ABSTRACT Soil organic carbon was measured after surface application of equal C amounts from various carbon sources to fallow soil or a winter wheat crop for five consecutive years. Municipal biosolid produced the largest gain, followed by manure and alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) foliage. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) straw, sucrose, and wood sawdust were not different than no addition. These effects were additive to and independent from the effect of fallow soil versus cropped soil. Soil cropped to winter wheat increased in carbon comparable to the biosolid application or to plots planted to perennial grass. Measurements 4, 6, and 12 years after a return to normal farming practices produced no change in relative or quantitative differences. These results illuminate the durability of above‐ and below‐ground contributions to soil carbon. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
{"title":"Soil carbon twelve years after live roots or application of plant residues or manure","authors":"Stewart B Wuest","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20597","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Soil organic carbon was measured after surface application of equal C amounts from various carbon sources to fallow soil or a winter wheat crop for five consecutive years. Municipal biosolid produced the largest gain, followed by manure and alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) foliage. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) straw, sucrose, and wood sawdust were not different than no addition. These effects were additive to and independent from the effect of fallow soil versus cropped soil. Soil cropped to winter wheat increased in carbon comparable to the biosolid application or to plots planted to perennial grass. Measurements 4, 6, and 12 years after a return to normal farming practices produced no change in relative or quantitative differences. These results illuminate the durability of above‐ and below‐ground contributions to soil carbon. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135247887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacob P. Rix, Tsz Him Lo, Drew M. Gholson, G. Dave Spencer, Gurbir Singh
Abstract Decades of intense tillage have created the problem of surface sealing in loam soils across the Mid‐South USA and beyond. These soils exhibit low organic matter, poor soil aggregate stability, and ultimately low infiltration rates that decrease rainfed crop productivity and increase irrigation water demand. This research quantified the effects of soil management practices on rainfed maize ( Zea mays L.) yield, furrow water infiltration, and soil moisture in Commerce very fine sandy loam and silt loam near Stoneville, Mississippi, USA. The six treatments included conventional tillage (CT), cereal rye (CR; Secale cereale ), furrow diking (FD), no‐till (NT), polyacrylamide (PAM), and subsoiling (SS). No other treatment achieved a significantly higher maize grain yield than the CT control treatment in both years consistently. Single‐ring infiltrometer results indicated no significant differences between CT, CR, PAM, and SS in 2022 and between CT and NT in 2021. Neutron attenuation found that total soil water within the top 1 m was not significantly different among CT, FD, and SS on any of the eight measurement dates throughout the 2022 maize reproductive period. However, soil moisture was numerically lower for FD in the late reproductive stages. These findings suggest that environmental factors and other agronomic operations may counteract conservation practices, limiting their effectiveness at reducing irrigation requirements to mitigate groundwater depletion in the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
{"title":"Effects of conservation practices on rainfed maize yield, furrow water infiltration, and soil moisture for surface sealing loam soils in the Yazoo‐Mississippi Delta","authors":"Jacob P. Rix, Tsz Him Lo, Drew M. Gholson, G. Dave Spencer, Gurbir Singh","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20595","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Decades of intense tillage have created the problem of surface sealing in loam soils across the Mid‐South USA and beyond. These soils exhibit low organic matter, poor soil aggregate stability, and ultimately low infiltration rates that decrease rainfed crop productivity and increase irrigation water demand. This research quantified the effects of soil management practices on rainfed maize ( Zea mays L.) yield, furrow water infiltration, and soil moisture in Commerce very fine sandy loam and silt loam near Stoneville, Mississippi, USA. The six treatments included conventional tillage (CT), cereal rye (CR; Secale cereale ), furrow diking (FD), no‐till (NT), polyacrylamide (PAM), and subsoiling (SS). No other treatment achieved a significantly higher maize grain yield than the CT control treatment in both years consistently. Single‐ring infiltrometer results indicated no significant differences between CT, CR, PAM, and SS in 2022 and between CT and NT in 2021. Neutron attenuation found that total soil water within the top 1 m was not significantly different among CT, FD, and SS on any of the eight measurement dates throughout the 2022 maize reproductive period. However, soil moisture was numerically lower for FD in the late reproductive stages. These findings suggest that environmental factors and other agronomic operations may counteract conservation practices, limiting their effectiveness at reducing irrigation requirements to mitigate groundwater depletion in the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136314653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew J. Margenot, Sanjai J. Parikh, Francisco J. Calderón
Abstract The study of soil organic matter (SOM) can benefit from the use of Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, an analytical method that complements traditional fractionation and extraction methods. This review provides guidance on the use of diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) in the mid‐infrared region (MIR: 4000–400 cm −1 ). Two distinct applications of DRIFT spectroscopy are reviewed: soil organic matter (1) characterization and (2) quantification. Characterization of SOM involves the qualitative to semi‐quantitative measurement of functional groups that constitute organic matter, and quantification employs chemometrics to predict fractions of SOM. Guidance on decision‐making in how methods are conducted based on sample type and research question, and on interpretation of results are provided.
