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Anatomical description of a pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps (Cetacea: Kogiidae), pre‐term calf using CT scan and 3D reconstructions 利用 CT 扫描和三维重建对侏儒抹香鲸 Kogia breviceps(鲸目动物:Kogiidae)产前幼鲸进行解剖描述
Lara Bennati‐Madureira, Gabriel Leandro Gomes, Kellen Adriana Curci Daros, André Luis da Silva Casas
Little is known about the biology of pygmy sperm whales, Kogia breviceps (De Blainville, 1838), being that most anatomical descriptions for the species derive from necropsy after stranding or from osteological material preserved in museums. This species is rarely seen despite its wide distribution, and its reproductive behaviour is still being investigated. The eventual occurrence of pregnant female strandings and the collection and description of foetuses can give clues about the organisms' mostly unknown early development. However, this type of biological material is extremely rare, limiting anatomical analysis due to the risk of damage or loss. Here, we describe the external and internal anatomy of an 84 cm long K. breviceps foetus. The methods utilised were non‐intrusive, meaning that no incisions were made on the specimen. The foetus was analysed using computed tomography images and a three‐dimensional reconstruction of the skeleton. A great number of features were observed, such as axial and appendicular skeletal structures, internal organs, echolocation apparatus and umbilical cord, as well as diagnostic characters of the species, such as the asymmetrical skull, spermaceti chamber and false gill pigmentation. We suggest that more specimens on different stages of development should be analysed by the same technique, as well as further comparison with specimens from other taxa, in order to facilitate more comparative studies on embryonic and foetal development of cetaceans.
人们对侏儒抹香鲸(Kogia breviceps,De Blainville,1838 年)的生物学知之甚少,对该物种的解剖学描述大多来自搁浅后的尸体解剖或保存在博物馆中的骨骼材料。尽管该物种分布广泛,但却很少见,其繁殖行为仍在研究之中。最终出现的怀孕雌性搁浅以及对胎儿的收集和描述可以提供有关该生物大部分未知的早期发育的线索。然而,这类生物材料极为罕见,由于存在损坏或丢失的风险,限制了解剖分析。在这里,我们描述了一个 84 厘米长的 K. breviceps 胎儿的外部和内部解剖结构。采用的方法是非侵入性的,即不在标本上做任何切口。使用计算机断层扫描图像和骨骼三维重建对胎儿进行了分析。我们观察到了大量特征,如轴向和附着骨骼结构、内脏器官、回声定位装置和脐带,以及该物种的诊断特征,如不对称头骨、精囊腔和假鳃色素沉着。我们建议采用同样的技术对更多不同发育阶段的标本进行分析,并与其他类群的标本作进一步比较,以便对鲸目动物的胚胎和胎儿发育进行更多的比较研究。
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引用次数: 0
New Glires materials from the East Mesa, Erlian Basin (Nei Mongol, China) 二连盆地东梅山(中国内蒙古)出土的格利尔斯新材料
Qian Li
East Mesa, an Eocene locality situated east of the Shara Murun River in the Erlian Basin, is characterized by basal lower red mudstones. However, a distinct depositional hiatus has been observed in these red mudstones, leading to their division into layers 1 and 2. Excitingly, recent discoveries respectively in layers 1 and 2 of the lower red mudstones at the East Mesa include new Glires (Gomphos sp.) and rodents such as Asiomys dawsoni, Gobiocylindrodon cf. G. ulausuensis, and Yuomys sp., marking their first occurrences within these horizons. A comparative analysis of small mammal faunas suggests that layer 1 may correspond to the Arshantan age, while layer 2 indicates a late Irdinmanhan age based on the combination of taxa found.
