Pub Date : 2011-04-12DOI: 10.1109/RFID.2011.5764620
Alex Arbit, Yossef Oren, A. Wool
In this work we report on a practical design, and a working prototype implementation, of a public-key anti-counterfeiting system based on the Electronic Product Code (EPC) standard for supply chain RFID tags. The use of public-key cryptography simplifies deployment, reduces trust issues between the tag integrator and tag manufacturer, eliminates the need for on-line checks by a central authority, and protects user privacy. Contrary to earlier claims of impracticality, we demonstrate that EPC tags are capable of performing full-strength public-key encryption. The crucial element in our system is WIPR, a recently-proposed variant of the well known Rabin encryption scheme, that enjoys a remarkably low resource footprint (less than 4700 gate equivalents for a complete ASIC implementation) — for a full-strength 1024-bit encryption. Our prototype system consists of an ultra-high frequency (UHF) tag running custom firmware, which communicates with a standard off-the-shelf reader. No modifications were made to the reader or the air interface, proving that high-security anti-counterfeiting tags and standard EPC tags can coexist and share the same infrastructure. Surprisingly, we identify that the time bottleneck is not the tag's computation time: the delay is dominated by inefficiencies in the way the reader implements the EPC standard. The insights from our performance measurements let us identify how a few simple changes to the reader can drastically improve the system throughput.
{"title":"Toward practical public key anti-counterfeiting for low-cost EPC tags","authors":"Alex Arbit, Yossef Oren, A. Wool","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2011.5764620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2011.5764620","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we report on a practical design, and a working prototype implementation, of a public-key anti-counterfeiting system based on the Electronic Product Code (EPC) standard for supply chain RFID tags. The use of public-key cryptography simplifies deployment, reduces trust issues between the tag integrator and tag manufacturer, eliminates the need for on-line checks by a central authority, and protects user privacy. Contrary to earlier claims of impracticality, we demonstrate that EPC tags are capable of performing full-strength public-key encryption. The crucial element in our system is WIPR, a recently-proposed variant of the well known Rabin encryption scheme, that enjoys a remarkably low resource footprint (less than 4700 gate equivalents for a complete ASIC implementation) — for a full-strength 1024-bit encryption. Our prototype system consists of an ultra-high frequency (UHF) tag running custom firmware, which communicates with a standard off-the-shelf reader. No modifications were made to the reader or the air interface, proving that high-security anti-counterfeiting tags and standard EPC tags can coexist and share the same infrastructure. Surprisingly, we identify that the time bottleneck is not the tag's computation time: the delay is dominated by inefficiencies in the way the reader implements the EPC standard. The insights from our performance measurements let us identify how a few simple changes to the reader can drastically improve the system throughput.","PeriodicalId":222446,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on RFID","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129598617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-12DOI: 10.1109/RFID.2011.5764612
Liang Rong, Lirong Zheng
With amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation and signal envelope rising falling edge slope requirements, the efficiency of UHF RFID system can be improved by using polar transmitter architecture than using linear power amplifiers. In this work, to ensure maximum integration and meet EPC Class-1 Generation-2 specification, an all digital polar transmitter is proposed and verified by transient signal analysis and random pattern simulation. The timing and signal quality constraints of the digital polar transmitter circuits are extracted. Due to the use of RF frequency low pass sigma delta modulation, the system can be designed in pure digital process without on-chip inductive components. Compared to the 31% theoretical efficiency by using class-A linear power amplifier, a minimum 77% theoretical efficiency can be achieved in this proposed digital RFID system.
{"title":"A polar transmitter architecture with digital switching amplifier for UHF RFID applications","authors":"Liang Rong, Lirong Zheng","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2011.5764612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2011.5764612","url":null,"abstract":"With amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation and signal envelope rising falling edge slope requirements, the efficiency of UHF RFID system can be improved by using polar transmitter architecture than using linear power amplifiers. In this work, to ensure maximum integration and meet EPC Class-1 Generation-2 specification, an all digital polar transmitter is proposed and verified by transient signal analysis and random pattern simulation. The timing and signal quality constraints of the digital polar transmitter circuits are extracted. Due to the use of RF frequency low pass sigma delta modulation, the system can be designed in pure digital process without on-chip inductive components. Compared to the 31% theoretical efficiency by using class-A linear power amplifier, a minimum 77% theoretical efficiency can be achieved in this proposed digital RFID system.","PeriodicalId":222446,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on RFID","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132573297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-12DOI: 10.1109/RFID.2011.5764628
T. Singh, S. Tedjini, E. Perret, A. Vena
A method to identify, thanks to RF signals, the letters of the alphabet is presented in this paper. Every letter, when integrated, or realized with metallic strips, on dielectric substrate and excited with an electromagnetic wave exhibits an electromagnetic signature. This signature is unique and characterizes the RCS of the radiating letter. Consequently, it could be used for identification/recognition purposes. A frequency domain approach has been applied to a set of letters corresponding to the standard alphabet. Simulation results obtained with CST Suite® are presented and discussed in this paper. The experimental results corresponding to Arial font of 24mm are carried out and compared to theoretical predictions. Very good agreement between measurement and simulation is observed. Considering the signature of each letter it is possible to establish an algorithm for letter recognition and identification without errors.
