Pub Date : 2020-02-26DOI: 10.30895/1991-2919-2020-10-1-41-50
V. M. Shchukin, N. E. Kuz’mina, Yu. N. Shvetsova, A. I. Luttseva
The inclusion of requirements for independent determination of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead, and the current sample preparation techniques into the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (Ph. Rus.) requires the revision of the existing limits for elemental toxicants in herbal substances and herbal medicinal products produced from them.The aim of the study was to analyse the data on elemental toxicant content obtained during quality control of herbal substances (herbs, medicinal herb mixtures, extracts, and tinctures) using current test methods and sample preparation techniques, and to compare the obtained results with the Russian and foreign scientific and specialist literature.Materials and methods: the internal data on the content of critical heavy metals and arsenic in different dosage forms of herbal medicinal products, which were obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after sample preparation by decomposition in closed vessels, were compared with literature data. Results: it was demonstrated that the content of lead, cadmium, and mercury in all the test samples did not exceed the Ph. Rus. limits and was consistent with the analysed literature. The arsenic content in some herbal medicinal products was higher than the established Ph. Rus. limits, but complied with the less stringent Ph. Eur. and USP requirements for herbal substances. The authors investigated the link between the content of elemental toxicants and the place of collection and the part of the plant being tested. It was shown that different types of medicinal plants had a tendency to accumulate particular elements. The authors determined the content of the elements to be controlled in extracts and tinctures. The differences in the Russian and foreign requirements for the content of elemental toxicants may be attributed to the method of obtaining experimental data that form the basis for the setting of limits.Conclusions: the results of the study confirm the validity of the existing limits for elemental toxicants in herbal medicinal products. The authors demonstrated the need to revise the existing limits for arsenic in herbal medicinal products.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Heavy Metal and Arsenic Content in Various Herbal Dosage Forms Marketed in Russia","authors":"V. M. Shchukin, N. E. Kuz’mina, Yu. N. Shvetsova, A. I. Luttseva","doi":"10.30895/1991-2919-2020-10-1-41-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2020-10-1-41-50","url":null,"abstract":"The inclusion of requirements for independent determination of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead, and the current sample preparation techniques into the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (Ph. Rus.) requires the revision of the existing limits for elemental toxicants in herbal substances and herbal medicinal products produced from them.The aim of the study was to analyse the data on elemental toxicant content obtained during quality control of herbal substances (herbs, medicinal herb mixtures, extracts, and tinctures) using current test methods and sample preparation techniques, and to compare the obtained results with the Russian and foreign scientific and specialist literature.Materials and methods: the internal data on the content of critical heavy metals and arsenic in different dosage forms of herbal medicinal products, which were obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after sample preparation by decomposition in closed vessels, were compared with literature data. Results: it was demonstrated that the content of lead, cadmium, and mercury in all the test samples did not exceed the Ph. Rus. limits and was consistent with the analysed literature. The arsenic content in some herbal medicinal products was higher than the established Ph. Rus. limits, but complied with the less stringent Ph. Eur. and USP requirements for herbal substances. The authors investigated the link between the content of elemental toxicants and the place of collection and the part of the plant being tested. It was shown that different types of medicinal plants had a tendency to accumulate particular elements. The authors determined the content of the elements to be controlled in extracts and tinctures. The differences in the Russian and foreign requirements for the content of elemental toxicants may be attributed to the method of obtaining experimental data that form the basis for the setting of limits.Conclusions: the results of the study confirm the validity of the existing limits for elemental toxicants in herbal medicinal products. The authors demonstrated the need to revise the existing limits for arsenic in herbal medicinal products.","PeriodicalId":22286,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88011948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-26DOI: 10.30895/1991-2919-2020-10-1-19-28
