Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056159
Adam C. Malloy, A. Mlot, Mark Cordner, M. Lampérth
Hybrid modules have been adopted by vehicle manufacturers to create hybrid variants of existing models. This paper presents the potential performance of an axial flux permanent magnet machine against typical hybrid module design requirements. A multi physics analytical model is implemented and validated experimentally. This is followed by a parametric design study showing that the axial flux topology provides its maximum specific torques and powers within the available package space. Based on the hybrid module design requirements a design is identified for further development and its performance is confirmed through 3D finite element analysis. It is found that in a package space of 300mm diameter and 90mm length (including casings and water jacket) the axial flux topology offers 390Nm and 98kW for lOs, and 159Nm and 66kW continuously. Future work will include full mechanical design and prototyping of the concept.
{"title":"Axial flux machines for hybrid module applications","authors":"Adam C. Malloy, A. Mlot, Mark Cordner, M. Lampérth","doi":"10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056159","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid modules have been adopted by vehicle manufacturers to create hybrid variants of existing models. This paper presents the potential performance of an axial flux permanent magnet machine against typical hybrid module design requirements. A multi physics analytical model is implemented and validated experimentally. This is followed by a parametric design study showing that the axial flux topology provides its maximum specific torques and powers within the available package space. Based on the hybrid module design requirements a design is identified for further development and its performance is confirmed through 3D finite element analysis. It is found that in a package space of 300mm diameter and 90mm length (including casings and water jacket) the axial flux topology offers 390Nm and 98kW for lOs, and 159Nm and 66kW continuously. Future work will include full mechanical design and prototyping of the concept.","PeriodicalId":223794,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114914309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056090
R. Giglioli, M. Giuntoli, G. Lutzemberger, D. Poli
The influence of electric vehicles on the power system has been traditionally analyzed in terms of recharge infrastructures and adequacy of the electric distribution network. Nevertheless, the additional power demand due to the recharge of a large number of batteries could significantly modify the national load profile, hence the dispatching of production plants. The recent literature approaches this issue using deterministic methods or simplified probabilistic considerations. In this framework, the present paper proposes the use of a Monte Carlo probabilistic approach to assess the impact of large fleet of EVs on the efficiency and reliability of the generating park of an electric power system. A Sequential Monte Carlo simulator has been developed and applied to the hourly operation of the Italian power system. Several 2020 scenarios, diversified in terms of number of vehicles and recharge timing, have been assumed for the future fleet of EVs. The study was mainly realized within the PRIME project, funded by the Italian Ministry for the Environment.
{"title":"Impact of a large fleet of EVs on the efficiency and reliability of an electric power system","authors":"R. Giglioli, M. Giuntoli, G. Lutzemberger, D. Poli","doi":"10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056090","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of electric vehicles on the power system has been traditionally analyzed in terms of recharge infrastructures and adequacy of the electric distribution network. Nevertheless, the additional power demand due to the recharge of a large number of batteries could significantly modify the national load profile, hence the dispatching of production plants. The recent literature approaches this issue using deterministic methods or simplified probabilistic considerations. In this framework, the present paper proposes the use of a Monte Carlo probabilistic approach to assess the impact of large fleet of EVs on the efficiency and reliability of the generating park of an electric power system. A Sequential Monte Carlo simulator has been developed and applied to the hourly operation of the Italian power system. Several 2020 scenarios, diversified in terms of number of vehicles and recharge timing, have been assumed for the future fleet of EVs. The study was mainly realized within the PRIME project, funded by the Italian Ministry for the Environment.","PeriodicalId":223794,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121447851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056153
Jiantao Zhang, Chunbo Zhu, C. Chan
For solving the problems when charging the Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) which is applied in the plant, a charging method based on a non-contact/wireless manner is proposed in this paper. By using this wireless charging method, the unsecure factors such as interface aging and low level of automation caused by using a traditional wire charging method are improved. Firstly, a simulation model of the resonant system at the primary-secondary side is established based on the principle of wireless energy transfer technology. Secondly, a hardware platform is designed based on a theoretical calculation of the resonant coupling simulation model, which meets the requirements of the AGV system. Finally, the distance between the transmitter and receiver can be adjusted from 20 mm to 35 mm. A constant-current charging strategy is employed in the wireless charging apparatus for charging six lead-acid batteries each has a capacity of 120Ah. The system efficiency reaches 80% during the charging process.