东梅沙位于二连盆地沙拉木伦河以东的始新世地段,其特征是基底下部为红色泥岩。然而,在这些红色泥岩中发现了明显的沉积断裂,导致其分为第 1 层和第 2 层。令人兴奋的是,最近在东梅萨山下部红色泥岩的第 1 层和第 2 层分别发现了新的 Glires(Gomphos sp.)和啮齿类动物,如 Asiomys dawsoni、Gobiocylindrodon cf. G. ulausuensis 和 Yuomys sp.,这标志着它们首次出现在这些地层中。对小型哺乳动物群的比较分析表明,第 1 层可能属于阿尔山时代,而第 2 层根据发现的类群组合则表明属于伊丁曼罕晚期。
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引用次数: 0
Morphological diversity of saber‐tooth upper canines and its functional implications 剑齿虎上犬齿的形态多样性及其功能影响
Caitlin D. Shelbourne, Stephan Lautenschlager
Elongated upper canine teeth, commonly known as saber‐teeth, have evolved three times within the sub‐order Feliformia. The species that wielded them flourished throughout the Cenozoic and have historically been separated into two morphological groups: the dirk‐tooths with longer, flatter canines, and the scimitar‐tooths with shorter, serrated teeth. However, quantitative morphological analysis has not been conducted on these teeth to determine the true amount of diversity within the group, and how the upper canine morphology of extant feliforms compared to their extinct relatives has also not been explored. Using Geometric Morphometric analysis, it is shown that saber‐tooth upper canine morphology is exceptionally diverse, with no extant clade having all its members occupy the same morphospace based on tooth length and curvature. Instead, a neutral basal morphospace is observed for all groups and diversification from this basal position is seen as species become more derived. A distinct and consistent scimitar tooth morphology is also not observed within the morphospace. When compared with extant taxa, several saber‐tooth species are seen to be morphologically similar to extant feliforms, several of which exhibit novel dietary strategies in comparison to the obligate carnivore felids. Biomechanical analyses of different actual and theoretical tooth shapes demonstrate that saber‐teeth upper canines further represent a functional compromise between sharpness, curvature, and length on the one hand, and robustness and material investment on the other.
细长的上犬齿通常被称为剑齿,在猫形亚目中进化了三次。拥有这些牙齿的物种在整个新生代都很繁盛,在历史上被分为两个形态组:犬齿较长、扁平的钝齿类和犬齿较短、呈锯齿状的弯刀齿类。然而,目前还没有对这些牙齿进行定量形态分析,以确定该类群内部的真正多样性,而且也没有探讨过现生猫形目动物的上犬齿形态与其已灭绝的近亲相比如何。利用几何形态计量分析表明,剑齿虎上犬齿形态异常多样,没有一个现存支系的所有成员根据牙齿长度和弧度占据相同的形态空间。相反,所有类群都有一个中性的基本形态空间,随着物种的衍生,从这一基本位置开始出现了多样化。在形态空间内也没有观察到明显而一致的弯刀齿形态。与现存类群相比,剑齿虎的几个物种在形态上与现存的猫科动物相似,其中几个物种与食肉类猫科动物相比表现出了新颖的饮食策略。对不同的实际和理论牙齿形状进行的生物力学分析表明,剑齿上犬齿进一步代表了尖锐度、弧度和长度与坚固性和材料投资之间的功能性折衷。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating extinct pseudosuchian body mass estimates using a femur volume‐based model 利用基于股骨体积的模型评估已灭绝伪蜥的体重估计值
Holly N. Woodward, Paul Aubier, Mariana Valéria Araújo de Sena, Jorge Cubo
The clade Pseudosuchia appeared 250 million years ago. The exclusively semi‐aquatic Crocodylia, which includes crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharials is the only surviving subgroup. Investigating Crocodylia biology is pivotal for inferring traits of extinct pseudosuchians. Alligator femur length is widely used for modeling pseudosuchian body mass, but the regression is influenced by sex and captivity status, leading to potential accuracy problems. An alternative model results from the correlation between alligator femur volume and body mass, which is unaffected by those covariates. Here, an alligator femur volume‐based regression is applied to estimate the masses of non‐crocodylian pseudosuchians, encompassing goniopholids, dyrosaurs, notosuchians, and thalattosuchians. For each, femur volume as the predictor yields lower body masses than does femur length. Morphological resemblances to existing crocodylians support the inference that extinct goniopholids and dyrosaurs were semi‐aquatic. Therefore, body masses predicted from femur length and volume should be reasonable, although larger body masses obtained from femur length may reflect sensitivity to sex or environmental factors. Fully terrestrial notosuchians had proportionately longer femora for their body sizes compared to semi‐aquatic crocodylians, suggesting that the higher body masses predicted from alligator femur length are overestimates. Fully aquatic thalattosuchians, skeletally adapted for buoyancy and with reduced reliance on the femur for locomotion, pose challenges for both femur length and volume‐based models. The results of this study advocate for the use of femur volume to predict body mass, particularly for semi‐aquatic and terrestrial pseudosuchians, and encourage further exploration of volumetric models as body size predictors for extinct vertebrates.