E. Shekunova, M. Kovaleva, M. Makarova, V. Makarov
One of the major obstacles to effective translational medicine is the challenge of translating animal research results into clinical studies. Scientific literature mainly addresses the selection of the drug dose at initiation of clinical trials (Phase 1). Appropriate selection of doses is also essential for preclinical toxicology and pharmacology studies. Some basic principles that are used when translating dosages from animal models to humans are applicable to selection and justification of doses when planning and conducting preclinical studies. The paper provides an overview of the main methods that can be used for selection and justification of animal doses in preclinical studies, e.g. cross-species dose conversion using body surface area scaling. It summarises situations when doses may be directly converted based on body weight. The paper gives special attention to cross-species dose translation according to pharmacokinetic data. There is no one-size-fits-all approach to cross-species translation; dose conversion must be scientifically justified taking into consideration all information available on the test drug, i.e. its chemical structure, intended route of administration, pharmacokinetic parameters, preclinical and clinical data on pharmacodynamics, and inter-species differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
{"title":"Dose Selection in Preclinical Studies: Cross-Species Dose Conversion","authors":"E. Shekunova, M. Kovaleva, M. Makarova, V. Makarov","doi":"10.30895/1991-2919-2020-10-1-19-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2020-10-1-19-28","url":null,"abstract":"One of the major obstacles to effective translational medicine is the challenge of translating animal research results into clinical studies. Scientific literature mainly addresses the selection of the drug dose at initiation of clinical trials (Phase 1). Appropriate selection of doses is also essential for preclinical toxicology and pharmacology studies. Some basic principles that are used when translating dosages from animal models to humans are applicable to selection and justification of doses when planning and conducting preclinical studies. The paper provides an overview of the main methods that can be used for selection and justification of animal doses in preclinical studies, e.g. cross-species dose conversion using body surface area scaling. It summarises situations when doses may be directly converted based on body weight. The paper gives special attention to cross-species dose translation according to pharmacokinetic data. There is no one-size-fits-all approach to cross-species translation; dose conversion must be scientifically justified taking into consideration all information available on the test drug, i.e. its chemical structure, intended route of administration, pharmacokinetic parameters, preclinical and clinical data on pharmacodynamics, and inter-species differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.","PeriodicalId":22286,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77309656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-26DOI: 10.30895/1991-2919-2020-10-1-6-18
Yu. V. Olefir, A. Y. Khubieva, E. L. Kovaleva, L. I. Mit’kina, A. A. Struzhkova, E. V. Savin
The manufacturing process, the source (raw materials), and primary packaging materials dictate requirements for the quality of ethyl alcohol used in the pharmaceutical industry.The aim of the paper was to analyse how the quality of ethyl alcohol used as a component of medicinal products depends on the starting materials, production method and technology, intended use, and the choice of the primary packaging. The paper analyses available information on ethyl alcohol quality and summarises data on potential impurities associated with the ethyl alcohol production technology and the starting materials used. It was established that Russian manufacturers mainly use grain crops (wheat and rye), as well as molasses—a by-product of the sugar industry, as raw materials. The paper addresses the process of improving the quality standards for ethyl alcohol from a historical perspective. A comparative study of the requirements of the Russian and the world’s leading pharmacopoeias for the pharmaceutical substance—ethyl alcohol 95%, 96% demonstrated the need to include identification by IR-spectrometry and impurity control by UV absorbance into the respective monograph of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation. The authors formulated requirements for the choice of packaging material for ethyl alcohol, which will not affect its quality during transportation and storage.
