Pub Date : 2021-08-15DOI: 10.34259/IJEW.21.806175179
Mohsin Khan
Traffic-related air pollution in urban areas is of growing concern as it worsens air quality which ultimately causes health problems. The exponential growth in urban traffic vehicles seriously deteriorate air quality as a result of higher fuel combustion products which disperse in the air. This review investigate and compile prominent researches conducted about traffic-related air pollution. The review found that traffic related air pollution is measured usually with Air Qaulity Index (AQI), which determines how much the concentration of a traffic air pollutant surpasses the satisfactory AQI category. The higher the value of AQI or the pollutant concentration, the worse the air quality. Each AQI category have its own implication to health and wealth of the people. Keywords— Traffic-related air pollution, AQI, Particulate Matter, NO2, SO2
{"title":"A Review of Traffic-related Air Pollution","authors":"Mohsin Khan","doi":"10.34259/IJEW.21.806175179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/IJEW.21.806175179","url":null,"abstract":"Traffic-related air pollution in urban areas is of growing concern as it worsens air quality which ultimately causes health problems. The exponential growth in urban traffic vehicles seriously deteriorate air quality as a result of higher fuel combustion products which disperse in the air. This review investigate and compile prominent researches conducted about traffic-related air pollution. The review found that traffic related air pollution is measured usually with Air Qaulity Index (AQI), which determines how much the concentration of a traffic air pollutant surpasses the satisfactory AQI category. The higher the value of AQI or the pollutant concentration, the worse the air quality. Each AQI category have its own implication to health and wealth of the people. Keywords— Traffic-related air pollution, AQI, Particulate Matter, NO2, SO2","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127985454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-07DOI: 10.34259/ijew.21.808204216
Jibran Ullah Khan, I. Haseeb, Muhammad Nazeer
— The power extracted from the water i-e hydropower is one of the clean and economical source for the generation of power. The flow of water does not remain constant throughout the year so we have to build large storage tanks i-e dams to store water for power generation. But building these large dams have limited this source of energy. Consequently, the trend is going to change by building small hydropower plants. There is no availability of storage of water for producing power then mostly small hydro power plants are built there which are also called as run off river plants. The flow of water vary throughout the year resulting in inconsistent generation of power.so there is a need of variable speed operation that can operate at different operating point to achieve maximum efficiency. So for varying speed operation the one of the famous operating system that is doubly fed induction generator can be used to achieve desired results. In this work the DFIG in a MHPP’s is studied, there steady state and dynamic models are discussed. The 3 phase voltages and currents are transformed into 2 phase for ease in calculation by using Clark and park transformation. Then doubly fed induction generator has to operate at the required references which are reactive power, active power and also for speed. And eventually the model of vector control of doubly fed induction generator is achieved. The main objective of developing the model of doubly fed induction generator is to manage the two powers (i-e reactive and active power). The whole simulation should be carried out in MATLAB/Simulink. In this model of doubly fed induction generator we are using two different type of controllers, i-e Proportional integral and Proportional Integral Derivative controllers, to check the efficiency of the model. The results which are then obtained such as the torque, speed, rotor current, voltages on the rotor side as well as Bus voltage, reactive power on the grid side obtained from the two controllers are then compared with each other to see that which controller is giving good efficiency. Therefore, in this research, a predictive controller is proposed to manage the powers i-e active and reactive, of a hydropower plant using doubly fed induction generator.