{"title":"Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy for soil organic matter analysis","authors":"Andrew J. Margenot, Sanjai J. Parikh, Francisco J. Calderón","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20583","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study of soil organic matter (SOM) can benefit from the use of Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, an analytical method that complements traditional fractionation and extraction methods. This review provides guidance on the use of diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) in the mid‐infrared region (MIR: 4000–400 cm −1 ). Two distinct applications of DRIFT spectroscopy are reviewed: soil organic matter (1) characterization and (2) quantification. Characterization of SOM involves the qualitative to semi‐quantitative measurement of functional groups that constitute organic matter, and quantification employs chemometrics to predict fractions of SOM. Guidance on decision‐making in how methods are conducted based on sample type and research question, and on interpretation of results are provided.","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135782398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robberta Renuka Lazarus, W. Z. Wan Jaafar, U. J. Alengaram, L. Hin
Urban flooding, soil erosion, and water pollution are common issues nowadays. Hydrological cycle is being disrupted due to improper planning of development that necessitates extensive studies conducted globally to study ways to address these issues. Significant and accurate data is required to rectify and amend the current situation. Rainfall simulators (RS) are widely applied in research as it replicates the natural rainfall under controlled conditions and is repeatable. However, based on the published research, it is found that there are significant gaps. The RS has no standardization to cater different environmental conditions yet vital rainfall characteristics and aspects have to be carried out wisely for better accuracy and data analysis. This review article discusses the gaps and parameters required in RS experimentations.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
{"title":"Overview of the Research Gaps in the Rainfall Simulator Study","authors":"Robberta Renuka Lazarus, W. Z. Wan Jaafar, U. J. Alengaram, L. Hin","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20590","url":null,"abstract":"Urban flooding, soil erosion, and water pollution are common issues nowadays. Hydrological cycle is being disrupted due to improper planning of development that necessitates extensive studies conducted globally to study ways to address these issues. Significant and accurate data is required to rectify and amend the current situation. Rainfall simulators (RS) are widely applied in research as it replicates the natural rainfall under controlled conditions and is repeatable. However, based on the published research, it is found that there are significant gaps. The RS has no standardization to cater different environmental conditions yet vital rainfall characteristics and aspects have to be carried out wisely for better accuracy and data analysis. This review article discusses the gaps and parameters required in RS experimentations.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47017977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel J. Colopietro, Julio Pachon, A. Bacon, P. Inglett, Laura Reynolds, C. Rohal
The recognition that texture is a “master soil property” points towards the need for actual quantification of particle size in organic soil material. Using a multi‐wave particle size analyzer, fibric and sapric soil samples were circulated in deionized water through a closed aqueous loop at 9.6 L min−1 and the following methodological parameters were investigated: pre‐treatment, circulation time, and refractive index. Our results show that pre‐treatment for organic soil samples is dependent upon the degree of decomposition; the intact and dispersed PSDs for fibrous samples were not different, whereas the PSDs for sapric samples showed a shift from 500 to 2000 (intact) μm to 5 to 100 (dispersed) μm. Circulation time was investigated using mean particle diameter and specific surface area. We demonstrated that as circulation time increased, the mean particle diameter decreased and the specific surface area increased out to 30 minutes as mechanical dispersion and/or the fragmentation of organic particles occurred. However, circulation time after 5 minutes is not significantly different in terms of mean particle diameter. To investigate refractive index, 12 optical models were created. When determined across all intact samples, uncertainty was low within individual bins, with a maximum value of 0.07 ± 0.04% v/v. For dispersed samples, uncertainty increased within the silt sized region and had a maximum value of 0.17 ± 0.07% v/v. This study demonstrates that the particle diameter of organic soil material can be measured by LD with comparable certainty as mineral soil material using the methodological approach in this study.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
