Abstract Clay‐engineered barriers might be subjected to soil salinization issues under climate change. A recently emerged desalinization method is achieved by modifying clays using biochar. However, unsaturated soil responses of biochar‐engineered clays in saline environments under drought conditions remain unknown. This study aims to investigate soil shrinkage and water retention characteristics of biochar‐amended kaolin and bentonite under saline conditions. Soil shrinkage and water retention tests were conducted on clays (with and without biochar addition) with various porewater salinity (i.e., 0%–10%). Physiochemical properties (including zeta potential and porewater pH) were measured to interpret particle–fluid interactions. Shrinkage characteristics of kaolin and bentonite exhibited sensitivity and insensitivity to the porewater salinity, respectively. This phenomenon was explained by hydrogen‐sodium ion exchange and deprotonation phenomenon occurring on kaolin and bentonite, respectively. Biochar significantly alleviated the salinity‐induced shrinkage of clays by increasing the shrinkage limit of kaolin and bentonite by 6%–14% and 50%–107%, respectively ( p < 0.05). This was attributed to the porous structure and hydrophilic functionality of biochar that immobilized sodium ions through ion exchange and protonation reactions. The air entry value of clays significantly increased with porewater salinity and biochar addition due to the reduction of void ratio and enhanced capillarity, respectively. An empirical equation was proposed to predict the shrinkage limit of clay in various saline conditions. It highlighted that the application of biochar‐engineered clays could contribute to the desalination and the improvement of resistance to shrinkage damage in hydro‐chemical barriers.
{"title":"Influence of plasticity and porewater salinity on shrinkage and water retention characteristics of biochar‐engineered clays","authors":"Weiling Cai, Sanandam Bordoloi, Cheng Zhu, Chandra Bhanu Gupt","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20591","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Clay‐engineered barriers might be subjected to soil salinization issues under climate change. A recently emerged desalinization method is achieved by modifying clays using biochar. However, unsaturated soil responses of biochar‐engineered clays in saline environments under drought conditions remain unknown. This study aims to investigate soil shrinkage and water retention characteristics of biochar‐amended kaolin and bentonite under saline conditions. Soil shrinkage and water retention tests were conducted on clays (with and without biochar addition) with various porewater salinity (i.e., 0%–10%). Physiochemical properties (including zeta potential and porewater pH) were measured to interpret particle–fluid interactions. Shrinkage characteristics of kaolin and bentonite exhibited sensitivity and insensitivity to the porewater salinity, respectively. This phenomenon was explained by hydrogen‐sodium ion exchange and deprotonation phenomenon occurring on kaolin and bentonite, respectively. Biochar significantly alleviated the salinity‐induced shrinkage of clays by increasing the shrinkage limit of kaolin and bentonite by 6%–14% and 50%–107%, respectively ( p < 0.05). This was attributed to the porous structure and hydrophilic functionality of biochar that immobilized sodium ions through ion exchange and protonation reactions. The air entry value of clays significantly increased with porewater salinity and biochar addition due to the reduction of void ratio and enhanced capillarity, respectively. An empirical equation was proposed to predict the shrinkage limit of clay in various saline conditions. It highlighted that the application of biochar‐engineered clays could contribute to the desalination and the improvement of resistance to shrinkage damage in hydro‐chemical barriers.","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135944298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chihiro Dixon, Adam Blakeslee, Melanie Mills, Wenyi Sheng, Scott B. Jones
Abstract Modeling and characterizing hysteretic water retention is critical for predicting hydrodynamic behavior in porous media. This is especially true in coarse‐textured media used in geotechnical engineering, greenhouse, and landscape industries, where subtle changes in water status may lead to plant stress. However, based on the traditional hanging water column method, water retention measurements are laborious and time consuming because of the stepwise manual water potential adjustments and wait‐time requirements for equilibrium conditions to develop. Therefore, we designed and fabricated an automated system to collect wetting‐ and drying‐water retention data from coarse porous media. The basic system consisted of (1) a compound pressure transducer (± 70‐cm range) providing both the porous medium's volumetric water content ( θ ) and matric potential ( h ) determinations, (2) a 70‐cm linear actuator to vertically position a 50‐mL burette, and (3) a diffuse laser distance sensor positioned by a 10‐cm linear actuator to monitor the burette's vertical position relative to the sample position. This automated system determined the initial drying process beginning with a fully saturated sample ( h = 0 cm) and determined subsequent wetting‐ and drying‐water retention curves. Our automated water retention measurements in quartz sand (ASTM C778‐21) exhibited maximum‐ and minimum‐standard deviation in θ of 0.013 and 0.00044 cm 3 cm −3 , respectively. Parameters of the hysteretic water retention model of quartz sand were characterized using repeated measurements. Results of this research included the creation of an automated water retention system and the well‐characterized hydraulic parameters for the original well‐graded and narrowly sieved particle sizes of quartz sand.