{"title":"Quality Control of Ethyl Alcohol Used as a Medicinal Product","authors":"Yu. V. Olefir, A. Y. Khubieva, E. L. Kovaleva, L. I. Mit’kina, A. A. Struzhkova, E. V. Savin","doi":"10.30895/1991-2919-2020-10-1-6-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2020-10-1-6-18","url":null,"abstract":"The manufacturing process, the source (raw materials), and primary packaging materials dictate requirements for the quality of ethyl alcohol used in the pharmaceutical industry.The aim of the paper was to analyse how the quality of ethyl alcohol used as a component of medicinal products depends on the starting materials, production method and technology, intended use, and the choice of the primary packaging. The paper analyses available information on ethyl alcohol quality and summarises data on potential impurities associated with the ethyl alcohol production technology and the starting materials used. It was established that Russian manufacturers mainly use grain crops (wheat and rye), as well as molasses—a by-product of the sugar industry, as raw materials. The paper addresses the process of improving the quality standards for ethyl alcohol from a historical perspective. A comparative study of the requirements of the Russian and the world’s leading pharmacopoeias for the pharmaceutical substance—ethyl alcohol 95%, 96% demonstrated the need to include identification by IR-spectrometry and impurity control by UV absorbance into the respective monograph of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation. The authors formulated requirements for the choice of packaging material for ethyl alcohol, which will not affect its quality during transportation and storage.","PeriodicalId":22286,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91003978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-03DOI: 10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-231-240
I. V. Lysikova, O. Basova
In February 2017 the World Health Organization first published the list of antibiotic-resistant «priority pathogens» — a catalogue of 12 species of bacteria that pose the greatest threat to human health. The list highlights the danger posed by Gramnegative bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. Thus, the development of new antimicrobial medicines is becoming a pressing issue. The list is an important reference point and incentive to secure and guide research and development related to new antibiotics that will help solve the issue of growing global resistance to antimicrobial medicines. The aim of the study was to determine the main regulatory approaches to planning preclinical and clinical development programmes for new antimicrobial medicines. On the basis of current requirements and recommendations in force in the Russian Federation and guidelines of the European Medicines Agency, the issues of planning antimicrobial drug development programs were considered. The autors analysed the main stages and aspects of preclinical studies of medicines for infectious diseases (specific activity in vitro and in vivo, PK-PD modeling), as well as requirements for the clinical trial stage, including the rationale for the choice of clinically relevant efficacy and safety endpoints, study design, and statistical methods.
{"title":"Regulatory Approaches to the Development Programme for Medicines Used to Treat Infectious Diseases","authors":"I. V. Lysikova, O. Basova","doi":"10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-231-240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-231-240","url":null,"abstract":"In February 2017 the World Health Organization first published the list of antibiotic-resistant «priority pathogens» — a catalogue of 12 species of bacteria that pose the greatest threat to human health. The list highlights the danger posed by Gramnegative bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. Thus, the development of new antimicrobial medicines is becoming a pressing issue. The list is an important reference point and incentive to secure and guide research and development related to new antibiotics that will help solve the issue of growing global resistance to antimicrobial medicines. The aim of the study was to determine the main regulatory approaches to planning preclinical and clinical development programmes for new antimicrobial medicines. On the basis of current requirements and recommendations in force in the Russian Federation and guidelines of the European Medicines Agency, the issues of planning antimicrobial drug development programs were considered. The autors analysed the main stages and aspects of preclinical studies of medicines for infectious diseases (specific activity in vitro and in vivo, PK-PD modeling), as well as requirements for the clinical trial stage, including the rationale for the choice of clinically relevant efficacy and safety endpoints, study design, and statistical methods.","PeriodicalId":22286,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82572268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-03DOI: 10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-216-230
G. Kodina, A. Malysheva
One of the prerequisites for successful application of nuclear medicine technologies is the production and clinical use of radiopharmaceuticals (RPs) of a reliably high quality. The aim of the review is to discuss specific properties of RPs, which stipulate specific approaches to their production (or preparation) and quality control. The decisive requirement for the management of RPs at all stages of their life cycle is the observance of the radiation safety rules and regulations. The paper considers the main approaches to assessing the risks of medical radiation exposure to patients and radiation protection of nuclear medicine staff. The choice of a particular quality parameter and the corresponding analytical procedure should be made taking into account the duration of the test, which, like the production time, should be comparable with the radionuclide half-life. The feasibility of the analytical procedure should also be taken into account, given the high radioactivity of the samples tested. Now that theranostics has caught on, new approaches are being developed all over the world concerning regulatory aspects of transition from preclinical studies of RPs to clinical trials, because, according to experts, this is becoming a key condition for rapid implementation of nuclear medicine achievements. The results and conclusions of the present study can be used in the development and expert review of monographs and other specifications required for RP marketing and use. The results of the analysis suggest that it is necessary to develop specific requirements and guidelines for RP testing and evaluation for their successful promotion on the EAEU market.