认识到质地是“主要的土壤性质”，表明需要对有机土壤材料中的颗粒大小进行实际量化。使用多波粒度分析仪，纤维和土壤样品通过9.6 L min - 1的封闭水环在去离子水中循环，并研究了以下方法参数:预处理，循环时间和折射率。我们的研究结果表明，有机土壤样品的预处理取决于分解程度;纤维样品的完整psd和分散psd没有差异，而含盐样品的psd则从500 ~ 2000 μm(完整)到5 ~ 100 μm(分散)。用平均粒径和比表面积考察循环时间。我们证明，随着循环时间的增加，平均颗粒直径减小，比表面积增加到30分钟，因为有机颗粒发生了机械分散和/或破碎。然而，5分钟后的循环时间在平均颗粒直径方面没有显著差异。为了研究折射率，我们建立了12个光学模型。当对所有完整样品进行测定时，单个箱内的不确定度很低，最大值为0.07±0.04% v/v。对于分散的样品，不确定度在粉砂粒度范围内增大，最大值为0.17±0.07% v/v。该研究表明，利用本研究的方法方法，有机土壤材料的颗粒直径可以用LD测量，并且具有与矿物土壤材料相当的确定性。这篇文章受版权保护。版权所有
{"title":"Evaluating Methodological Parameters to Quantify Particle Size of Organic Soil Material with Laser Diffraction","authors":"Daniel J. Colopietro, Julio Pachon, A. Bacon, P. Inglett, Laura Reynolds, C. Rohal","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20588","url":null,"abstract":"The recognition that texture is a “master soil property” points towards the need for actual quantification of particle size in organic soil material. Using a multi‐wave particle size analyzer, fibric and sapric soil samples were circulated in deionized water through a closed aqueous loop at 9.6 L min−1 and the following methodological parameters were investigated: pre‐treatment, circulation time, and refractive index. Our results show that pre‐treatment for organic soil samples is dependent upon the degree of decomposition; the intact and dispersed PSDs for fibrous samples were not different, whereas the PSDs for sapric samples showed a shift from 500 to 2000 (intact) μm to 5 to 100 (dispersed) μm. Circulation time was investigated using mean particle diameter and specific surface area. We demonstrated that as circulation time increased, the mean particle diameter decreased and the specific surface area increased out to 30 minutes as mechanical dispersion and/or the fragmentation of organic particles occurred. However, circulation time after 5 minutes is not significantly different in terms of mean particle diameter. To investigate refractive index, 12 optical models were created. When determined across all intact samples, uncertainty was low within individual bins, with a maximum value of 0.07 ± 0.04% v/v. For dispersed samples, uncertainty increased within the silt sized region and had a maximum value of 0.17 ± 0.07% v/v. This study demonstrates that the particle diameter of organic soil material can be measured by LD with comparable certainty as mineral soil material using the methodological approach in this study.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47418215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Schlegel, J. Holman, A. Obour, L. Haag, H. D. Bond, Y. Assefa
For how long the nutrient supply from long‐term application of manure and swine effluent will last to sustain crop production after applications had ceased is a research gap. We quantified the change in soil chemical properties 12 years after cattle manure and swine effluent applications had ceased. Data was collected in 2008 (termination of applications) and 2020 on a long‐term animal waste study at the Kansas State University, Southwest Research‐Extension Center near Tribune, KS. Treatments were three levels of cattle manure and swine effluent (P, N, 2N) and an untreated control. Soil profile NO3‐N declined 78–95%, 70–82%, and 58% from the initial amount in 2008 compared to the amount remaining in 2020 in the swine effluent, cattle manure, and an untreated check, respectively. Profile NO3‐N levels were greatly elevated by the P based swine effluent treatment and the 2N rate of both cattle manure and swine effluent and remained high (>250 kg ha−1) after 12 years. Total nitrogen in the surface soil decreased by 11–27% for cattle manure treatments with little change in the swine effluent and check treatments. Total carbon concentration in the surface soil decreased from 22–31% for cattle manure treatments and from 7–14% for swine effluent and check treatments. Mehlich‐3 P decreased significantly for the cattle manure treatments (41‐53%) but still remained very high (> 100 mg kg−1). Soil test P levels in the swine treatments were similar to the check treatment. Application of cattle manure and swine effluent has lasting effects on many soil chemical properties long after ceasing applications.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