{"title":"Automated hanging water column for characterizing water retention and hysteresis of coarse‐textured porous media","authors":"Chihiro Dixon, Adam Blakeslee, Melanie Mills, Wenyi Sheng, Scott B. Jones","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20596","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Modeling and characterizing hysteretic water retention is critical for predicting hydrodynamic behavior in porous media. This is especially true in coarse‐textured media used in geotechnical engineering, greenhouse, and landscape industries, where subtle changes in water status may lead to plant stress. However, based on the traditional hanging water column method, water retention measurements are laborious and time consuming because of the stepwise manual water potential adjustments and wait‐time requirements for equilibrium conditions to develop. Therefore, we designed and fabricated an automated system to collect wetting‐ and drying‐water retention data from coarse porous media. The basic system consisted of (1) a compound pressure transducer (± 70‐cm range) providing both the porous medium's volumetric water content ( θ ) and matric potential ( h ) determinations, (2) a 70‐cm linear actuator to vertically position a 50‐mL burette, and (3) a diffuse laser distance sensor positioned by a 10‐cm linear actuator to monitor the burette's vertical position relative to the sample position. This automated system determined the initial drying process beginning with a fully saturated sample ( h = 0 cm) and determined subsequent wetting‐ and drying‐water retention curves. Our automated water retention measurements in quartz sand (ASTM C778‐21) exhibited maximum‐ and minimum‐standard deviation in θ of 0.013 and 0.00044 cm 3 cm −3 , respectively. Parameters of the hysteretic water retention model of quartz sand were characterized using repeated measurements. Results of this research included the creation of an automated water retention system and the well‐characterized hydraulic parameters for the original well‐graded and narrowly sieved particle sizes of quartz sand.","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135944287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Paula Pereira Nunes, Thalita Takayama, Leonardo Fernandes Sarkis, Douglas Guelfi
Abstract Challenges regarding uniform micronutrient distribution and P‐use efficiency in agricultural soils are common. Micronutrients can be added as coated P fertilizers, creating multi‐nutrient fertilizers for crops to address this issue. The objective of this study was to quantify the diffusion and availability of P, B, Cu, Mn, and Zn in coated P fertilizers. Another objective was to evaluate the nutrient uptake, partitioning, and yield of soybeans. Treatments were monoammonium phosphate and NPS (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur) fertilizer coated with Maxxi‐Phós and either Wolftrax, Microsol, or MIB Precise. Applied concentrations of B and Cu varied between 0.15% and 0.05%. The Mn and Zn ranged from 0.45% to 0.15%. Nutrient accumulation and recovery were assessed in the greenhouse and field trials. P diffusion ranged from 5.58 to 18.88 mm in 336 h. Micronutrient use efficiencies varied according to the soybean ( Glycine max ) phenological stages, with emphasis on the V4 stage, which resulted in the following values: B (0.65% to 13.89%), Cu (6.73% to 62.84%), Mn (0.73% to 3.36%), and Zn (0.01% to 2.34%). Nutrient exports were: 55.7 kg of P 2 O 5 ha −1 , 209.6 g of B ha −1 , 109 g of Mn ha −1 , 216.7 g of Zn ha −1 , and 64.3 g of Cu ha −1 . There was significant absorption ( p ≤ 0.05) of B, Mn, and Zn at stages R1–R5.1 in the field trial, whereas it was from V4 to R1 for Cu. As a multi‐nutrient fertilizer for soybeans, micronutrient‐coated P fertilizers could replace exported nutrients.
