiles, prerogatives, attributions, stipends and penalties.
教会司法的行动是由一群具有特定职能的部长和官员执行的。在教会法的框架内，他们的概况和能力根据历史情况、人口的空间和文化现实进行了调整。通过以前的和解经验产生新的法律主体，以及在新世界教会重组过程中不同各方的贡献，允许根据地点和时间的情况进行规范性调整。在过去的几十年里，西班牙的教会司法结构发生了重大变化，特别是在司法改革方面。本研究的目的是分析在不同的司法管辖区，在不同的司法管辖区，在不同的司法管辖区，在不同的司法管辖区，在不同的司法管辖区，在不同的司法管辖区，在不同的司法管辖区，在不同的司法管辖区，在不同的司法管辖区。我们还想知道，司法部长、官员和代理人本身是如何适应每个地方或情况的，法律和教义主体如何能够建立关于他们的概况、特权、属性、津贴和惩罚的一般模式。English Abstract: ecclesiastical司法行动was exercised by a body of部长和官员的具体职务。他们的形象和能力是根据历史环境和人民的空间和文化现实进行调整的。通过以前的调解经验产生新的司法主体，以及不同当事方对新世界教会重组进程的贡献，允许根据时间和空间情况进行规范性调整。本研究分析了这种调整对西班牙美洲教会司法结构的影响，主要是通过调查法院在教义和地方实践方面的组织方式。作者探讨了不同司法管辖区是否可以使用相同的组织形式，以及教区司法实践本身如何产生地方特色。他还询问部长机构、其官员和司法人员如何在地方上适应每一种情况，以及法律和教义主体如何在其概况、特权、职责、费用和处罚方面确立一般模式。
{"title":"Ministros De Los Tribunales (DCH) (Court Ministers (DCH))","authors":"Jaime Ricardo Gouveia","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3862514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3862514","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> La acción de la justicia eclesiástica era ejercida por un cuerpo de ministros y oficiales con funciones específicas. Enmarcados en el derecho canónico, sus perfiles y competencias fueron adaptados de acuerdo a las circunstancias históricas, las realidades espaciales y culturales de las poblaciones. La producción de nuevos corpus jurídicos a través de experiencias conciliares previas junto con los aportes de las distintas partes en el proceso de reorganización de la Iglesia en el nuevo mundo, permitió ajustes normativos de acuerdo a las circunstancias del lugar y el momento. Este estudio analiza los impactos que esos ajustes acarrearon en las estructuras eclesiásticas de justicia en Hispanoamérica, principalmente tratando de indagar cómo se organizaban los tribunales tanto en la doctrina, como en las prácticas locales. Se investiga si se disponía de una forma organizativa para las diversas instancias y cómo las propias prácticas judiciales diocesanas generaron especificidades locales. Nos preguntamos también cómo el propio cuerpo de ministros, oficiales y agentes de la justicia se iba ajustando a cada lugar o situación, y cómo los corpus legales y doctrinales podían establecer patrones generales en cuanto a sus perfiles, prerrogativas, atribuciones, estipendios y penas.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> The action of ecclesiastical justice was exercised by a body of ministers and officials with specific functions. Their profile and competences were adapted according to the historical circumstances and the spatial and cultural realities of the population. The production of a new juridical corpus through previous conciliar experiences and the contributions of different parties to the reorganizing process of the Church in the new world allowed for normative adjustments in accordance with temporal and spatial circumstances. This study analyses the impact that such adjustments had on the ecclesiastical structures of justice in Spanish America, mainly by investigating how the courts were organized, both in the doctrine and in local practices. The author explores whether the same organizational form was available for the various instances and how the diocesan judicial practices themselves generated local specificities. He also asks how the body of ministers, its officials and agents of justice, locally adjusted itself to each situation, and how the legal and doctrinal corpus could establish general patterns in terms of their profiles, prerogatives, attributions, stipends and penalties.","PeriodicalId":221394,"journal":{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Legal History & Legal Theory Research Paper Series","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134370927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spanish Abstract: Este artículo describe la doctrina canónica del contrato de arrendamiento y alquiler en la temprana edad moderna y en el contexto de las Indias españolas, en tanto era usado para bienes como para servicios. Las obligaciones de las partes estaban caracterizadas por la necesidad de un balance entre ellas, en particular, en cuanto al precio justo o remuneración respectivamente. La equidad podía restaurar este balance, especialmente protegiendo el arrendador que presta sus servicios. Las aplicaciones de las posibilidades contractuales protectoras fueron incluso discutidas en relación a la población indígena y una versión corrompidas del contrato fue usada para emplear en el trabajo forzado. El uso del contrato fue estructurado de manera que en distintos oficios por varias razones no pudiera ser utilizado, o solo bajo ciertas circunstancias. En relación con el alquiler, también se trata la enfiteusis en tanto que son contratos similares que pueden ser asimilados el uno al otro.