伪蜥支系出现于 2.5 亿年前。鳄科(Crocodylia)是唯一幸存的半水生类群,包括鳄鱼、短吻鳄、凯门鳄和长尾鳄。调查鳄科动物的生物学特征对于推断已灭绝的伪蜥形纲动物的特征至关重要。短吻鳄的股骨长度被广泛用于伪蜥的体重建模,但回归结果受性别和圈养状态的影响,可能导致准确性问题。鳄鱼股骨体积与身体质量之间的相关性产生了一个替代模型,它不受这些协变量的影响。在此,我们采用基于鳄鱼股骨体积的回归方法来估算非鳄类伪蜥形纲动物的体重,其中包括长鼻龙类、侏儒龙类、腕足动物类和长尾蜥形纲动物。对每一种伪蜥来说,以股骨体积作为预测指标所得出的体重都比股骨长度低。与现存鳄龙类的形态相似性支持了这样的推论,即已灭绝的巨吻龙和堤龙是半水栖动物。因此,根据股骨长度和体积预测的体重应该是合理的,尽管根据股骨长度得出的较大体重可能反映了性别或环境因素的敏感性。与半水栖鳄类相比,完全陆生的腕足动物的股骨与其体型成比例地长,这表明根据鳄鱼股骨长度预测的较高体质量是高估了。完全水栖的长尾巨鳄的骨骼适应浮力,并减少了对股骨运动的依赖,这对股骨长度和基于体积的模型都提出了挑战。本研究的结果主张使用股骨体积来预测体重,尤其是半水栖和陆栖伪蜥类的体重,并鼓励进一步探索将体积模型作为已灭绝脊椎动物的体型预测指标。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing cranial biomechanics between Barbourofelis fricki and Smilodon fatalis: Is there a universal killing‐bite among saber‐toothed predators? 比较Barbourofelis fricki和Smilodon fatalis的头骨生物力学:剑齿食肉动物中是否存在一种通用的杀戮咬合方式?
Borja Figueirido, Shane Tucker, Stephan Lautenschlager
Saber‐tooths, extinct apex predators with long and blade‐like upper canines, have appeared iteratively at least five times in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. Although saber‐tooths exhibit a relatively diverse range of morphologies, it is widely accepted that all killed their prey using the same predatory behavior. In this study, we CT‐scanned the skull of Barbourofelis fricki and compared its cranial mechanics using finite element analysis (FEA) with that of Smilodon fatalis. Our aim was to investigate potential variations in killing behavior between two dirk‐toothed sabretooths from the Miocene and Pleistocene of North America. The study revealed that B. fricki had a stoutly‐built skull capable of withstanding stress in various prey‐killing scenarios, while the skull of S. fatalis appeared less optimized for supporting stress, which highlights the highly derived saber‐tooth morphology of the former. The results may indicate that B. fricki was more of a generalist in prey‐killing compared to S. fatalis, which experiences lower stresses under stabbing loads. We hypothesize that morphological specialization in saber‐tooths does not necessarily indicate ecological specialization. Our results support the notion that morphological convergence among saber‐toothed cats may obscure differences in hunting strategies employed to dispatch their prey. Our findings challenge the assumption of the universally assumed canine‐shear biting as the prey‐killing behavior of all saber‐toothed cats. However, further research involving a wider range of dirk and scimitar‐toothed forms could provide additional insights into the diversity of cranial biomechanics within this fascinating group of extinct mammalian predators.