在施用停止后，长期施用粪肥和猪排泄物的营养供应将持续多久以维持作物生产，这是一个研究空白。我们量化了牛粪和猪污水应用停止12年后土壤化学性质的变化。堪萨斯州立大学西南研究扩展中心于2008年（申请终止）和2020年收集了一项长期动物废物研究的数据。处理是三个水平的牛粪和猪排泄物（P，N，2N）和未处理的对照。与2020年相比，土壤剖面NO3-N在猪污水、牛粪和未经处理的检查中的残留量分别比2008年的初始量下降了78-95%、70-82%和58%。基于磷的猪污水处理和牛粪和猪污水的2N率大大提高了剖面NO3-N水平，12年后仍保持较高水平（>250 kg ha−1）。牛粪处理使表层土壤中的总氮减少了11-27%，而猪粪和对照处理的变化很小。表层土壤中的总碳浓度从牛粪处理的22-31%下降，从猪污水和对照处理的7-14%下降。Mehlich‐3 P在牛粪处理中显著降低（41-53%），但仍保持很高水平（>100 mg kg−1）。猪处理的土壤试验P水平与对照处理相似。牛粪和猪排泄物的施用在停止施用后很长一段时间内对许多土壤化学性质具有持久的影响。这篇文章受版权保护。保留所有权利
{"title":"Soil chemical properties 12 years after termination of cattle manure and swine effluent applications","authors":"A. Schlegel, J. Holman, A. Obour, L. Haag, H. D. Bond, Y. Assefa","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20584","url":null,"abstract":"For how long the nutrient supply from long‐term application of manure and swine effluent will last to sustain crop production after applications had ceased is a research gap. We quantified the change in soil chemical properties 12 years after cattle manure and swine effluent applications had ceased. Data was collected in 2008 (termination of applications) and 2020 on a long‐term animal waste study at the Kansas State University, Southwest Research‐Extension Center near Tribune, KS. Treatments were three levels of cattle manure and swine effluent (P, N, 2N) and an untreated control. Soil profile NO3‐N declined 78–95%, 70–82%, and 58% from the initial amount in 2008 compared to the amount remaining in 2020 in the swine effluent, cattle manure, and an untreated check, respectively. Profile NO3‐N levels were greatly elevated by the P based swine effluent treatment and the 2N rate of both cattle manure and swine effluent and remained high (>250 kg ha−1) after 12 years. Total nitrogen in the surface soil decreased by 11–27% for cattle manure treatments with little change in the swine effluent and check treatments. Total carbon concentration in the surface soil decreased from 22–31% for cattle manure treatments and from 7–14% for swine effluent and check treatments. Mehlich‐3 P decreased significantly for the cattle manure treatments (41‐53%) but still remained very high (> 100 mg kg−1). Soil test P levels in the swine treatments were similar to the check treatment. Application of cattle manure and swine effluent has lasting effects on many soil chemical properties long after ceasing applications.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44336810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nan Li, D. Bullock, Carrie J. Butts-Wilmsmeyer, Laura F. Gentry, G. Goodwin, Jaeyeong Han, Nathan Kleczweski, N. F. Martin, P. Paulausky, Pete Pistorius, N. Seiter, N. Schroeder, A. Margenot
Associations between nitrogen (N) management and losses with soil health indicators (SHI) are widely presumed but relatively untested. An on‐farm experiment conducted in central Illinois was conducted to test potential relationships of SHI with agroecosystem outcomes of maize (Zea mays L.) yield and N losses under bounding N fertilization rates of 168 and 252 kg/ha. Chemical (n = 19), physical (n = 11), and biological (n = 14) SHI were measured at 24 locations within a 30‐ha field at five timepoints (V3, V10, RT, R6, and post‐harvest). Yields did not necessarily reflect N‐fertilization rates, with lowest yields (14.5 Mg/ha) under 224 kg/ha. Flow‐weighted nitrate‐N concentration was significantly higher under 168 kg N/ha (10.6 mg/L) relative to higher application rates, though cumulative tile nitrate‐N loads were similar. SHI varied more by sampling location and time than by N application rate. Depending on the time of sampling, distinct SHI were related to yield and tile N losses. Total soil carbon and permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) best explained yield variation, whereas POXC and sand content best explained variation in nitrate‐N loss. Nematode indices helped explain variability in yield (Simpson, Shannon) and nitrate‐N losses (Maturity), supporting recent propositions to integrate nematode measures into soil health assessments. This study provides a basis for expanding to multiyear assessments of SHI linkages with nutrient losses and crop productivity in the North Central US.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