农业土壤中微量元素均匀分布和磷利用效率的挑战是普遍存在的。微量元素可以作为包膜磷肥添加，为作物创造多养分肥料来解决这一问题。本研究的目的是量化P、B、Cu、Mn和Zn在包覆磷肥中的扩散和有效性。另一个目的是评估大豆的养分吸收、分配和产量。处理为磷酸一铵和NPS(氮、磷、硫)肥，涂有Maxxi‐Phós和Wolftrax、Microsol或MIB Precise。B和Cu的施用浓度在0.15% ~ 0.05%之间。Mn、Zn含量在0.45% ~ 0.15%之间。在温室试验和田间试验中对养分积累和恢复进行了评价。P在336 h内的扩散范围为5.58 ~ 18.88 mm。微量元素利用效率随大豆(甘氨酸max)物候阶段的不同而变化，以V4期为重点，分别为B(0.65% ~ 13.89%)、Cu(6.73% ~ 62.84%)、Mn(0.73% ~ 3.36%)和Zn(0.01% ~ 2.34%)。养分输出量为:55.7 kg p2o - 5 ha - 1、209.6 g B - 1、109 g Mn - 1、216.7 g Zn - 1和64.3 g Cu - 1。田间试验中，b1 ~ r5.1阶段对B、Mn、Zn的吸收显著(p≤0.05)，而Cu的吸收则在V4 ~ R1阶段。微量元素包覆磷肥作为大豆多养分肥料，可以替代出口养分。
{"title":"Micronutrients in coated phosphate fertilizer improve precision distribution and nutrient use efficiency of soybean","authors":"Ana Paula Pereira Nunes, Thalita Takayama, Leonardo Fernandes Sarkis, Douglas Guelfi","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20594","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Challenges regarding uniform micronutrient distribution and P‐use efficiency in agricultural soils are common. Micronutrients can be added as coated P fertilizers, creating multi‐nutrient fertilizers for crops to address this issue. The objective of this study was to quantify the diffusion and availability of P, B, Cu, Mn, and Zn in coated P fertilizers. Another objective was to evaluate the nutrient uptake, partitioning, and yield of soybeans. Treatments were monoammonium phosphate and NPS (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur) fertilizer coated with Maxxi‐Phós and either Wolftrax, Microsol, or MIB Precise. Applied concentrations of B and Cu varied between 0.15% and 0.05%. The Mn and Zn ranged from 0.45% to 0.15%. Nutrient accumulation and recovery were assessed in the greenhouse and field trials. P diffusion ranged from 5.58 to 18.88 mm in 336 h. Micronutrient use efficiencies varied according to the soybean ( Glycine max ) phenological stages, with emphasis on the V4 stage, which resulted in the following values: B (0.65% to 13.89%), Cu (6.73% to 62.84%), Mn (0.73% to 3.36%), and Zn (0.01% to 2.34%). Nutrient exports were: 55.7 kg of P 2 O 5 ha −1 , 209.6 g of B ha −1 , 109 g of Mn ha −1 , 216.7 g of Zn ha −1 , and 64.3 g of Cu ha −1 . There was significant absorption ( p ≤ 0.05) of B, Mn, and Zn at stages R1–R5.1 in the field trial, whereas it was from V4 to R1 for Cu. As a multi‐nutrient fertilizer for soybeans, micronutrient‐coated P fertilizers could replace exported nutrients.","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":"854 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136078387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salvador Ramirez, Virginia L. Jin, Lance M. Gunderson, Marty R. Schmer, Kathryn J. Hanford, Elizabeth S. Jeske, R. A. Drijber
Abstract Harvesting corn stover can negatively impact soil chemical and physical properties, but less is known regarding its effects on soil microbiology. We evaluated the impact of corn ( Zea may s L.) stover removal level (SRL) on soil microbial biomass (MB) and extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) in irrigated, continuous corn located in eastern Nebraska. Soil fatty acid‐methyl esters (FAMEs) and EEA of eight soil enzymes were measured over 2 years, 0‐ to 20‐cm soil depth, under conventional disk tillage (CT) and no‐till (NT) under three SRLs. Soil chemical properties were measured as explanatory variables for changes in soil microbial communities and their enzymatic potential. Potential EEA of all enzymes decreased with stover removal and tillage. Soil bacterial biomass (BB) and fungal biomass (FB) decreased with SRL, while mycorrhizal biomass was unresponsive. Impacts of tillage on MB groups varied by year; however, FB was consistently higher under CT. At all growth stages, NT with all stover retained, a “soil conservation target” had distinct soil enzyme and bacterial FAME profiles compared to CT across all SRLs and to NT under high and sometimes moderate SRLs. Principal component analysis of soil properties was dominated by SRL with EEAs, BB, soil organic matter (SOM), water‐extractable carbon, and H 3 A‐extractable potassium being positively correlated to stover retention. Reduced input of microbial substrates also led to a loss of fine particulate organic matter, an indicator correlated to stable macroaggregation. Because NT partially ameliorated the negative impact of stover removal on BB, SOM fractions, and soil enzymes critical to nutrient cycling, pairing NT with stover removal may be more sustainable in the long term.