剑齿虎是一种已经灭绝的顶级掠食者,其上部犬齿长而锋利,在脊椎动物的进化史上至少出现过五次。虽然剑齿虎的形态相对多样,但人们普遍认为它们都使用相同的捕食行为杀死猎物。在这项研究中,我们对 Barbourofelis fricki 的头骨进行了 CT 扫描,并利用有限元分析(FEA)将其头骨力学与 Smilodon fatalis 的头骨力学进行了比较。我们的目的是研究北美中新世和更新世的两种钝齿剑齿虎在杀戮行为上的潜在差异。研究发现,B. fricki具有坚固的头骨,能够在各种猎杀情况下承受压力,而S. fatalis的头骨似乎不太适合承受压力,这凸显了前者高度衍生的剑齿形态。这些结果可能表明,在猎杀猎物时,B. fricki比S. fatalis更像一个通才,后者在刺杀负荷下承受的应力较低。我们假设剑齿虎的形态特化并不一定代表生态特化。我们的研究结果支持这样一种观点,即剑齿虎在形态上的趋同可能会掩盖它们在捕杀猎物时所采用的狩猎策略上的差异。我们的研究结果对普遍认为所有剑齿虎的猎杀行为都是犬齿撕咬的假设提出了质疑。然而,通过对更多的剑齿虎和弯刀齿虎的进一步研究,我们可以更深入地了解这个已灭绝的哺乳动物食肉动物群体中头颅生物力学的多样性。
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引用次数: 0
Postcranial anomalies of Eocene freshwater pleurodiran and cryptodiran turtles from the Spanish Duero Basin 西班牙杜罗河盆地始新世淡水褶纹龟和隐纹龟的颅后反常现象
Andrea Guerrero, Francisco Ortega, Santiago Martín de Jesús, Adán Pérez‐García
Testudines are one of the best‐represented taxonomic groups among the Paleogene taxa of the Duero Basin (Castile and Leon Autonomous Community, central Spain). Among them, Neochelys (Podocnemidide) and Allaeochelys (Carettochelyidae) are most abundant, allowing the population to be assessed for osteological anomalies. The abundance of postcranial remains of both taxa allows us to identify several individuals with potential anomalies, mostly in their shells. Some of them have already been described in previous studies, but most of them are still unpublished. The objective of this study is to analyze in detail the anomalous Neochelys and Allaeochelys remains. As a result, different categories of causal agents (such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, or trauma) have been identified as potential producers of the anomalies in these freshwater turtles. Information regarding the pathogenesis and healing stages of some of these anomalies is provided.