{"title":"The main issues of quality assurance of radiopharmaceuticals","authors":"G. Kodina, A. Malysheva","doi":"10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-216-230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-216-230","url":null,"abstract":"One of the prerequisites for successful application of nuclear medicine technologies is the production and clinical use of radiopharmaceuticals (RPs) of a reliably high quality. The aim of the review is to discuss specific properties of RPs, which stipulate specific approaches to their production (or preparation) and quality control. The decisive requirement for the management of RPs at all stages of their life cycle is the observance of the radiation safety rules and regulations. The paper considers the main approaches to assessing the risks of medical radiation exposure to patients and radiation protection of nuclear medicine staff. The choice of a particular quality parameter and the corresponding analytical procedure should be made taking into account the duration of the test, which, like the production time, should be comparable with the radionuclide half-life. The feasibility of the analytical procedure should also be taken into account, given the high radioactivity of the samples tested. Now that theranostics has caught on, new approaches are being developed all over the world concerning regulatory aspects of transition from preclinical studies of RPs to clinical trials, because, according to experts, this is becoming a key condition for rapid implementation of nuclear medicine achievements. The results and conclusions of the present study can be used in the development and expert review of monographs and other specifications required for RP marketing and use. The results of the analysis suggest that it is necessary to develop specific requirements and guidelines for RP testing and evaluation for their successful promotion on the EAEU market.","PeriodicalId":22286,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77761744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-03DOI: 10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-241-247
N. Bunyatyan, B. Sysuev, L. Nikolaeva
A significant share of the hepatoprotectors pharmaceutical market is represented by innovator and generic products containing essential phospholipids. One of the main issues in pharmacotherapy is confirmation of similarity between reference and generic products, which helps to assess their interchangeability. Therefore, it seems relevant to conduct comparative studies examining the products’ formulations (content of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients), dosage forms and routes of administration to identify characteristics that can affect interchangeability of essential phospholipid products. The objective of the study was to analyse interchangeability of generic and reference hepatoprotectors containing essential phospholipids. The nomenclature of essential phospholipids (oral (capsules), parenteral (solution for intravenous infusion and lyophilisate for solution for intravenous infusion), and topical (gel for cutaneous use) dosage forms) is given in accordance with the State Register of Medicinal Products, information storage and retrieval systems, and library databases (eLibrary, PubMed, CyberLeninka, ResearchGate).There was a significant difference in the content of phosphatidylcholine (29—93 %) in phospholipid substances produced by different manufacturers; minor differences were found in the quantitative composition of excipients in solutions, and significant differences were observed in the composition and quantities of excipients in capsules, which is most likely attributed to different production methods. The obtained data may be used to optimise pharmaceutical development and assess interchangeability of essential phospholipid products.
{"title":"Interchangeability of Essential Phospholipid Products","authors":"N. Bunyatyan, B. Sysuev, L. Nikolaeva","doi":"10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-241-247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-241-247","url":null,"abstract":"A significant share of the hepatoprotectors pharmaceutical market is represented by innovator and generic products containing essential phospholipids. One of the main issues in pharmacotherapy is confirmation of similarity between reference and generic products, which helps to assess their interchangeability. Therefore, it seems relevant to conduct comparative studies examining the products’ formulations (content of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients), dosage forms and routes of administration to identify characteristics that can affect interchangeability of essential phospholipid products. The objective of the study was to analyse interchangeability of generic and reference hepatoprotectors containing essential phospholipids. The nomenclature of essential phospholipids (oral (capsules), parenteral (solution for intravenous infusion and lyophilisate for solution for intravenous infusion), and topical (gel for cutaneous use) dosage forms) is given in accordance with the State Register of Medicinal Products, information storage and retrieval systems, and library databases (eLibrary, PubMed, CyberLeninka, ResearchGate).There was a significant difference in the content of phosphatidylcholine (29—93 %) in phospholipid substances produced by different manufacturers; minor differences were found in the quantitative composition of excipients in solutions, and significant differences were observed in the composition and quantities of excipients in capsules, which is most likely attributed to different production methods. The obtained data may be used to optimise pharmaceutical development and assess interchangeability of essential phospholipid products.","PeriodicalId":22286,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78986594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-03DOI: 10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-272-279
A. Sorokina, S. V. Alekseeva, N. Eremina, A. Durnev
Chronic toxicity studies are an integral part of the overall toxicological evaluation of drug candidates. Biochemical studies of blood and urine serve to describe the general picture of the animal’s condition and to trace the dynamics of laboratory markers of organ damage after repeated administration of the drug — both for a group of animals, as well as individually. Pathomorphological studies of organs and tissues make it possible to understand the nature of damage at the cellular level. A systemic analysis of the data obtained allows for accurate identification of the body systems that are most susceptible to the toxic effect of the drug, as well as for assessment of the degree of impact and the reversibility of effects. Considering the great importance of the obtained pharmacological information, it is necessary to pay special attention to proper methodological implementation of all the stages of preparation and performance of the mentioned studies, as well as to proper analysis and interpretation of the data. The aim of the paper was to summarise the methodology of biochemical and pathomorphological studies based on the experience obtained in the Drug Toxicology Laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Institute «Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology» when conducting chronic toxicity studies.