English Abstract: Within the context of the Spanish Indies, this article describes the canonical doctrine in early modern times related to the contract of letting and hiring, which could involve either possessions or services. The obligations of the parties were characterised by the requirement for a balance of respective benefits to the parties, such as a fair price or remuneration. Equity could possibly restore this balance, especially to protect the lessor who is providing his services. The application of the contractual protective virtues to the Indians was nevertheless discussed, and a corrupted version of the contract implying forced labour did appear. The use of the contract was also structured so that various professions, for a variety of reasons, either could not make use of the contract or only under certain conditions. Letting also calls for a comparison with emphyteusis insofar as these relatively similar contracts could be assimilated to each other.
西班牙文摘:这篇文章描述了早期现代和西班牙印度背景下的租赁和租赁的规范原则，因为它被用于商品和服务。当事各方义务的特点是需要在它们之间取得平衡，特别是在公平价格或报酬方面。公平可以恢复这种平衡，特别是通过保护提供服务的出租人。甚至讨论了对土著人民的保护性合同可能性的应用，并使用了一种腐化的合同版本来雇用强迫劳动。合同的使用是这样安排的，即在不同的行业中，由于各种原因不能使用合同，或只能在某些情况下使用合同。在租赁方面，租赁也被处理，因为它们是类似的合同，可以相互同化。在西班牙独立国家的背景下，本文描述了现代早期与租赁和雇佣合同有关的规范原则，这可能涉及财产或服务。缔约方义务的特点是要求对缔约方的各自利益进行平衡，例如公平价格或报酬。股权可以恢复这种平衡，特别是保护提供服务的受让人。对印度人适用合同保护美德的问题一直没有得到讨论，而且出现了一种执行强迫劳动的合同的腐败版本。合同的使用也有这样一种结构，即各种职业由于各种原因不能使用合同，或者只能在某些条件下使用合同。Letting还calls for a比较with emphyteusis insofar as这些类似的合同还将assimilated to矛盾。
{"title":"Arrendamiento y Alquiler (DCH) (Letting and Hiring (DCH))","authors":"A. Dauchy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3344465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3344465","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> Este artículo describe la doctrina canónica del contrato de arrendamiento y alquiler en la temprana edad moderna y en el contexto de las Indias españolas, en tanto era usado para bienes como para servicios. Las obligaciones de las partes estaban caracterizadas por la necesidad de un balance entre ellas, en particular, en cuanto al precio justo o remuneración respectivamente. La equidad podía restaurar este balance, especialmente protegiendo el arrendador que presta sus servicios. Las aplicaciones de las posibilidades contractuales protectoras fueron incluso discutidas en relación a la población indígena y una versión corrompidas del contrato fue usada para emplear en el trabajo forzado. El uso del contrato fue estructurado de manera que en distintos oficios por varias razones no pudiera ser utilizado, o solo bajo ciertas circunstancias. En relación con el alquiler, también se trata la enfiteusis en tanto que son contratos similares que pueden ser asimilados el uno al otro.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> Within the context of the Spanish Indies, this article describes the canonical doctrine in early modern times related to the contract of letting and hiring, which could involve either possessions or services. The obligations of the parties were characterised by the requirement for a balance of respective benefits to the parties, such as a fair price or remuneration. Equity could possibly restore this balance, especially to protect the lessor who is providing his services. The application of the contractual protective virtues to the Indians was nevertheless discussed, and a corrupted version of the contract implying forced labour did appear. The use of the contract was also structured so that various professions, for a variety of reasons, either could not make use of the contract or only under certain conditions. Letting also calls for a comparison with emphyteusis insofar as these relatively similar contracts could be assimilated to each other.","PeriodicalId":221394,"journal":{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Legal History & Legal Theory Research Paper Series","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115844456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spanish Abstract: El articulo describe las doctrinas y practicas especificas en cuanto a las leyes y reglas del ayuno eclesiastico. Partiendo de la definicion del topico en la tradicion romano-catolica de la temprana edad moderna y se estudia el desarrollo de las reglas canonicas en el contexto de las Indias espanolas. English Abstract: The article describes specific doctrine and practices regarding the laws and rules of the ecclesiastical fast. Starting from the definition of this topic in the early modern Roman Catholic tradition, the study examines the development of the canon rules in the context of the Spanish Indies.