在杜罗河盆地(西班牙中部卡斯蒂利亚和莱昂自治区)的古近纪类群中,蝾螈类是代表度最高的类群之一。其中,Neochelys(Podocnemidide)和Allaeochelys(Carettochelyidae)的数量最多,因此可以对其种群进行骨学异常评估。这两个类群丰富的颅后遗骸使我们能够确定几个有潜在异常的个体,主要是在它们的壳上。其中一些已经在以前的研究中有所描述,但大部分仍未发表。本研究的目的是详细分析异常的 Neochelys 和 Allaeochelys 遗骸。因此,不同类别的致病因子(如细菌、真菌、寄生虫或外伤)已被确定为这些淡水龟异常的潜在制造者。本报告还提供了有关其中一些异常现象的发病机制和愈合阶段的信息。
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引用次数: 0
Early synapsids neurosensory diversity revealed by CT and synchrotron scanning 通过 CT 和同步辐射扫描揭示早期突眼动物神经感觉的多样性
J. Benoit, R. Araujo, E. S. Lund, A. Bolton, T. Lafferty, Z. Macungo, V. Fernandez
Non‐mammaliaform synapsids (NMS) represent the closest relatives of today's mammals among the early amniotes. Exploring their brain and nervous system is key to understanding how mammals evolved. Here, using CT and Synchrotron scanning, we document for the first time three extreme cases of neurosensory and behavioral adaptations that probe into the wide range of unexpected NMS paleoneurological diversity. First, we describe adaptations to low‐frequency hearing and low‐light conditions in the non‐mammalian cynodont Cistecynodon parvus, supporting adaptations to an obligatory fossorial lifestyle. Second, we describe the uniquely complex and three‐dimensional maxillary canal morphology of the biarmosuchian Pachydectes elsi, which suggests that it may have used its cranial bosses for display or low‐energy combat. Finally, we introduce a paleopathology found in the skull of Moschognathus whaitsi. Since the specimen was not fully grown, this condition suggests the possibility that this species might have engaged in playful fighting as juveniles—a behavior that is both social and structured. Additionally, this paper discusses other evidence that could indicate that tapinocephalid dinocephalians were social animals, living and interacting closely with one another. Altogether, these examples evidence the wide range of diversity of neurological structures and complex behavior in NMS.
非哺乳动物形态的合趾目(NMS)是今天哺乳动物在早期羊膜动物中的近亲。探索它们的大脑和神经系统是了解哺乳动物进化过程的关键。在这里,我们利用 CT 和同步加速器扫描,首次记录了神经感觉和行为适应性的三个极端案例,探究了意想不到的 NMS 古神经系统多样性的广泛范围。首先,我们描述了非哺乳动物犬齿龙(Cistecynodon parvus)对低频听觉和弱光条件的适应,这支持了对强制性化石生活方式的适应。其次,我们描述了生物剑齿虎 Pachydectes elsi 独特的复杂和三维的上颌管形态,这表明它可能利用其头盖骨进行展示或低能量战斗。最后,我们介绍了在Moschognathus whaitsi头骨中发现的一种古病理学。由于该标本尚未完全长成,这种情况表明该物种可能在幼年时期进行过嬉戏打斗--这种行为既是社会性的,也是结构性的。此外,本文还讨论了其他一些证据,这些证据可能表明龙脑类恐龙是社会性动物,它们彼此生活在一起并密切互动。总之,这些例子证明了 NMS 神经结构和复杂行为的广泛多样性。
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引用次数: 0
Who was the real sabertooth predator: Thylacosmilus or Thylacoleo? 谁才是真正的剑齿虎?Thylacosmilus还是Thylacoleo?
Christine M. Janis
Sabertoothed mammalian predators, all now extinct, were almost exclusively feloid carnivorans (Eutheria, Placentalia): here a couple of extinct metatherian predators are considered in comparison with the placental sabertooths. Thylacosmilus (the “marsupial sabertooth”) and Thylacoleo (the “marsupial lion”) were both relatively large (puma‐sized) carnivores of the Plio‐Pleistocene in the Southern Hemisphere (Argentina and Australia, respectively). Both carnivores have captured the public imagination, especially as predators that were somehow analogous to northern placental forms. But a more detailed consideration of their morphology shows that neither can be simply analogized with its supposed placental counterpart. While Thylacosmilus did indeed have saber‐like canines, many aspects of its anatomy show that it could not have killed prey in the manner proposed for the sabertoothed felids such as Smilodon. Rather than being an active predator, it may have been a specialized scavenger, using the hypertrophied canines to open carcasses, and perhaps deployed a large tongue to extract the innards. Thylacoleo lacked canines, and its supposedly “caniniform” incisors could not have acted like a felid's canines. Nevertheless, while its mode of dispatching its prey remains a subject for debate, it was clearly a powerful predator, likely to be capable of bringing down prey bigger than itself while hunting alone. In that regard, it may have filled the ecomorphological role proposed for placental sabertooths, and so despite the lack of canines can be nominated as the true “marsupial sabertooth” out of the two extinct taxa.