{"title":"Summary of Clinical Laboratory Studies Performed During Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Medicinal Products (Part II: Biochemical and Pathomorphological Studies)","authors":"A. Sorokina, S. V. Alekseeva, N. Eremina, A. Durnev","doi":"10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-272-279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-272-279","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic toxicity studies are an integral part of the overall toxicological evaluation of drug candidates. Biochemical studies of blood and urine serve to describe the general picture of the animal’s condition and to trace the dynamics of laboratory markers of organ damage after repeated administration of the drug — both for a group of animals, as well as individually. Pathomorphological studies of organs and tissues make it possible to understand the nature of damage at the cellular level. A systemic analysis of the data obtained allows for accurate identification of the body systems that are most susceptible to the toxic effect of the drug, as well as for assessment of the degree of impact and the reversibility of effects. Considering the great importance of the obtained pharmacological information, it is necessary to pay special attention to proper methodological implementation of all the stages of preparation and performance of the mentioned studies, as well as to proper analysis and interpretation of the data. The aim of the paper was to summarise the methodology of biochemical and pathomorphological studies based on the experience obtained in the Drug Toxicology Laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Institute «Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology» when conducting chronic toxicity studies.","PeriodicalId":22286,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84645842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-03DOI: 10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-265-271
N. Antonova, E. Shefer, A. Kalinin, N. E. Semenova, S. S. Prokhvatilova, I. M. Morgunov
The quality control of the «Valerian rhizome and roots» herbal substance is carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition. The quantitative analysis of the active ingredients in valerian tincture is performed using a non-specific and non-selective spectrophotometric method. Therefore, it is important to introduce in Russia a more modern test procedure for quantitative determination of active ingredients in valerian tincture.The aim of the study was to develop a selective and sensitive HPLC procedure for quantitative determination of the total content of sesquiterpenic acids, expressed as valerenic acid, for the purpose of valerian tincture standardisation.Materials and methods: valerian tincture samples produced by seven Russian manufacturers were used as test samples, and valerenic acid was used as the reference standard. The quantitative analysis of the active ingredients was performed by two methods: spectrophotometry at 512 nm following the reaction of valerenic acid ethylester with hydroxyalamine and ferric chloride, and by HPLC using a Nucleosil C18 column, 125×4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size, in gradient elution mode, with detection at 220 nm.Results: the spectrophotometric technique was shown to be insufficiently specific. The authors of the study validated the chromatographic test procedure, established system suitability criteria, and compared the results obtained by the two test procedures. They also determined a tentative standard of the total content of sesquiterpenic acids, expressed as valerenic acid, obtained by HPLC.Conclusions: the HPLC assay developed for quantitative determination of active ingredients in valerian tincture is more specific as compared to the spectrophotometric technique, as the sum of the peaks of valerenic and acetoxyvalerenic acids and the results for the reference standard are taken into account during calculations. The new test procedure is in line with the cross-cutting standardisation principle and can be recommended for inclusion into the draft monograph «Valerian tincture».