{"title":"Investigating PI & PID Controllers for DFIG Installed at Micro Hydro Turbine","authors":"Jibran Ullah Khan, I. Haseeb, Muhammad Nazeer","doi":"10.34259/ijew.21.808204216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.808204216","url":null,"abstract":"— The power extracted from the water i-e hydropower is one of the clean and economical source for the generation of power. The flow of water does not remain constant throughout the year so we have to build large storage tanks i-e dams to store water for power generation. But building these large dams have limited this source of energy. Consequently, the trend is going to change by building small hydropower plants. There is no availability of storage of water for producing power then mostly small hydro power plants are built there which are also called as run off river plants. The flow of water vary throughout the year resulting in inconsistent generation of power.so there is a need of variable speed operation that can operate at different operating point to achieve maximum efficiency. So for varying speed operation the one of the famous operating system that is doubly fed induction generator can be used to achieve desired results. In this work the DFIG in a MHPP’s is studied, there steady state and dynamic models are discussed. The 3 phase voltages and currents are transformed into 2 phase for ease in calculation by using Clark and park transformation. Then doubly fed induction generator has to operate at the required references which are reactive power, active power and also for speed. And eventually the model of vector control of doubly fed induction generator is achieved. The main objective of developing the model of doubly fed induction generator is to manage the two powers (i-e reactive and active power). The whole simulation should be carried out in MATLAB/Simulink. In this model of doubly fed induction generator we are using two different type of controllers, i-e Proportional integral and Proportional Integral Derivative controllers, to check the efficiency of the model. The results which are then obtained such as the torque, speed, rotor current, voltages on the rotor side as well as Bus voltage, reactive power on the grid side obtained from the two controllers are then compared with each other to see that which controller is giving good efficiency. Therefore, in this research, a predictive controller is proposed to manage the powers i-e active and reactive, of a hydropower plant using doubly fed induction generator.","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126838040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-06DOI: 10.34259/ijew.21.808185190
Suhaib Umer Ilyas
— The current Climate change issues in Pakistan & Globally is not merely a coincidence rather this has developed and got worse with the passage of time through industrial revolution, more demand of energy and the race to further development among each country. To meet the energy demands, fossil fuels, one of the primary resources of energy are being explored with unprecedented rate worldwide. May it be Land or Sea, desserts or forests, if there is a potential suspected, the Oil exploration firms start their activities. On one side, if this helps to meet the growing energy demands, on the other, more and more effects of such activities are changing the environment. To avoid severe and immediate damages, environmental protection rules and laws are being passed Globally the purpose of which is to make sure such activities are carefully planned and all checks are in place prior to starting the operations to avoid any harmful impact on the eco-system. Various countries have customized these laws as per their environmental visions and established organizations which make sure these laws are implemented and followed. Pakistan, a nation, is one of the countries who are in the game of Oil exploration also has set forth such Acts & Laws but the assurance that the Companies are operating under the established Environmental law of the Country has never been completely done. International firms and National entities have their own set of checks in place which try to follow the Federal and Provisional rules. The goals and authority of Provisional environmental protection agencies are defined at policy level but the implementation and monitoring steps have various loop holes which need to be filled. The differences in the working methodology, related to environment, between Government owned firm vs International operators also shows the mindset of the local environmental agencies. The environmental policies need to be updated at Federal and Provisional levels with more implementation and monitoring structure in place.
{"title":"Compliance to the Environmental Law & Its Implications for the Oil & Gas Exploration & Production in Pakistan","authors":"Suhaib Umer Ilyas","doi":"10.34259/ijew.21.808185190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.808185190","url":null,"abstract":"— The current Climate change issues in Pakistan & Globally is not merely a coincidence rather this has developed and got worse with the passage of time through industrial revolution, more demand of energy and the race to further development among each country. To meet the energy demands, fossil fuels, one of the primary resources of energy are being explored with unprecedented rate worldwide. May it be Land or Sea, desserts or forests, if there is a potential suspected, the Oil exploration firms start their activities. On one side, if this helps to meet the growing energy demands, on the other, more and more effects of such activities are changing the environment. To avoid severe and immediate damages, environmental protection rules and laws are being passed Globally the purpose of which is to make sure such activities are carefully planned and all checks are in place prior to starting the operations to avoid any harmful impact on the eco-system. Various countries have customized these laws as per their environmental visions and established organizations which make sure these laws are implemented and followed. Pakistan, a nation, is one of the