氮（N）管理和损失与土壤健康指标（SHI）之间的关系被广泛推测，但相对未经测试。在伊利诺伊州中部进行了一项田间试验，以测试在168和252公斤/公顷的边界氮施肥率下，SHI与玉米（Zea mays L.）产量和氮损失的农业生态系统结果的潜在关系。在五个时间点（V3、V10、RT、R6和收获后），在30公顷田地内的24个位置测量化学（n=19）、物理（n=11）和生物（n=14）SHI。产量并不一定反映氮肥施用率，224公斤/公顷以下的产量最低（14.5毫克/公顷）。流量加权硝酸盐-N浓度在168 kg N/ha（10.6 mg/L）下显著高于施用率，尽管累积硝酸盐-N负荷相似。SHI随采样位置和时间的变化大于随施氮量的变化。根据采样时间的不同，不同的SHI与产量和氮损失有关。土壤总碳和高锰酸盐可氧化碳（POXC）最能解释产量变化，而POXC和含砂量最能解释硝态氮损失的变化。线虫指数有助于解释产量（Simpson，Shannon）和硝态氮损失（成熟度）的可变性，支持最近将线虫测量纳入土壤健康评估的主张。这项研究为将SHI与美国中北部营养损失和作物生产力的联系扩展到多年评估提供了基础。本文受版权保护。保留所有权利
{"title":"Distinct soil health indicators are associated with variation in maize yield and tile drain nitrate losses","authors":"Nan Li, D. Bullock, Carrie J. Butts-Wilmsmeyer, Laura F. Gentry, G. Goodwin, Jaeyeong Han, Nathan Kleczweski, N. F. Martin, P. Paulausky, Pete Pistorius, N. Seiter, N. Schroeder, A. Margenot","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20586","url":null,"abstract":"Associations between nitrogen (N) management and losses with soil health indicators (SHI) are widely presumed but relatively untested. An on‐farm experiment conducted in central Illinois was conducted to test potential relationships of SHI with agroecosystem outcomes of maize (Zea mays L.) yield and N losses under bounding N fertilization rates of 168 and 252 kg/ha. Chemical (n = 19), physical (n = 11), and biological (n = 14) SHI were measured at 24 locations within a 30‐ha field at five timepoints (V3, V10, RT, R6, and post‐harvest). Yields did not necessarily reflect N‐fertilization rates, with lowest yields (14.5 Mg/ha) under 224 kg/ha. Flow‐weighted nitrate‐N concentration was significantly higher under 168 kg N/ha (10.6 mg/L) relative to higher application rates, though cumulative tile nitrate‐N loads were similar. SHI varied more by sampling location and time than by N application rate. Depending on the time of sampling, distinct SHI were related to yield and tile N losses. Total soil carbon and permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) best explained yield variation, whereas POXC and sand content best explained variation in nitrate‐N loss. Nematode indices helped explain variability in yield (Simpson, Shannon) and nitrate‐N losses (Maturity), supporting recent propositions to integrate nematode measures into soil health assessments. This study provides a basis for expanding to multiyear assessments of SHI linkages with nutrient losses and crop productivity in the North Central US.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49428553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Patrignani, B. Ghanbarian, G. Kluitenberg, N. Parker
P‐EMA model to improve our ability to model thermal conductivity in undisturbed soil from percolation principles. Soil thermal conductivity was estimated using the percolation‐based effective‐medium approximation (P‐EMA) model. We used a dataset of soil thermal properties measured in 38 undisturbed soil samples. The P‐EMA model resulted in a root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 0.029 to 0.158 W m−1 K−1, which was similar to the widely used Johansen model This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
P‐EMA模型，以提高我们根据渗流原理模拟原状土壤热导率的能力。使用基于渗流的有效介质近似（P-EMA）模型估算土壤热导率。我们使用了38个未扰动土壤样本中测得的土壤热特性数据集。P‐EMA模型的均方根误差（RMSE）范围为0.029至0.158 W m−1 K−1，与广泛使用的Johansen模型相似。本文受版权保护。保留所有权利
{"title":"Validation of the Percolation‐Based Effective‐Medium Approximation Model to Estimate Soil Thermal Conductivity","authors":"A. Patrignani, B. Ghanbarian, G. Kluitenberg, N. Parker","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20585","url":null,"abstract":"P‐EMA model to improve our ability to model thermal conductivity in undisturbed soil from percolation principles.\u0000\u0000Soil thermal conductivity was estimated using the percolation‐based effective‐medium approximation (P‐EMA) model.\u0000We used a dataset of soil thermal properties measured in 38 undisturbed soil samples.\u0000The P‐EMA model resulted in a root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 0.029 to 0.158 W m−1 K−1, which was similar to the widely used Johansen model\u0000This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48304389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Busayo Kodaolu, I. Mohammed, A. Gillespie, Y. Audette, James G. Longstaffe