根据俄罗斯联邦国家药典第十四版，使用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对“缬草根茎”草药物质进行质量控制。采用非特异性、非选择性分光光度法对缬草酊剂中的有效成分进行了定量分析。因此，重要的是在俄罗斯引进一个更现代的测试程序，以定量测定缬草酊剂中的有效成分。本研究的目的是建立一种选择性和灵敏度高的高效液相色谱方法，用于定量测定缬草酊剂中倍半萜酸(以缬草酸表示)的总含量，用于缬草酊剂的标准化。材料与方法:以俄罗斯7家厂家生产的缬草酊剂样品为检测样品，以戊酸为参比标准品。有效成分的定量分析采用两种方法:一种是采用羟alamine和氯化铁与戊酸乙酯反应后的512 nm分光光度法;另一种是采用Nucleosil C18色谱柱，125×4.6 mm, 5µm粒径，梯度洗脱，220 nm检测。结果:分光光度法的特异度不够。本研究的作者验证了色谱测试程序，建立了系统适用性标准，并比较了两种测试程序获得的结果。他们还确定了用高效液相色谱法测定倍半萜烯酸总含量的暂定标准，以戊酸表示。结论:与分光光度法相比，高效液相色谱法在计算时考虑了戊酸和乙酰氧基戊酸的峰和与参比标准品的结果，使缬草酊剂中有效成分的定量测定更具特异性。新的测试程序符合交叉标准化原则，可以推荐纳入专着草案“缬草酊剂”。
{"title":"Current Approaches to Valerian Tincture Standardisation in Terms of Assay","authors":"N. Antonova, E. Shefer, A. Kalinin, N. E. Semenova, S. S. Prokhvatilova, I. M. Morgunov","doi":"10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-265-271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-265-271","url":null,"abstract":"The quality control of the «Valerian rhizome and roots» herbal substance is carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition. The quantitative analysis of the active ingredients in valerian tincture is performed using a non-specific and non-selective spectrophotometric method. Therefore, it is important to introduce in Russia a more modern test procedure for quantitative determination of active ingredients in valerian tincture.The aim of the study was to develop a selective and sensitive HPLC procedure for quantitative determination of the total content of sesquiterpenic acids, expressed as valerenic acid, for the purpose of valerian tincture standardisation.Materials and methods: valerian tincture samples produced by seven Russian manufacturers were used as test samples, and valerenic acid was used as the reference standard. The quantitative analysis of the active ingredients was performed by two methods: spectrophotometry at 512 nm following the reaction of valerenic acid ethylester with hydroxyalamine and ferric chloride, and by HPLC using a Nucleosil C18 column, 125×4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size, in gradient elution mode, with detection at 220 nm.Results: the spectrophotometric technique was shown to be insufficiently specific. The authors of the study validated the chromatographic test procedure, established system suitability criteria, and compared the results obtained by the two test procedures. They also determined a tentative standard of the total content of sesquiterpenic acids, expressed as valerenic acid, obtained by HPLC.Conclusions: the HPLC assay developed for quantitative determination of active ingredients in valerian tincture is more specific as compared to the spectrophotometric technique, as the sum of the peaks of valerenic and acetoxyvalerenic acids and the results for the reference standard are taken into account during calculations. The new test procedure is in line with the cross-cutting standardisation principle and can be recommended for inclusion into the draft monograph «Valerian tincture».","PeriodicalId":22286,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86640777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-10DOI: 10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-3-153-161
Yu. R. Biglova, N. V. Gadasina, T. Bokovikova, E. L. Kovaleva, S. A. Nemykina, T. Morgunova, T. Masterkova, L. A. Stronova, E. P. Gernikova
One of the prerequisites of efficacy and safety of finished pharmaceutical products is the quality of pharmaceutical substances used in their production. Criteria of assessment of pharmaceutical substance purity are determined by the substance composition and production technology, as well as by specific aspects of the finished pharmaceutical product production and use. It is necessary to control the content of nonspecific organic and inorganic impurities, impurities of microbial origin, and residual solvents. The aim of the study was to analyse characteristics of test methods used to determine nonspecific impurities in pharmaceutical substances. The State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation describes various chemical, physical, physicochemical and biological tests for the analysis of nonspecific impurities. Determination of inorganic cations and anions usually includes comparison of test solutions with solutions of the corresponding reference standards, or checking the absence of a positive reaction in the test solution. Quantitative analysis of trace impurities largely relies on highly specific and sensitive test methods, such as atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The content of residual organic solvents is determined by gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography. The purity and safety of pharmaceutical substances are ensured by biological tests: “Microbial quality”, “Sterility”, “Pyrogenicity”, “Bacterial endotoxins”. Specific characteristics of test methods used for determination of the content of nonspecific impurities in various pharmaceutical substances depend on physicochemical properties of the tested substances, toxicity of the analysed impurities, and content limits. The results of the study make it possible to formulate a methodological approach to the development of criteria for assessing the quality of pharmaceutical substances. This approach includes mandatory compliance with the basic principles of substance standardisation, as well as case-by-case selection of quality parameters, specific test conditions and content limits for impurities.