{"title":"A frequency signature based method for the RF identification of letters","authors":"T. Singh, S. Tedjini, E. Perret, A. Vena","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2011.5764628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2011.5764628","url":null,"abstract":"A method to identify, thanks to RF signals, the letters of the alphabet is presented in this paper. Every letter, when integrated, or realized with metallic strips, on dielectric substrate and excited with an electromagnetic wave exhibits an electromagnetic signature. This signature is unique and characterizes the RCS of the radiating letter. Consequently, it could be used for identification/recognition purposes. A frequency domain approach has been applied to a set of letters corresponding to the standard alphabet. Simulation results obtained with CST Suite® are presented and discussed in this paper. The experimental results corresponding to Arial font of 24mm are carried out and compared to theoretical predictions. Very good agreement between measurement and simulation is observed. Considering the signature of each letter it is possible to establish an algorithm for letter recognition and identification without errors.","PeriodicalId":222446,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on RFID","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126242777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-12DOI: 10.1109/RFID.2011.5764633
R. Miesen, F. Kirsch, M. Vossiek
In this paper a method for holographic localization of passive UHF-RFID transponders is presented. It is shown how persons or devices that are equipped with a RFID reader and that are moving along a trajectory can be enabled to locate tagged objects reliably. The localization method is based on phase values sampled from a synthetic aperture by a RFID reader. The calculated holographic image is a spatial probability density function that reveals the actual RFID tag position. Experimental results are presented which show that the holographically measured positions are in good agreement with the real position of the tag. Additional simulations have been carried out to investigate the positioning accuracy of the proposed method depending on different distortion parameters and measuring conditions. The effect of antenna phase center displacement is briefly discussed and measurements are shown that quantify the influence on the phase measurement.
{"title":"Holographic localization of passive UHF RFID transponders","authors":"R. Miesen, F. Kirsch, M. Vossiek","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2011.5764633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2011.5764633","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a method for holographic localization of passive UHF-RFID transponders is presented. It is shown how persons or devices that are equipped with a RFID reader and that are moving along a trajectory can be enabled to locate tagged objects reliably. The localization method is based on phase values sampled from a synthetic aperture by a RFID reader. The calculated holographic image is a spatial probability density function that reveals the actual RFID tag position. Experimental results are presented which show that the holographically measured positions are in good agreement with the real position of the tag. Additional simulations have been carried out to investigate the positioning accuracy of the proposed method depending on different distortion parameters and measuring conditions. The effect of antenna phase center displacement is briefly discussed and measurements are shown that quantify the influence on the phase measurement.","PeriodicalId":222446,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on RFID","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133683099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-12DOI: 10.1109/RFID.2011.5764630
L. A. Kosuru, D. Deavours
While RFID tags near metal have been extensively evaluated in the literature, tags on and in dielectric media have received less scrutiny and rigorous evaluation. In this paper, we develop a rigorous theoretical model for the behavior of UHF RFID tags immersed in a dielectric medium using the Uda model and embedded T-match antenna. From this, we are able to investigate a number of criteria for optimality. We find that the simplest optimality condition is not physically realizable, and more realizable models yield several results that are of practical interest. We make two specific recommendations for future work to increase the accuracy and usefulness of this work.
{"title":"Optimum performance for RFID tag immersed in dielectric media","authors":"L. A. Kosuru, D. Deavours","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2011.5764630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2011.5764630","url":null,"abstract":"While RFID tags near metal have been extensively evaluated in the literature, tags on and in dielectric media have received less scrutiny and rigorous evaluation. In this paper, we develop a rigorous theoretical model for the behavior of UHF RFID tags immersed in a dielectric medium using the Uda model and embedded T-match antenna. From this, we are able to investigate a number of criteria for optimality. We find that the simplest optimality condition is not physically realizable, and more realizable models yield several results that are of practical interest. We make two specific recommendations for future work to increase the accuracy and usefulness of this work.","PeriodicalId":222446,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on RFID","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123000722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-12DOI: 10.1109/RFID.2011.5764640
C. Surman, R. Potyrailo, W. Morris, Timothy Wortley, Mark Vincent, Rafael Diana, Vincent Pizzi, Jeffrey Carter, Gerard Gach
Single-use biopharmaceutical manufacturing requires monitoring of critical manufacturing parameters. However, the lack of reliable single-use sensors prevents the biopharmaceutical industry from fully embracing single-use biomanufacturing processes. We report an approach for temperature-independent pressure sensing in single-use bioprocess components using passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensors. An RFID pressure sensor is fabricated by applying a pressure sensitive flexible membrane to an RFID-tag-based transducer and a layer that modulates the electromagnetic field (EMF) generated in the RFID sensor antenna. The sensor signal is modulated upon pressure-induced flexing of the membrane, providing a desired quantitative response of pressure of the fluid during the operation of the single-use component. We demonstrate a temperature-independent RFID pressure sensor that was tested to measure pressures from −5 to 33 psi with the ± 0.25 psi accuracy after gamma irradiation. Temperature-independent pressure response is provided from the multivariate analysis of the measured impedance of the sensor.