Recycling of organic wastes for agricultural production has been recommended as a sustainable way to close the phosphorus (P) cycle. This study seeks to characterize the P forms in organic fertilizers derived from agricultural and non‐agricultural source materials to understand how these organic fertilizers will affect corn growth and soil available P. Organic fertilizers including turkey litter compost (TLC), biosolid pellets (BSP) and source separated organic compost (SSO) were applied to a sandy loam soil and compared to controls that received no nutrients or chemical fertilizer. Results from sequential chemical extractions and x‐ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy revealed that most of the P species are inorganic, with SSO and TLC containing primarily Ca‐P and Mg‐P forms, while the P in the BSP treatments were mostly associated with Al. The two chemical fertilizer treatments had the greatest impact on corn height at the initial growth stage, however, after 42 days, corn height was similar for the organic fertilizers and chemical treatment. This initial slow response from the organic fertilizer treatments reduced the grain yield compared to chemical treatment. The results of this study suggest that priority should be given to sufficient P availability at the initial growth stage. Overall, organic fertilizer is a promising P source for grain crop production, but calibration and correlation studies are needed to ensure optimum supply of P for the initial growth stage.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
{"title":"Phosphorus availability and corn (Zea mays L.) response to application of P‐based commercial organic fertilizers to a calcareous soil","authors":"Busayo Kodaolu, I. Mohammed, A. Gillespie, Y. Audette, James G. Longstaffe","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20587","url":null,"abstract":"Recycling of organic wastes for agricultural production has been recommended as a sustainable way to close the phosphorus (P) cycle. This study seeks to characterize the P forms in organic fertilizers derived from agricultural and non‐agricultural source materials to understand how these organic fertilizers will affect corn growth and soil available P. Organic fertilizers including turkey litter compost (TLC), biosolid pellets (BSP) and source separated organic compost (SSO) were applied to a sandy loam soil and compared to controls that received no nutrients or chemical fertilizer. Results from sequential chemical extractions and x‐ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy revealed that most of the P species are inorganic, with SSO and TLC containing primarily Ca‐P and Mg‐P forms, while the P in the BSP treatments were mostly associated with Al. The two chemical fertilizer treatments had the greatest impact on corn height at the initial growth stage, however, after 42 days, corn height was similar for the organic fertilizers and chemical treatment. This initial slow response from the organic fertilizer treatments reduced the grain yield compared to chemical treatment. The results of this study suggest that priority should be given to sufficient P availability at the initial growth stage. Overall, organic fertilizer is a promising P source for grain crop production, but calibration and correlation studies are needed to ensure optimum supply of P for the initial growth stage.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42741980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katherine D. McCool, S. M. Holub, Si Gao, Brett A. Morrissette, Jessica E. Blunn, A. Gallo, J. Hatten
Highly productive western Cascades forest soils are at risk of carbon and nitrogen losses from severe wildfire We found significant changes in forest floor and soil carbon stocks after wildfire Carbon stocks were approximately 40 Mg C ha−1 lower in the post‐fire period Two thirds of carbon differences (25 Mg C ha−1) were in the forest floor and one third (15 Mg C ha−1) was in the mineral soil This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
我们发现森林地面和土壤碳储量在森林火灾后发生了显著变化，碳储量在火灾后大约降低了40 Mg C ha - 1。三分之二的碳差异(25 Mg C ha - 1)在森林地面，三分之一(15 Mg C ha - 1)在矿物土壤。版权所有
{"title":"Quantifying impacts of forest fire on soil carbon in a young, intensively managed tree farm in the western Oregon Cascades","authors":"Katherine D. McCool, S. M. Holub, Si Gao, Brett A. Morrissette, Jessica E. Blunn, A. Gallo, J. Hatten","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20582","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Highly productive western Cascades forest soils are at risk of carbon and nitrogen losses from severe wildfire\u0000We found significant changes in forest floor and soil carbon stocks after wildfire\u0000Carbon stocks were approximately 40 Mg C ha−1 lower in the post‐fire period\u0000Two thirds of carbon differences (25 Mg C ha−1) were in the forest floor and one third (15 Mg C ha−1) was in the mineral soil\u0000This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48766135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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