{"title":"Nonspecific Impurities in Pharmaceutical Substances: Characteristics of Test Methods","authors":"Yu. R. Biglova, N. V. Gadasina, T. Bokovikova, E. L. Kovaleva, S. A. Nemykina, T. Morgunova, T. Masterkova, L. A. Stronova, E. P. Gernikova","doi":"10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-3-153-161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-3-153-161","url":null,"abstract":"One of the prerequisites of efficacy and safety of finished pharmaceutical products is the quality of pharmaceutical substances used in their production. Criteria of assessment of pharmaceutical substance purity are determined by the substance composition and production technology, as well as by specific aspects of the finished pharmaceutical product production and use. It is necessary to control the content of nonspecific organic and inorganic impurities, impurities of microbial origin, and residual solvents. The aim of the study was to analyse characteristics of test methods used to determine nonspecific impurities in pharmaceutical substances. The State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation describes various chemical, physical, physicochemical and biological tests for the analysis of nonspecific impurities. Determination of inorganic cations and anions usually includes comparison of test solutions with solutions of the corresponding reference standards, or checking the absence of a positive reaction in the test solution. Quantitative analysis of trace impurities largely relies on highly specific and sensitive test methods, such as atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The content of residual organic solvents is determined by gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography. The purity and safety of pharmaceutical substances are ensured by biological tests: “Microbial quality”, “Sterility”, “Pyrogenicity”, “Bacterial endotoxins”. Specific characteristics of test methods used for determination of the content of nonspecific impurities in various pharmaceutical substances depend on physicochemical properties of the tested substances, toxicity of the analysed impurities, and content limits. The results of the study make it possible to formulate a methodological approach to the development of criteria for assessing the quality of pharmaceutical substances. This approach includes mandatory compliance with the basic principles of substance standardisation, as well as case-by-case selection of quality parameters, specific test conditions and content limits for impurities.","PeriodicalId":22286,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78916186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-10DOI: 10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-3-197-206
A. Sorokina, S. V. Alekseeva, N. Eremina, A. Durnev
Preclinical safety evaluation is an important stage in the development of medicinal products. Clinical laboratory studies, including haematological, biochemical and pathomorphological studies, are an essential part of chronic toxicity studies. A careful choice of methodological approaches to examination of toxicological characteristics of drug candidates makes it possible to assess the degree of risk associated with their subsequent clinical use, identify potential target organs, determine the extent of damage, as well as the possibility and dynamics of restoring damaged systems. Key prerequisites for obtaining adequate results of the studies are correct methodological implementation of all the stages of sample preparation and careful consideration of all factors during interpretation of the obtained data. Thus, the choice of methodological approaches to blood tests is often determined by the species, age and sex of laboratory animals, as well as by specific characteristics of the tested drug. The aim of the study was to summarise data on haematological studies performed in the Drug Toxicology Laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Institute «Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology» when conducting chronic toxicity studies.
{"title":"Summary of Clinical Laboratory Studies Performed During Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Medicinal Products (Part I: Haematological Studies)","authors":"A. Sorokina, S. V. Alekseeva, N. Eremina, A. Durnev","doi":"10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-3-197-206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-3-197-206","url":null,"abstract":"Preclinical safety evaluation is an important stage in the development of medicinal products. Clinical laboratory studies, including haematological, biochemical and pathomorphological studies, are an essential part of chronic toxicity studies. A careful choice of methodological approaches to examination of toxicological characteristics of drug candidates makes it possible to assess the degree of risk associated with their subsequent clinical use, identify potential target organs, determine the extent of damage, as well as the possibility and dynamics of restoring damaged systems. Key prerequisites for obtaining adequate results of the studies are correct methodological implementation of all the stages of sample preparation and careful consideration of all factors during interpretation of the obtained data. Thus, the choice of methodological approaches to blood tests is often determined by the species, age and sex of laboratory animals, as well as by specific characteristics of the tested drug. The aim of the study was to summarise data on haematological studies performed in the Drug Toxicology Laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Institute «Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology» when conducting chronic toxicity studies.","PeriodicalId":22286,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77811614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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