{"title":"No‐till marginally mitigates the impact of harvesting corn stover on soil microbial parameters","authors":"Salvador Ramirez, Virginia L. Jin, Lance M. Gunderson, Marty R. Schmer, Kathryn J. Hanford, Elizabeth S. Jeske, R. A. Drijber","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20592","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Harvesting corn stover can negatively impact soil chemical and physical properties, but less is known regarding its effects on soil microbiology. We evaluated the impact of corn ( Zea may s L.) stover removal level (SRL) on soil microbial biomass (MB) and extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) in irrigated, continuous corn located in eastern Nebraska. Soil fatty acid‐methyl esters (FAMEs) and EEA of eight soil enzymes were measured over 2 years, 0‐ to 20‐cm soil depth, under conventional disk tillage (CT) and no‐till (NT) under three SRLs. Soil chemical properties were measured as explanatory variables for changes in soil microbial communities and their enzymatic potential. Potential EEA of all enzymes decreased with stover removal and tillage. Soil bacterial biomass (BB) and fungal biomass (FB) decreased with SRL, while mycorrhizal biomass was unresponsive. Impacts of tillage on MB groups varied by year; however, FB was consistently higher under CT. At all growth stages, NT with all stover retained, a “soil conservation target” had distinct soil enzyme and bacterial FAME profiles compared to CT across all SRLs and to NT under high and sometimes moderate SRLs. Principal component analysis of soil properties was dominated by SRL with EEAs, BB, soil organic matter (SOM), water‐extractable carbon, and H 3 A‐extractable potassium being positively correlated to stover retention. Reduced input of microbial substrates also led to a loss of fine particulate organic matter, an indicator correlated to stable macroaggregation. Because NT partially ameliorated the negative impact of stover removal on BB, SOM fractions, and soil enzymes critical to nutrient cycling, pairing NT with stover removal may be more sustainable in the long term.","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135923593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Soil organic carbon was measured after surface application of equal C amounts from various carbon sources to fallow soil or a winter wheat crop for five consecutive years. Municipal biosolid produced the largest gain, followed by manure and alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) foliage. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) straw, sucrose, and wood sawdust were not different than no addition. These effects were additive to and independent from the effect of fallow soil versus cropped soil. Soil cropped to winter wheat increased in carbon comparable to the biosolid application or to plots planted to perennial grass. Measurements 4, 6, and 12 years after a return to normal farming practices produced no change in relative or quantitative differences. These results illuminate the durability of above‐ and below‐ground contributions to soil carbon. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
{"title":"Soil carbon twelve years after live roots or application of plant residues or manure","authors":"Stewart B Wuest","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20597","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Soil organic carbon was measured after surface application of equal C amounts from various carbon sources to fallow soil or a winter wheat crop for five consecutive years. Municipal biosolid produced the largest gain, followed by manure and alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) foliage. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) straw, sucrose, and wood sawdust were not different than no addition. These effects were additive to and independent from the effect of fallow soil versus cropped soil. Soil cropped to winter wheat increased in carbon comparable to the biosolid application or to plots planted to perennial grass. Measurements 4, 6, and 12 years after a return to normal farming practices produced no change in relative or quantitative differences. These results illuminate the durability of above‐ and below‐ground contributions to soil carbon. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135247887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacob P. Rix, Tsz Him Lo, Drew M. Gholson, G. Dave Spencer, Gurbir Singh