countries who are in the game of Oil exploration also has set forth such Acts & Laws but the assurance that the Companies are operating under the established Environmental law of the Country has never been completely done. International firms and National entities have their own set of checks in place which try to follow the Federal and Provisional rules. The goals and authority of Provisional environmental protection agencies are defined at policy level but the implementation and monitoring steps have various loop holes which need to be filled. The differences in the working methodology, related to environment, between Government owned firm vs International operators also shows the mindset of the local environmental agencies. The environmental policies need to be updated at Federal and Provisional levels with more implementation and monitoring structure in place.","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114983771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-06DOI: 10.34259/ijew.21.808191196
Muhammad Umer Ali
— Alternative fuel use in cement industry has seen a rise in the recent years in lieu of the growing concerns about the growing share of the industry in global green house emissions which stand at 8% of overall carbon dioxide emissions worldwide. Prominent amongst the reasons for this high emission is the use of conventional coal in providing heat requisite for processing in the cement industry. The use of alternative fuel, however, has started a positive downward trend in the emissions of the industry. The use of alternative fuel, most prevalent among which is Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), has a twofold advantage: economic fuel for cement production, and a venue for disposing off the solid waste in the landfills around big cities. This experiment of alternative fuels use in cement industry is largely without any impact assessment on the economy and ecology of the cement manufacturing. Obviously the technical assessment has been performed by the industries themselves in terms of energy contents, the larger impact of these fuels on economy and environment is still unknown or not published. This research undertook the technical analysis of these alternative fuels used in three cement industries in Pakistan comprised of characteristics like calorific value, Sulphur and chlorine contents, carbon emissions accruing from the use of the these fuels. In addition the economics associated with the use of these fuels were also investigated through comparison with economy of the conventional fuels.
{"title":"A Techno-Economic Analysis of Alternative Fuels in Cement Industry in Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Umer Ali","doi":"10.34259/ijew.21.808191196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.808191196","url":null,"abstract":"— Alternative fuel use in cement industry has seen a rise in the recent years in lieu of the growing concerns about the growing share of the industry in global green house emissions which stand at 8% of overall carbon dioxide emissions worldwide. Prominent amongst the reasons for this high emission is the use of conventional coal in providing heat requisite for processing in the cement industry. The use of alternative fuel, however, has started a positive downward trend in the emissions of the industry. The use of alternative fuel, most prevalent among which is Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), has a twofold advantage: economic fuel for cement production, and a venue for disposing off the solid waste in the landfills around big cities. This experiment of alternative fuels use in cement industry is largely without any impact assessment on the economy and ecology of the cement manufacturing. Obviously the technical assessment has been performed by the industries themselves in terms of energy contents, the larger impact of these fuels on economy and environment is still unknown or not published. This research undertook the technical analysis of these alternative fuels used in three cement industries in Pakistan comprised of characteristics like calorific value, Sulphur and chlorine contents, carbon emissions accruing from the use of the these fuels. In addition the economics associated with the use of these fuels were also investigated through comparison with economy of the conventional fuels.","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"425 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123236782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.34259/ijew.21.808197203
Sheharyar Khan, I. U. Rehman, A. Wahab, Wasif Khan, Kashif Hussain, Hannatu K. Ali, A. Ty
Nowadays, smartphones are a crucial aspect of life for everyone involved in day-to-day activities. Sometimes mobile phone users need to keep their mobile phones quiet. This silence option is handy in many scenarios or locations such as meetings, lectures, libraries, museums or places of worship, and mobile phones might occasionally be lost. In this article, we have demonstrated that how to make it easier for Android phone users to discover their smartphone that has been lost due to quiet mode and how to monitor mobile phones by sending a single text message on the mobile phone, whether the mobile phone starts ringing, and users can simply search. There is no need to connect to the internet during mobile search if a user knows that the mobile phone is close to the location by listening to the emergency security alert beeping, which is also set up in this application to make it easier for users to find the mobile phone rather than searching through GPS Tracking System. It also tells users about the mobile phone's present position. If the mobile phone is far from the user, the user can only get location information if the mobile phone is linked to the internet or the mobile phone enables data packet. The Coral Draw graphics program is utilized to develop a beautiful interface for this project. Using SDK and JDK packages and libraries, Android Studio is utilized to code portion and performance features of this application. Keywords—Android, SDK, Security, GPS Tracker, SIM Detection.