{"title":"Ayuno Eclesiástico (DCH) (The Ecclesiastical Fast (DCH))","authors":"Claudio Ferlan","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3260582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3260582","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: El articulo describe las doctrinas y practicas especificas en cuanto a las leyes y reglas del ayuno eclesiastico. Partiendo de la definicion del topico en la tradicion romano-catolica de la temprana edad moderna y se estudia el desarrollo de las reglas canonicas en el contexto de las Indias espanolas. \u0000 \u0000English Abstract: The article describes specific doctrine and practices regarding the laws and rules of the ecclesiastical fast. Starting from the definition of this topic in the early modern Roman Catholic tradition, the study examines the development of the canon rules in the context of the Spanish Indies.","PeriodicalId":221394,"journal":{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Legal History & Legal Theory Research Paper Series","volume":"11 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116810144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
French Abstract: Le « Manual de confessores » du celebre canoniste espagnol Martin de Azpilcueta (1492-1586) fut un veritable best seller au XVIe siecle. Il joua un role fondamental dans la construction du savoir normatif et cela non seulement en Europe mais, grâce a la presence massive de l’ouvrage dans les bibliotheques missionnaires, aussi bien dans le Nouveau Monde et, on pourrait dire, dans le monde entier. Au travers de l’analyse de l’histoire editoriale tres complexe de ce texte, revise, transforme et traduit plusieurs fois par l’auteur dans ses voyages du Portugal a Rome, cet article met en lumiere l’importance de la traduction, et notamment de l’« autotraduction », dans la production du savoir juridique au XVIe siecle, montrant comment le fait de repenser et reecrire un texte dans une autre langue eut un impact non seulement dans la forme mais aussi dans le contenu. English Abstract: The “Manual for Confessors” by the celebrated canon law professor Martin de Azpilcueta (1492-1586) was a real bestseller of the 16th century. It played a fundamental role in the construction of normative knowledge not only in Europe, but – thanks to the presence of the book in the missionary libraries – also in the New World and, we might even say, all over the world. This article analyses the very complex editorial history of the book, which the author himself transformed and translated many times during his travels from Portugal to Rome. It thus sheds new light on the importance of translation, namely of “self-translation” in the production of 16th-century normative knowledge, showing how the fact of thinking and rewriting a text in another language had an impact not only on its form but also its content.