现已灭绝的剑齿类哺乳动物食肉动物几乎都是猫科食肉动物(Eutheria,Placentalia):在此,我们将几种已灭绝的元古宙食肉动物与胎盘剑齿虎进行比较。Thylacosmilus("有袋剑齿")和Thylacoleo("有袋狮")都是南半球(分别是阿根廷和澳大利亚)上新世-更新世时期体型相对较大的食肉动物。这两种食肉动物都吸引了公众的想象力,尤其是将它们视为在某种程度上类似于北方胎盘类的食肉动物。但对它们的形态进行更详细的研究后发现,这两种食肉动物都不能简单地与假定的胎盘类动物进行类比。虽然Thylacosmilus确实有类似剑齿的犬齿,但其解剖学的许多方面都表明,它不可能像Smilodon等剑齿鼬类那样捕杀猎物。与其说它是一种活跃的捕食者,倒不如说它是一种专门的食腐动物,用肥大的犬齿打开尸体,或许还用大舌头舔食内脏。Thylacoleo没有犬齿,其所谓的 "犬状 "门齿也不可能像猫科动物的犬齿那样发挥作用。尽管如此,尽管它驱赶猎物的方式仍有争议,但它显然是一种强大的捕食者,很可能有能力在单独狩猎时击倒比自己大的猎物。在这方面,它可能扮演了胎盘剑齿虎的非形态学角色,因此,尽管没有犬齿,它仍可被提名为两个已灭绝类群中真正的 "有袋剑齿虎"。
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引用次数: 0
Bending performance changes during prolonged canine eruption in saber‐toothed carnivores: A case study of Smilodon fatalis 剑齿食肉动物在长时间犬齿喷出期间弯曲性能的变化:Smilodon fatalis 的案例研究
Z. Jack Tseng
The canine of saber‐toothed predators represents one of the most specialized dental structures known. Hypotheses about the function of hypertrophied canines range from display and conspecific interaction, soft food processing, to active prey acquisition. Recent research on the ontogenetic timing of skull traits indicates the adult canine can take years to fully erupt, but the consequences of prolonged eruption on inferences of canine functional morphology are missing from current discourse and have not been quantified. Here I evaluate hypotheses about adult canine bending strength and stiffness, respectively, during eruption in the felid Smilodon fatalis. Simulated eruption sequences of three adult canines were generated from specimen models to assess shifting cross‐sectional geometry properties, and bending strength and stiffness under laterally directed loads were estimated using finite element analysis. Consistent with beam theory expectations, S. fatalis canine cross‐sectional geometry is optimized for increased bending strength with increased erupted height. However, canine cross‐sectional geometry changes through eruption exaggerate rather than minimize lateral deflection. Spatial constraint for maximum root length from adjacent sensory structures in the maxilla and the recently identified universal power law are hypothesized to limit the growth capacity of canine anteroposterior length and, consequently, maintenance of bending stiffness through eruption. Instead, the joint presence of the deciduous and adult canines for >50% of the adult canine eruption period effectively increases canine mediolateral width and brings bending strength and stiffness estimates closer to theoretical optima. Similarly prolonged retention of deciduous canines in other sabertooths suggests dual‐canine buttressing is a convergently evolved strategy to maximize bending strength and stiffness.