{"title":"An Efficient Android-Based Application and Tool Development to Trace Smartphones","authors":"Sheharyar Khan, I. U. Rehman, A. Wahab, Wasif Khan, Kashif Hussain, Hannatu K. Ali, A. Ty","doi":"10.34259/ijew.21.808197203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.808197203","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, smartphones are a crucial aspect of life for everyone involved in day-to-day activities. Sometimes mobile phone users need to keep their mobile phones quiet. This silence option is handy in many scenarios or locations such as meetings, lectures, libraries, museums or places of worship, and mobile phones might occasionally be lost. In this article, we have demonstrated that how to make it easier for Android phone users to discover their smartphone that has been lost due to quiet mode and how to monitor mobile phones by sending a single text message on the mobile phone, whether the mobile phone starts ringing, and users can simply search. There is no need to connect to the internet during mobile search if a user knows that the mobile phone is close to the location by listening to the emergency security alert beeping, which is also set up in this application to make it easier for users to find the mobile phone rather than searching through GPS Tracking System. It also tells users about the mobile phone's present position. If the mobile phone is far from the user, the user can only get location information if the mobile phone is linked to the internet or the mobile phone enables data packet. The Coral Draw graphics program is utilized to develop a beautiful interface for this project. Using SDK and JDK packages and libraries, Android Studio is utilized to code portion and performance features of this application. Keywords—Android, SDK, Security, GPS Tracker, SIM Detection.","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129125087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-05DOI: 10.34259/IJEW.21.807180184
Imtiaz K. Ahmad
A residential surface water tank is normally exposed to ambient conditions. Evaporation of water from such a source, using a Peltier device is expected to results in variation of energy efficiency for a system due to variation of ambient temperature. In this research work local conditions of city of Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan are considered. A MATLAB Simulation was performed to find out the seasonal energy efficiency variation for Peltier based evaporation. The results show that there is significant variation of energy of evaporation process due to seasonal variation ambient conditions. Keywords— Ambient conditions, Peltier module, Simulation, MATLAB Simulink.
{"title":"Effect of Local Seasonal Temperature Variation on Energy Efficiency of Water Evaporation using Peltier Module","authors":"Imtiaz K. Ahmad","doi":"10.34259/IJEW.21.807180184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/IJEW.21.807180184","url":null,"abstract":"A residential surface water tank is normally exposed to ambient conditions. Evaporation of water from such a source, using a Peltier device is expected to results in variation of energy efficiency for a system due to variation of ambient temperature. In this research work local conditions of city of Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan are considered. A MATLAB Simulation was performed to find out the seasonal energy efficiency variation for Peltier based evaporation. The results show that there is significant variation of energy of evaporation process due to seasonal variation ambient conditions. Keywords— Ambient conditions, Peltier module, Simulation, MATLAB Simulink.","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114239589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-22DOI: 10.34259/IJEW.21.803118125
A. Jamshaid, Muhammad Ishaq Khan, Syed Faisal Shah, H. U. Rahman
Energy consumption by the domestic sector in Pakistan is 46% which is one of the highest use by any country. The Government of Pakistan has planned to save 3 Million Tons of Oil Equivalent (33,000 MW) by 2025 through energy efficiency and conservation practices. Conserving this chunk of energy without effecting quality of life and measurements to improve buildings energy efficiency is a problem to be resolved. Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance of implementing various sustainability measures in existing buildings via various simulation tools. The purpose of this study is to analyze a fully functional building and find the possible cost effective measurements that can be taken to conserve available energy potential using eQUEST software. The building under study is United States Pakistan Center for Advance Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Peshawar. An energy efficient model of the building is calibrated in the study in comparison with the actual billing data. The simulation results are very close to actual energy consumption of the building. The overall results indicates that the building is state of the art building with almost all necessary measures already considered but some policy propositions are needed. HVAC and lightning are the significant energy users (SEUs) here and there is a substantial potential for improvement which is presented. Some changes are made in the building occupancy scheduling and some regulations are presented for the occupants behavior change towards energy use.it. Keywords— HVAC; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, SEUs; Significant Energy Users, MW; Mega Watt.