{"title":"Les voyages du droit du Portugal à Rome. Le ‘Manual de confessores’ de Martín de Azpilcueta (1492-1586) et ses traductions (The Travels of Law from Portugal to Rome. Martín de Azpilcueta's 'Manual de confessores' (1492-1586) and its Translations)","authors":"Manuela Bragagnolo","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3287684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3287684","url":null,"abstract":"French Abstract: Le « Manual de confessores » du celebre canoniste espagnol Martin de Azpilcueta (1492-1586) fut un veritable best seller au XVIe siecle. Il joua un role fondamental dans la construction du savoir normatif et cela non seulement en Europe mais, grâce a la presence massive de l’ouvrage dans les bibliotheques missionnaires, aussi bien dans le Nouveau Monde et, on pourrait dire, dans le monde entier. \u0000 \u0000Au travers de l’analyse de l’histoire editoriale tres complexe de ce texte, revise, transforme et traduit plusieurs fois par l’auteur dans ses voyages du Portugal a Rome, cet article met en lumiere l’importance de la traduction, et notamment de l’« autotraduction », dans la production du savoir juridique au XVIe siecle, montrant comment le fait de repenser et reecrire un texte dans une autre langue eut un impact non seulement dans la forme mais aussi dans le contenu. \u0000 \u0000English Abstract: The “Manual for Confessors” by the celebrated canon law professor Martin de Azpilcueta (1492-1586) was a real bestseller of the 16th century. It played a fundamental role in the construction of normative knowledge not only in Europe, but – thanks to the presence of the book in the missionary libraries – also in the New World and, we might even say, all over the world. \u0000 \u0000This article analyses the very complex editorial history of the book, which the author himself transformed and translated many times during his travels from Portugal to Rome. It thus sheds new light on the importance of translation, namely of “self-translation” in the production of 16th-century normative knowledge, showing how the fact of thinking and rewriting a text in another language had an impact not only on its form but also its content.","PeriodicalId":221394,"journal":{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Legal History & Legal Theory Research Paper Series","volume":"335 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124716069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spanish Abstract: El artículo estudia el oficio de abogado y su ejercicio en la justicia canónica de Hispanoamérica y Filipinas de los siglos XVI a XVIII, analizando sus cualidades, requisitos, reglas de conducta y obligaciones. A fin de definir y caracterizar el oficio, no sólo se considera la tradición normativa del ius commune y el derecho castellano, sino también la tratadística jurídica, canónica y moral, con especial énfasis en las particularidades indianas a través del uso de la legislación conciliar y sinodal local como fuente. El artículo inicia con la definición de abogado y su distinción de figuras cercanas, como la de los procuradores. Luego se describe la desconfianza inicial a su actuación, se presenta su formación universitaria y sus lecturas, así como los requisitos para abogar, las calidades personales exigidas (claridad, modestia, temor de Dios, prudencia), los impedimentos personales para ejercer el oficio y las prohibiciones durante su desempeño.
English Abstract: The article examines the role and the exercise of the office of advocate in the canonical justice of Hispanic America and the Philippines from the 16th to the 18th centuries. In order to define and characterize the office, this article considers not only the normative tradition of the ius commune and Castilian law, but also legal, canonical and moral treatises. Special emphasis is placed on the Spanish Indies’ particularities, based on the analysis of the local conciliar and synodal legislation. The article begins with a definition of the office of advocate, focusing particularly on what distinguished it from related figures such as procurators. It then describes the initial mistrust of advocates, presents advocates’ university education and what books they read, and analyses the requirements for candidates to the office of advocate and their necessary personal qualities (clarity, modesty, fear of God, prudence), as well as the personal impediments to exercising the office and prohibitions during its performance.