{"title":"Temperature-independent passive RFID pressure sensors for single-use bioprocess components","authors":"C. Surman, R. Potyrailo, W. Morris, Timothy Wortley, Mark Vincent, Rafael Diana, Vincent Pizzi, Jeffrey Carter, Gerard Gach","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2011.5764640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2011.5764640","url":null,"abstract":"Single-use biopharmaceutical manufacturing requires monitoring of critical manufacturing parameters. However, the lack of reliable single-use sensors prevents the biopharmaceutical industry from fully embracing single-use biomanufacturing processes. We report an approach for temperature-independent pressure sensing in single-use bioprocess components using passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensors. An RFID pressure sensor is fabricated by applying a pressure sensitive flexible membrane to an RFID-tag-based transducer and a layer that modulates the electromagnetic field (EMF) generated in the RFID sensor antenna. The sensor signal is modulated upon pressure-induced flexing of the membrane, providing a desired quantitative response of pressure of the fluid during the operation of the single-use component. We demonstrate a temperature-independent RFID pressure sensor that was tested to measure pressures from −5 to 33 psi with the ± 0.25 psi accuracy after gamma irradiation. Temperature-independent pressure response is provided from the multivariate analysis of the measured impedance of the sensor.","PeriodicalId":222446,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on RFID","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123947006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-12DOI: 10.1109/RFID.2011.5764614
M. Tsai, S. Hsu, F. Hsueh, C. Jou, Ming-Hsiang Song, J. Tseng, T. Chang, Dipankar Nag
In this study, we demonstrate an analog front-end (AFE) circuit with ESD protection for a passive RFID tag at UHF-band (860∼960 MHz) in a 0.18-μm CMOS technology. A dual-directional silicon-controlled-rectifier (dual-SCR) structure is proposed for the ESD protection under the large-signal operation at the RFID input. With the well-designed dual-SCR, a large trigger voltage (VT) of ∼ 16.9 V is obtained. The parasitic capacitance of the ESD block is only ∼ 34 fF, which has virtually no impact on the core circuits at the frequency of interest. The measured ESD levels achieve 3.0-kV human-body-mode (HBM) and 200-V machine-mode (MM), respectively. The RF-DC rectifier in the RFID circuit can generate a stable power supply output about 1.2 V when the RF input power exceeds −7.5 dBm.
{"title":"An analog front-end circuit with dual-directional SCR ESD protection for UHF-band passive RFID tag","authors":"M. Tsai, S. Hsu, F. Hsueh, C. Jou, Ming-Hsiang Song, J. Tseng, T. Chang, Dipankar Nag","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2011.5764614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2011.5764614","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we demonstrate an analog front-end (AFE) circuit with ESD protection for a passive RFID tag at UHF-band (860∼960 MHz) in a 0.18-μm CMOS technology. A dual-directional silicon-controlled-rectifier (dual-SCR) structure is proposed for the ESD protection under the large-signal operation at the RFID input. With the well-designed dual-SCR, a large trigger voltage (VT) of ∼ 16.9 V is obtained. The parasitic capacitance of the ESD block is only ∼ 34 fF, which has virtually no impact on the core circuits at the frequency of interest. The measured ESD levels achieve 3.0-kV human-body-mode (HBM) and 200-V machine-mode (MM), respectively. The RF-DC rectifier in the RFID circuit can generate a stable power supply output about 1.2 V when the RF input power exceeds −7.5 dBm.","PeriodicalId":222446,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on RFID","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121528930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-12DOI: 10.1109/RFID.2011.5764607
Salah Azzouzi, Markus Cremer, U. Dettmar, R. Kronberger, Thomas Knie
In this paper we present new measurement results for an Angle of Arrival (AoA) approach to localize RFID tags at 868 MHz. Self-designed three element antenna arrays, off-the-shelf IDS R901G RFID reader ICs, and UPM Raflatec DogBone RFID tags are used to generate and detect ISO 18000–6C compliant signals. The experimental setup comprises three antenna arrays and a test environment of size 3 times 3 square meters with 25 test points. The AoA is estimated using the phase differences in the complex baseband signals of adjacent antenna elements within one array. A mean positioning error of 0.21 m was achieved for the considered test grid.