{"title":"A wireless power charging method for Automated Guided Vehicle","authors":"Jiantao Zhang, Chunbo Zhu, C. Chan","doi":"10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056153","url":null,"abstract":"For solving the problems when charging the Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) which is applied in the plant, a charging method based on a non-contact/wireless manner is proposed in this paper. By using this wireless charging method, the unsecure factors such as interface aging and low level of automation caused by using a traditional wire charging method are improved. Firstly, a simulation model of the resonant system at the primary-secondary side is established based on the principle of wireless energy transfer technology. Secondly, a hardware platform is designed based on a theoretical calculation of the resonant coupling simulation model, which meets the requirements of the AGV system. Finally, the distance between the transmitter and receiver can be adjusted from 20 mm to 35 mm. A constant-current charging strategy is employed in the wireless charging apparatus for charging six lead-acid batteries each has a capacity of 120Ah. The system efficiency reaches 80% during the charging process.","PeriodicalId":223794,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121747112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056175
L. Zuccaro, A. Di Giorgio, F. Liberati, S. Canale, Andrea Lanna, Victor Fernández Pallarés, Alejandro Martinez Blanco, Raul Urbano Escobar, J. Ratej, Borut Mehle, U. Krisper
This paper presents and discusses the electromobility management system developed in the context of the "SMARTV2G" project, enabling the automatic control of plug-in electric vehicles' (PEVs') charging processes. The paper describes the architecture and the software/hardware components of the electromobility management system. The focus is put in particular on the implementation of a centralized demand side management control algorithm, which allows remote real time control of the charging stations in the field, according to preferences and constraints expressed by all the actors involved (in particular the distribution system operator and the PEV users). The results of the field tests are reported and discussed, highlighting critical issues raised from the field experience.
{"title":"Smart vehicle to grid interface project: Electromobility management system architecture and field test results","authors":"L. Zuccaro, A. Di Giorgio, F. Liberati, S. Canale, Andrea Lanna, Victor Fernández Pallarés, Alejandro Martinez Blanco, Raul Urbano Escobar, J. Ratej, Borut Mehle, U. Krisper","doi":"10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056175","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents and discusses the electromobility management system developed in the context of the \"SMARTV2G\" project, enabling the automatic control of plug-in electric vehicles' (PEVs') charging processes. The paper describes the architecture and the software/hardware components of the electromobility management system. The focus is put in particular on the implementation of a centralized demand side management control algorithm, which allows remote real time control of the charging stations in the field, according to preferences and constraints expressed by all the actors involved (in particular the distribution system operator and the PEV users). The results of the field tests are reported and discussed, highlighting critical issues raised from the field experience.","PeriodicalId":223794,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123931905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056176
A. Gil, Pablo Sauras-Perez, J. Taiber
Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is a developing technology which provides wireless extension of the power supply of an electric vehicle while it is in motion, allowing extending its range. Therefore, the communication between the roadside controller (RSC) and the onboard controller (OBC) needs to be wireless too. In order to support the deterministic behavior needed for WPT real-time control loops, the network needs to provide resource reservation for critical data streams via configuration, management, and/or protocol action, in addition to mobility. These characteristics cannot be addressed with the current networking solutions. Hence, a change in network design framework is required. This paper presents the characteristics of the communication system that need to be considered when designing WPT communication protocols and system architecture that supports realtime in motion control applications and highlights the path to standardization of protocols for communication for real-time control loops.
{"title":"Communication requirements for Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for battery electric vehicles","authors":"A. Gil, Pablo Sauras-Perez, J. Taiber","doi":"10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056176","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is a developing technology which provides wireless extension of the power supply of an electric vehicle while it is in motion, allowing extending its range. Therefore, the communication between the roadside controller (RSC) and the onboard controller (OBC) needs to be wireless too. In order to support the deterministic behavior needed for WPT real-time control loops, the network needs to provide resource reservation for critical data streams via configuration, management, and/or protocol action, in addition to mobility. These characteristics cannot be addressed with the current networking solutions. Hence, a change in network design framework is required. This paper presents the characteristics of the communication system that need to be considered when designing WPT communication protocols and system architecture that supports realtime in motion control applications and highlights the path to standardization of protocols for communication for real-time control loops.","PeriodicalId":223794,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123889431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056234
T. Theodoropoulos, A. Amditis, B. Berseneff, J. Sallán, P. Guglielmi, F. Deflorio, H. Bludszuweit
Wireless electric vehicle charging will pose an additional strain on existing grid infrastructure. Additionally, dynamic or "on the move" charging schemes may result in increased demand variability due to fragmented charging duration caused by charging lane layouts and traffic. A simulation environment has been set up in order to; assess the impact of dynamic wireless charging on the grid, evaluate energy storage requirements for demand smoothing and finally to explore the possibility of integrating solar energy into the dynamic wireless charging infrastructure.