摘要:本文研究了16至18世纪西班牙美洲和菲律宾的律师职业及其在规范司法中的实践，分析了其品质、要求、行为规则和义务。以定义和描述,不仅被视为法律上的普通法法律传统和西班牙语,也是法律tratadística、规范和道德,特别着重于利用特点indianas通过立法协调和地方sinodal源。本文首先介绍了律师的定义及其与律师等类似人物的区别。然后描述了最初对他的表演的不信任，介绍了他的大学教育和阅读，以及倡导的要求，要求的个人素质(清晰，谦虚，敬畏上帝，谨慎)，行使职务的个人障碍和在表演期间的禁令。English Abstract: The检查条The role and The行使of The office of advocate in The justice of Hispanic America and The菲律宾meraka from The精简to The 8日centuries。为了界定和界定办公室，本条不仅考虑了普通法和卡斯提尔法的规范传统，而且还考虑了法律、规范和道德条约。特别强调is placed on the[印度群岛' particularities, based on the analysis of the local调解和synodal立法。本文首先对律师事务所进行了定义，特别着重于律师事务所与检察官等相关人物的区别。然后描述It the initial mistrust of倡导者,代表倡导者“university education and what books they read and非洲the requirements for们to the office of advocate及其个人必要qualities (clarity,谦逊、恐惧of God (prudence), as well as the impediments人员to行使the office和滥杀滥伤during its绩效。
{"title":"Abogados (DCH) (Lawyers (DCH))","authors":"Esteban Llamosas","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3312029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3312029","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> El artículo estudia el oficio de abogado y su ejercicio en la justicia canónica de Hispanoamérica y Filipinas de los siglos XVI a XVIII, analizando sus cualidades, requisitos, reglas de conducta y obligaciones. A fin de definir y caracterizar el oficio, no sólo se considera la tradición normativa del ius commune y el derecho castellano, sino también la tratadística jurídica, canónica y moral, con especial énfasis en las particularidades indianas a través del uso de la legislación conciliar y sinodal local como fuente. El artículo inicia con la definición de abogado y su distinción de figuras cercanas, como la de los procuradores. Luego se describe la desconfianza inicial a su actuación, se presenta su formación universitaria y sus lecturas, así como los requisitos para abogar, las calidades personales exigidas (claridad, modestia, temor de Dios, prudencia), los impedimentos personales para ejercer el oficio y las prohibiciones durante su desempeño. <br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> The article examines the role and the exercise of the office of advocate in the canonical justice of Hispanic America and the Philippines from the 16th to the 18th centuries. In order to define and characterize the office, this article considers not only the normative tradition of the ius commune and Castilian law, but also legal, canonical and moral treatises. Special emphasis is placed on the Spanish Indies’ particularities, based on the analysis of the local conciliar and synodal legislation. The article begins with a definition of the office of advocate, focusing particularly on what distinguished it from related figures such as procurators. It then describes the initial mistrust of advocates, presents advocates’ university education and what books they read, and analyses the requirements for candidates to the office of advocate and their necessary personal qualities (clarity, modesty, fear of God, prudence), as well as the personal impediments to exercising the office and prohibitions during its performance.","PeriodicalId":221394,"journal":{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Legal History & Legal Theory Research Paper Series","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114782317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spanish Abstract: Este artículo trata de los condicionamientos jurídicos cuando un delito era cometido por menores de edad o por aquellas personas jurídicamente no imputables. Así, el uso de razón se convirtió en el elemento fundamental para imponer, morigerar o exceptuar la pena. Esta determinación de imputabilidad es particularmente relevante respecto de la población indígena en el derecho canónico entre los siglos XVI y XVIII en Indias.
English Abstract: This article deals with juridical debates in canon law between the 16th and 18th centuries regarding crimes committed by minors or others not deemed criminally responsible. The offenders’ use of reason became the decisive factor in determining whether they should receive a reduced sentence or be exempted from punishment altogether. In Hispanic America and the Philippines, such questions of criminal accountability were discussed particularly in cases involving indigenous people.
{"title":"Delitos de los niños (DCH) (Children Crimes (DCH))","authors":"Alejandra Juksdivia Vázquez Mendoza","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3320545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3320545","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> Este artículo trata de los condicionamientos jurídicos cuando un delito era cometido por menores de edad o por aquellas personas jurídicamente no imputables. Así, el uso de razón se convirtió en el elemento fundamental para imponer, morigerar o exceptuar la pena. Esta determinación de imputabilidad es particularmente relevante respecto de la población indígena en el derecho canónico entre los siglos XVI y XVIII en Indias. <br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> This article deals with juridical debates in canon law between the 16th and 18th centuries regarding crimes committed by minors or others not deemed criminally responsible. The offenders’ use of reason became the decisive factor in determining whether they should receive a reduced sentence or be exempted from punishment altogether. In Hispanic America and the Philippines, such questions of criminal accountability were discussed particularly in cases involving indigenous people.","PeriodicalId":221394,"journal":{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Legal History & Legal Theory Research Paper Series","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134105806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：