{"title":"New measurement results for the localization of UHF RFID transponders using an Angle of Arrival (AoA) approach","authors":"Salah Azzouzi, Markus Cremer, U. Dettmar, R. Kronberger, Thomas Knie","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2011.5764607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2011.5764607","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present new measurement results for an Angle of Arrival (AoA) approach to localize RFID tags at 868 MHz. Self-designed three element antenna arrays, off-the-shelf IDS R901G RFID reader ICs, and UPM Raflatec DogBone RFID tags are used to generate and detect ISO 18000–6C compliant signals. The experimental setup comprises three antenna arrays and a test environment of size 3 times 3 square meters with 25 test points. The AoA is estimated using the phase differences in the complex baseband signals of adjacent antenna elements within one array. A mean positioning error of 0.21 m was achieved for the considered test grid.","PeriodicalId":222446,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on RFID","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127537663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-12DOI: 10.1109/RFID.2011.5764616
D. Kuester, D. Novotny, J. Guerrieri, Randal H. Direen, Z. Popovic
This paper presents an approach for calibrating backscattering measurements from 860–960 MHz Ultra-High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (UHF RFID) tags. An S-parameter model is formulated to relate diode switch and antenna input circuit parameters with the scattering performance of the calibration device. Measurements of modulated backscattered power agree with the model to within ±0.1 dB. Tag backscatter measurements can then be calibrated by comparing them to the reference signal. In an example testbed, the expanded uncertainty of these measurements is estimated to be ±0.4 dB, compared with uncertainties worse than −0.9 dB, +1.2 dB for methods that calibrate against radar cross section (RCS) standards in the same testbed.
{"title":"Reference modulation for calibrated measurements of tag backscatter","authors":"D. Kuester, D. Novotny, J. Guerrieri, Randal H. Direen, Z. Popovic","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2011.5764616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2011.5764616","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an approach for calibrating backscattering measurements from 860–960 MHz Ultra-High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (UHF RFID) tags. An S-parameter model is formulated to relate diode switch and antenna input circuit parameters with the scattering performance of the calibration device. Measurements of modulated backscattered power agree with the model to within ±0.1 dB. Tag backscatter measurements can then be calibrated by comparing them to the reference signal. In an example testbed, the expanded uncertainty of these measurements is estimated to be ±0.4 dB, compared with uncertainties worse than −0.9 dB, +1.2 dB for methods that calibrate against radar cross section (RCS) standards in the same testbed.","PeriodicalId":222446,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on RFID","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132596019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-12DOI: 10.1109/RFID.2011.5764638
Azhar Hasan, A. Peterson, G. Durgin
In this paper, we evaluate realizations for implementing an RFID reflected electro-material signature (REMS) sensor. REMS sensors allow passive measurement, recording, and reading of environmental data such as temperature in a small, low cost device. This paper presents results from two configurations: a three-section lossless microstrip transmission line and a monopole probe inserted into a lossy medium. A neural network is used to recover the permittivity profile in either case, based on the reflection coefficient of the wave backscattered from an RF tag. The neural network incorporating the Levenberg Marquardt back-propagation algorithm is evaluated in terms of average error, regression analysis and computational efficiency in the presence of realistic noise. A unique contribution of this paper is the exploration of REMS using a dissipative electro-material medium. In the lossy case, two real-valued neural networks are integrated together to reconstruct the complex permittivity from the measured reflection coefficient. The approach is verified over the frequency range 4.0–5.0 GHz and less than 4% error was observed in presence of white Gaussian noise with 10dB SNR.
{"title":"Reflected electro-material signatures for self-sensing passive RFID sensors","authors":"Azhar Hasan, A. Peterson, G. Durgin","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2011.5764638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2011.5764638","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we evaluate realizations for implementing an RFID reflected electro-material signature (REMS) sensor. REMS sensors allow passive measurement, recording, and reading of environmental data such as temperature in a small, low cost device. This paper presents results from two configurations: a three-section lossless microstrip transmission line and a monopole probe inserted into a lossy medium. A neural network is used to recover the permittivity profile in either case, based on the reflection coefficient of the wave backscattered from an RF tag. The neural network incorporating the Levenberg Marquardt back-propagation algorithm is evaluated in terms of average error, regression analysis and computational efficiency in the presence of realistic noise. A unique contribution of this paper is the exploration of REMS using a dissipative electro-material medium. In the lossy case, two real-valued neural networks are integrated together to reconstruct the complex permittivity from the measured reflection coefficient. The approach is verified over the frequency range 4.0–5.0 GHz and less than 4% error was observed in presence of white Gaussian noise with 10dB SNR.","PeriodicalId":222446,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on RFID","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132745241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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