{"title":"Energy Efficient Modelling of USPCAS-E UET Peshawar Building using eQUEST Software","authors":"A. Jamshaid, Muhammad Ishaq Khan, Syed Faisal Shah, H. U. Rahman","doi":"10.34259/IJEW.21.803118125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/IJEW.21.803118125","url":null,"abstract":"Energy consumption by the domestic sector in Pakistan is 46% which is one of the highest use by any country. The Government of Pakistan has planned to save 3 Million Tons of Oil Equivalent (33,000 MW) by 2025 through energy efficiency and conservation practices. Conserving this chunk of energy without effecting quality of life and measurements to improve buildings energy efficiency is a problem to be resolved. Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance of implementing various sustainability measures in existing buildings via various simulation tools. The purpose of this study is to analyze a fully functional building and find the possible cost effective measurements that can be taken to conserve available energy potential using eQUEST software. The building under study is United States Pakistan Center for Advance Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Peshawar. An energy efficient model of the building is calibrated in the study in comparison with the actual billing data. The simulation results are very close to actual energy consumption of the building. The overall results indicates that the building is state of the art building with almost all necessary measures already considered but some policy propositions are needed. HVAC and lightning are the significant energy users (SEUs) here and there is a substantial potential for improvement which is presented. Some changes are made in the building occupancy scheduling and some regulations are presented for the occupants behavior change towards energy use.it. Keywords— HVAC; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, SEUs; Significant Energy Users, MW; Mega Watt.","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116590444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.34259/ijew.20.712414421
Farhan Ullah, N. Malik, Dawood Shah, Amir Khan
In the last decade, the number of mobile subscription all over the world growing at a magnificent pace and providing connectivity to everyone around the globe is indispensable, which led to an increasing number of mobile base stations (BSs). In urban community mobile operator has easy access to grid electricity and they can easily installed BTS in these locations in a cost-effective way. But the rural areas face huge problem of electricity and grid electricity is not spread out in all the region, so, mobile operator face a huge problem while deploying BTS. Most of the rural region of Pakistan facing the problem of load shedding, power failure and no grid electricity access, so, mobile operator usually employed diesel generator to cater these issues, but due to escalating price of diesel oil and global warming it’s very costly in term of energy production and is environmentally unfriendly too. So, mobile operator needs some alternative ways of energy production in these locations. To power up BTS in remote areas, renewable energy sources are the best solution and incorporation with diesel generator make the system further efficient and reliable. This study furnishes the design and simulation of stand-alone HRES along with their feasibility report and economic analysis using HOMER. Another aim of this work is the comparison of the existing system and the proposed hybrid system for the telecommunication site. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to observe and analyze the effect of variation in different parameter on the COE and NPC. It is evident from the optimization results that the integration of solar energy along with battery bank is the most optimum. Furthermore, due to the integration of renewable energy emission of greenhouses gases get abated. Keywords— Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Net Present Cost (NPC), Cost of Energy (COE), HRES
{"title":"Optimal Design and Analysis of Integrating Solar Energy in Off-Grid Telecommunication Sites","authors":"Farhan Ullah, N. Malik, Dawood Shah, Amir Khan","doi":"10.34259/ijew.20.712414421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.712414421","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade, the number of mobile subscription all over the world growing at a magnificent pace and providing connectivity to everyone around the globe is indispensable, which led to an increasing number of mobile base stations (BSs). In urban community mobile operator has easy access to grid electricity and they can easily installed BTS in these locations in a cost-effective way. But the rural areas face huge problem of electricity and grid electricity is not spread out in all the region, so, mobile operator face a huge problem while deploying BTS. Most of the rural region of Pakistan facing the problem of load shedding, power failure and no grid electricity access, so, mobile operator usually employed diesel generator to cater these issues, but due to escalating price of diesel oil and global warming it’s very costly in term of energy production and is environmentally unfriendly too. So, mobile operator needs some alternative ways of energy production in these locations. To power up BTS in remote areas, renewable energy sources are the best solution and incorporation with diesel generator make the system further efficient and reliable. This study furnishes the design and simulation of stand-alone HRES along with their feasibility report and economic analysis using HOMER. Another aim of this work is the comparison of the existing system and the proposed hybrid system for the telecommunication site. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to observe and analyze the effect of variation in different parameter on the COE and NPC. It is evident from the optimization results that the integration of solar energy along with battery bank is the most optimum. Furthermore, due to the integration of renewable energy emission of greenhouses gases get abated. Keywords— Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Net Present Cost (NPC), Cost of Energy (COE), HRES","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124403055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.34259/ijew.20.712401405