Abstract Decades of intense tillage have created the problem of surface sealing in loam soils across the Mid‐South USA and beyond. These soils exhibit low organic matter, poor soil aggregate stability, and ultimately low infiltration rates that decrease rainfed crop productivity and increase irrigation water demand. This research quantified the effects of soil management practices on rainfed maize ( Zea mays L.) yield, furrow water infiltration, and soil moisture in Commerce very fine sandy loam and silt loam near Stoneville, Mississippi, USA. The six treatments included conventional tillage (CT), cereal rye (CR; Secale cereale ), furrow diking (FD), no‐till (NT), polyacrylamide (PAM), and subsoiling (SS). No other treatment achieved a significantly higher maize grain yield than the CT control treatment in both years consistently. Single‐ring infiltrometer results indicated no significant differences between CT, CR, PAM, and SS in 2022 and between CT and NT in 2021. Neutron attenuation found that total soil water within the top 1 m was not significantly different among CT, FD, and SS on any of the eight measurement dates throughout the 2022 maize reproductive period. However, soil moisture was numerically lower for FD in the late reproductive stages. These findings suggest that environmental factors and other agronomic operations may counteract conservation practices, limiting their effectiveness at reducing irrigation requirements to mitigate groundwater depletion in the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
{"title":"Effects of conservation practices on rainfed maize yield, furrow water infiltration, and soil moisture for surface sealing loam soils in the Yazoo‐Mississippi Delta","authors":"Jacob P. Rix, Tsz Him Lo, Drew M. Gholson, G. Dave Spencer, Gurbir Singh","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20595","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Decades of intense tillage have created the problem of surface sealing in loam soils across the Mid‐South USA and beyond. These soils exhibit low organic matter, poor soil aggregate stability, and ultimately low infiltration rates that decrease rainfed crop productivity and increase irrigation water demand. This research quantified the effects of soil management practices on rainfed maize ( Zea mays L.) yield, furrow water infiltration, and soil moisture in Commerce very fine sandy loam and silt loam near Stoneville, Mississippi, USA. The six treatments included conventional tillage (CT), cereal rye (CR; Secale cereale ), furrow diking (FD), no‐till (NT), polyacrylamide (PAM), and subsoiling (SS). No other treatment achieved a significantly higher maize grain yield than the CT control treatment in both years consistently. Single‐ring infiltrometer results indicated no significant differences between CT, CR, PAM, and SS in 2022 and between CT and NT in 2021. Neutron attenuation found that total soil water within the top 1 m was not significantly different among CT, FD, and SS on any of the eight measurement dates throughout the 2022 maize reproductive period. However, soil moisture was numerically lower for FD in the late reproductive stages. These findings suggest that environmental factors and other agronomic operations may counteract conservation practices, limiting their effectiveness at reducing irrigation requirements to mitigate groundwater depletion in the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136314653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew J. Margenot, Sanjai J. Parikh, Francisco J. Calderón
Abstract The study of soil organic matter (SOM) can benefit from the use of Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, an analytical method that complements traditional fractionation and extraction methods. This review provides guidance on the use of diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) in the mid‐infrared region (MIR: 4000–400 cm −1 ). Two distinct applications of DRIFT spectroscopy are reviewed: soil organic matter (1) characterization and (2) quantification. Characterization of SOM involves the qualitative to semi‐quantitative measurement of functional groups that constitute organic matter, and quantification employs chemometrics to predict fractions of SOM. Guidance on decision‐making in how methods are conducted based on sample type and research question, and on interpretation of results are provided.