剑齿食肉动物的犬齿是已知最特化的牙齿结构之一。关于肥大犬齿的功能,有各种假设,包括展示和同类互动、软性食物加工,以及主动捕获猎物。最近对头骨特征的发育时间的研究表明,成年犬齿可能需要数年才能完全萌出,但目前的论述中还没有提及萌出时间过长对推断犬齿功能形态的影响,也没有对其进行量化。在此,我评估了关于长尾鼬爆发期间成年犬齿弯曲强度和刚度的假设。通过标本模型生成了三颗成年犬齿的模拟喷发序列,以评估横截面几何形状的移动特性,并使用有限元分析估算了横向载荷作用下的弯曲强度和刚度。与梁理论的预期一致,S. fatalis 犬齿横截面几何形状经过优化,随着喷发高度的增加,弯曲强度也会增加。然而,犬齿横截面几何形状在萌发过程中的变化会加剧而不是减小横向挠度。据推测,上颌相邻感觉结构对最大牙根长度的空间限制以及最近发现的普遍幂律限制了犬齿前后长度的增长能力,从而限制了萌出过程中弯曲刚度的维持。相反,在50%的成人犬齿萌出期,乳牙和成人犬齿的共同存在有效地增加了犬齿的内外侧宽度,使弯曲强度和刚度估计值更接近理论上的最佳值。在其他剑齿象中,落叶犬齿的长期保持同样表明,双犬齿对接是一种趋同进化策略,可以最大限度地提高弯曲强度和刚度。
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引用次数: 0
The Action Sites of Propofol in the Normal Human Brain Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 异丙酚在正常人大脑中的作用部位的功能磁共振成像研究
Hui Zhang, Wei Wang, Zhijing Zhao, Y. Ge, Jinsong Zhang, Daihua Yu, W. Chai, Shengxi Wu, Lixian Xu
Propofol has been used for many years but its functional target in the intact brain remains unclear. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate blood oxygen level dependence signal changes in the normal human brain during propofol anesthesia and explored the possible action targets of propofol. Ten healthy subjects were enrolled in two experimental sessions. In session 1, the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale was performed to evaluate asleep to awake/alert status. In session 2, images with blood oxygen level dependence contrast were obtained with echo‐planar imaging on a 1.5‐T Philips Gyroscan Magnetic Resonance System and analyzed. In both sessions, subjects were intravenously administered with saline (for 3 min) and then propofol (for 1.5 min) and saline again (for 10.5 min) with a constant speed infusion pump. Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale scoring showed that the subjects experienced conscious–sedative–unconscious–analepsia, which correlated well with the signal decreases in the anesthesia states. Propofol induced significant signal decreases in hypothalamus (18.2% ± 3.6%), frontal lobe (68.5% ± 11.2%), and temporal lobe (34.7% ± 6.1%). Additionally, the signals at these three sites were fulminant and changed synchronously. While in the thalamus, the signal decrease was observed in 5 of 10 of the subjects and the magnitude of decrease was 3.9% ± 1.6%. These results suggest that there is most significant inhibition in hypothalamus, frontal lobe, and temporal in propofol anesthesia and moderate inhibition in thalamus. These brain regions might be the targets of propofol anesthesia in human brain. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
异丙酚已使用多年,但其在完整大脑中的功能靶点仍不清楚。本研究采用功能磁共振成像技术,观察异丙酚麻醉过程中正常人大脑血氧水平依赖性信号的变化,探讨异丙酚可能的作用靶点。10名健康受试者参加了两个实验阶段。在第1阶段,采用观察者警觉/镇静量表评估睡眠到清醒/警觉状态。在第二阶段,在1.5 - T Philips Gyroscan磁共振系统上通过回波平面成像获得了血氧水平依赖性对比图像并进行了分析。在两个疗程中,受试者均静脉注射生理盐水(3分钟),然后在恒速输液泵下再次注射异丙酚(1.5分钟)和生理盐水(10.5分钟)。观察者警觉性/镇静量表评分显示受试者经历了意识-镇静-无意识-睡眠,这与麻醉状态下的信号减少有很好的相关性。异丙酚引起下丘脑(18.2%±3.6%)、额叶(68.5%±11.2%)、颞叶(34.7%±6.1%)信号明显下降。此外,这三个位点的信号是暴发性的,并且是同步变化的。而在丘脑,10名受试者中有5名出现信号减弱,幅度为3.9%±1.6%。这些结果表明,异丙酚麻醉对下丘脑、额叶和颞叶的抑制作用最为显著,对丘脑的抑制作用为中度。这些脑区可能是异丙酚麻醉在人脑中的作用靶点。Anat Rec, 2010。©2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology
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