Wahid Amin, Z. Ali, Muhammad Iqbal Badar, M. A. Wahid
— The virtual simulation of organic solar cell is carried in General purpose Photovoltaic Device Model (GPVDM) software. In this work performance of Organic solar cell is investigated. Organic solar cell is composed of 3-hexyl thiophene (P3HT:PCBM) a polymer as an active layer. The poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxy thiophene) poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is added as an electron blocking layer and Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) film is used as top layer because of its high conductivity and very low resistance to transmission of light in visible range. GPVDM is used for light harvesting device simulations. It works on basis of Poisson’s Equations to equate the device internal parameters that may be electrical or optical. Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) formulations are used to calculate recombination and carrier trapping or mobility. In this study the temperature, band gap and active layer thickness is studied, how they affect the performance of organic solar cell. Variation in temperature inversely affects the efficiency. With increase in Band Gap efficiency also increase till band gap reaches 1.6eV, moreover increase in band gap increases efficiency but open circuit voltage value gets negative. The optimum value of active layer we got is 20nm which gives high efficiency.
{"title":"Effect of variation in Temperature, Band gap and Thickness of Active Layer on Efficiency of Organic Solar Cell","authors":"Wahid Amin, Z. Ali, Muhammad Iqbal Badar, M. A. Wahid","doi":"10.34259/ijew.20.712401405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.712401405","url":null,"abstract":"— The virtual simulation of organic solar cell is carried in General purpose Photovoltaic Device Model (GPVDM) software. In this work performance of Organic solar cell is investigated. Organic solar cell is composed of 3-hexyl thiophene (P3HT:PCBM) a polymer as an active layer. The poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxy thiophene) poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is added as an electron blocking layer and Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) film is used as top layer because of its high conductivity and very low resistance to transmission of light in visible range. GPVDM is used for light harvesting device simulations. It works on basis of Poisson’s Equations to equate the device internal parameters that may be electrical or optical. Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) formulations are used to calculate recombination and carrier trapping or mobility. In this study the temperature, band gap and active layer thickness is studied, how they affect the performance of organic solar cell. Variation in temperature inversely affects the efficiency. With increase in Band Gap efficiency also increase till band gap reaches 1.6eV, moreover increase in band gap increases efficiency but open circuit voltage value gets negative. The optimum value of active layer we got is 20nm which gives high efficiency.","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134509570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.34259/ijew.20.712422428
Malik Ahmad Khalil, Majid Ullah, Wasil Muhammad Khalil
Solar energy is one of the most promising and sustainable energy suppliers among other energies. Geologically Pakistan is residing in the territory of highest solar radiation fall in the world. The average radiation falls is range from 4.656 4.864 kWh/m/day daily on Pakistan. It shows the high potential solar energy exists in Pakistan, but still Pakistan is unsuccessful to trap solar energy in abundant manner due to many reason. Pakistan is facing energy crisis for many years and still many of the regions are not electrified due to accessibility and other issues. So the local people are using the standalone solar system for fulfilling the basic need but the survey found very bad quality solar panels selling in the market which are imported from china and other countries. However, it discourages indirectly the local people by using such panels by getting the low output. So this research is carried to conduct the life cycle assessment (LCA) of solar module. It is a technique that quantifies the product impact on the environment and identifies other important factors which ensure the quality and market development. In this research the LCA found the processes and operation used in manufacturing the solar module, which contribute larger part in the emission and energy consumption. The transformation of metallurgical grade silicon to solar grade silicon and panels assembly is the two main processes which consumed more than 70% of energy and take part in higher emission. The results showed 1416 MJ/panel and about 79 kg of equivalent CO2/panel generated. So it is proposed that Pakistan should start their manufacturing. Keywords— Energy Payback period (EPBT), Global warming potential (GWP).
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