{"title":"Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy for soil organic matter analysis","authors":"Andrew J. Margenot, Sanjai J. Parikh, Francisco J. Calderón","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20583","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study of soil organic matter (SOM) can benefit from the use of Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, an analytical method that complements traditional fractionation and extraction methods. This review provides guidance on the use of diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) in the mid‐infrared region (MIR: 4000–400 cm −1 ). Two distinct applications of DRIFT spectroscopy are reviewed: soil organic matter (1) characterization and (2) quantification. Characterization of SOM involves the qualitative to semi‐quantitative measurement of functional groups that constitute organic matter, and quantification employs chemometrics to predict fractions of SOM. Guidance on decision‐making in how methods are conducted based on sample type and research question, and on interpretation of results are provided.","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135782398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robberta Renuka Lazarus, W. Z. Wan Jaafar, U. J. Alengaram, L. Hin
Urban flooding, soil erosion, and water pollution are common issues nowadays. Hydrological cycle is being disrupted due to improper planning of development that necessitates extensive studies conducted globally to study ways to address these issues. Significant and accurate data is required to rectify and amend the current situation. Rainfall simulators (RS) are widely applied in research as it replicates the natural rainfall under controlled conditions and is repeatable. However, based on the published research, it is found that there are significant gaps. The RS has no standardization to cater different environmental conditions yet vital rainfall characteristics and aspects have to be carried out wisely for better accuracy and data analysis. This review article discusses the gaps and parameters required in RS experimentations.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
{"title":"Overview of the Research Gaps in the Rainfall Simulator Study","authors":"Robberta Renuka Lazarus, W. Z. Wan Jaafar, U. J. Alengaram, L. Hin","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20590","url":null,"abstract":"Urban flooding, soil erosion, and water pollution are common issues nowadays. Hydrological cycle is being disrupted due to improper planning of development that necessitates extensive studies conducted globally to study ways to address these issues. Significant and accurate data is required to rectify and amend the current situation. Rainfall simulators (RS) are widely applied in research as it replicates the natural rainfall under controlled conditions and is repeatable. However, based on the published research, it is found that there are significant gaps. The RS has no standardization to cater different environmental conditions yet vital rainfall characteristics and aspects have to be carried out wisely for better accuracy and data analysis. This review article discusses the gaps and parameters required in RS experimentations.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved","PeriodicalId":22142,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47017977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel J. Colopietro, Julio Pachon, A. Bacon, P. Inglett, Laura Reynolds, C. Rohal
The recognition that texture is a “master soil property” points towards the need for actual quantification of particle size in organic soil material. Using a multi‐wave particle size analyzer, fibric and sapric soil samples were circulated in deionized water through a closed aqueous loop at 9.6 L min−1 and the following methodological parameters were investigated: pre‐treatment, circulation time, and refractive index. Our results show that pre‐treatment for organic soil samples is dependent upon the degree of decomposition; the intact and dispersed PSDs for fibrous samples were not different, whereas the PSDs for sapric samples showed a shift from 500 to 2000 (intact) μm to 5 to 100 (dispersed) μm. Circulation time was investigated using mean particle diameter and specific surface area. We demonstrated that as circulation time increased, the mean particle diameter decreased and the specific surface area increased out to 30 minutes as mechanical dispersion and/or the fragmentation of organic particles occurred. However, circulation time after 5 minutes is not significantly different in terms of mean particle diameter. To investigate refractive index, 12 optical models were created. When determined across all intact samples, uncertainty was low within individual bins, with a maximum value of 0.07 ± 0.04% v/v. For dispersed samples, uncertainty increased within the silt sized region and had a maximum value of 0.17 ± 0.07% v/v. This study demonstrates that the particle diameter of organic soil material can be measured by LD with comparable certainty as mineral soil material using the methodological approach in this study.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
认识到质地是“主要的土壤性质”，表明需要对有机土壤材料中的颗粒大小进行实际量化。使用多波粒度分析仪，纤维和土壤样品通过9.6 L min - 1的封闭水环在去离子水中循环，并研究了以下方法参数:预处理，循环时间和折射率。我们的研究结果表明，有机土壤样品的预处理取决于分解程度;纤维样品的完整psd和分散psd没有差异，而含盐样品的psd则从500 ~ 2000 μm(完整)到5 ~ 100 μm(分散)。用平均粒径和比表面积考察循环时间。我们证明，随着循环时间的增加，平均颗粒直径减小，比表面积增加到30分钟，因为有机颗粒发生了机械分散和/或破碎。然而，5分钟后的循环时间在平均颗粒直径方面没有显著差异。为了研究折射率，我们建立了12个光学模型。当对所有完整样品进行测定时，单个箱内的不确定度很低，最大值为0.07±0.04% v/v。对于分散的样品，不确定度在粉砂粒度范围内增大，最大值为0.17±0.07% v/v。该研究表明，利用本研究的方法方法，有机土壤材料的颗粒直径可以用LD测量，并且具有与矿物土壤材料相当的确定性。这篇文章受版权保护。版权所有
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A. Schlegel, J. Holman, A. Obour, L. Haag, H. D. Bond, Y. Assefa
For how long the nutrient supply from long‐term application of manure and swine effluent will last to sustain crop production after applications had ceased is a research gap. We quantified the change in soil chemical properties 12 years after cattle manure and swine effluent applications had ceased. Data was collected in 2008 (termination of applications) and 2020 on a long‐term animal waste study at the Kansas State University, Southwest Research‐Extension Center near Tribune, KS. Treatments were three levels of cattle manure and swine effluent (P, N, 2N) and an untreated control. Soil profile NO3‐N declined 78–95%, 70–82%, and 58% from the initial amount in 2008 compared to the amount remaining in 2020 in the swine effluent, cattle manure, and an untreated check, respectively. Profile NO3‐N levels were greatly elevated by the P based swine effluent treatment and the 2N rate of both cattle manure and swine effluent and remained high (>250 kg ha−1) after 12 years. Total nitrogen in the surface soil decreased by 11–27% for cattle manure treatments with little change in the swine effluent and check treatments. Total carbon concentration in the surface soil decreased from 22–31% for cattle manure treatments and from 7–14% for swine effluent and check treatments. Mehlich‐3 P decreased significantly for the cattle manure treatments (41‐53%) but still remained very high (> 100 mg kg−1). Soil test P levels in the swine treatments were similar to the check treatment. Application of cattle manure and swine effluent has lasting effects on many soil chemical properties long after ceasing applications.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
在施用停止后，长期施用粪肥和猪排泄物的营养供应将持续多久以维持作物生产，这是一个研究空白。我们量化了牛粪和猪污水应用停止12年后土壤化学性质的变化。堪萨斯州立大学西南研究扩展中心于2008年（申请终止）和2020年收集了一项长期动物废物研究的数据。处理是三个水平的牛粪和猪排泄物（P，N，2N）和未处理的对照。与2020年相比，土壤剖面NO3-N在猪污水、牛粪和未经处理的检查中的残留量分别比2008年的初始量下降了78-95%、70-82%和58%。基于磷的猪污水处理和牛粪和猪污水的2N率大大提高了剖面NO3-N水平，12年后仍保持较高水平（>250 kg ha−1）。牛粪处理使表层土壤中的总氮减少了11-27%，而猪粪和对照处理的变化很小。表层土壤中的总碳浓度从牛粪处理的22-31%下降，从猪污水和对照处理的7-14%下降。Mehlich‐3 P在牛粪处理中显著降低（41-53%），但仍保持很高水平（>100 mg kg−1）。猪处理的土壤试验P水平与对照处理相似。牛粪和猪排泄物的施用在停止施用后很长一段时间内对许多土壤化学性质具有持久的影响。这篇文章受版权保护。保留所有权利
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