{"title":"Impact of dynamic EV wireless charging on the grid","authors":"T. Theodoropoulos, A. Amditis, B. Berseneff, J. Sallán, P. Guglielmi, F. Deflorio, H. Bludszuweit","doi":"10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056234","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless electric vehicle charging will pose an additional strain on existing grid infrastructure. Additionally, dynamic or \"on the move\" charging schemes may result in increased demand variability due to fragmented charging duration caused by charging lane layouts and traffic. A simulation environment has been set up in order to; assess the impact of dynamic wireless charging on the grid, evaluate energy storage requirements for demand smoothing and finally to explore the possibility of integrating solar energy into the dynamic wireless charging infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":223794,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129050497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056097
D. Gerling, S. Zeljkovic, Radovan Vuletic
This paper analyzes an 11kW three phase on-board charger in case of prospective high power electric vehicles powered by low voltage traction battery (LV, e.g. 24V or 48V). The charger design is compared to the one in present-day electric passenger vehicles that use high voltage batteries (e.g. Tesla Model S). The analyses show that the main difference appears in the design and operation of the output stage of the isolated DC/DC converter, whereas performance of the PFC stage in both cases is comparable. First, the assessment of differences in the topology choice and in related design considerations is given. Consequently, the selection of semiconductor components for an exemplary topology is presented, followed by the efficiency-to-cost ratio analysis. Although no significant cost change is to be expected in case of LV battery chargers for high power vehicles, the LV system introduces distinguishing advantage by eliminating the need for an isolated HV to LV DC/DC converter, followed by the possibility for the space, loss and cost reduction.
{"title":"An applicability study of LV battery on-board chargers for high power EVs","authors":"D. Gerling, S. Zeljkovic, Radovan Vuletic","doi":"10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056097","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes an 11kW three phase on-board charger in case of prospective high power electric vehicles powered by low voltage traction battery (LV, e.g. 24V or 48V). The charger design is compared to the one in present-day electric passenger vehicles that use high voltage batteries (e.g. Tesla Model S). The analyses show that the main difference appears in the design and operation of the output stage of the isolated DC/DC converter, whereas performance of the PFC stage in both cases is comparable. First, the assessment of differences in the topology choice and in related design considerations is given. Consequently, the selection of semiconductor components for an exemplary topology is presented, followed by the efficiency-to-cost ratio analysis. Although no significant cost change is to be expected in case of LV battery chargers for high power vehicles, the LV system introduces distinguishing advantage by eliminating the need for an isolated HV to LV DC/DC converter, followed by the possibility for the space, loss and cost reduction.","PeriodicalId":223794,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126075476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056128
Mario Alvarado-Ruiz, Fadi Abi-Abdallah, M. Gagnaire
Elevated installation costs of the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipments (EVSE) could limit the deployment of charging stations for Electric Vehicles (EVs). In our previous work, we presented a new alternative to expand the network of charging points at a low cost. In the proposed model, the installation costs are reduced by deploying the charging infrastructure over the Public Lighting System (PLS) electric network, which is already deployed. The feasibility of this approach was proven via simulation. The first approach of the model considers a conservative charging strategy. This strategy simulates the arrival of a vehicle in advance in order to assure that when a new connection occurs, the network constraints will still be respected. Therefore, the new vehicles can start charging just after their connection without any problems. However, this approach could limit the performance of the system. The purpose of this work is to study the performance of the charging infrastructure over the PLS when some of the most well known on-line scheduling strategies are implemented. These strategies are characterized by their flexibility for treating the charging processes while respecting the constraints of a low voltage network.
{"title":"On-line scheduling policies for Electric Vehicle charging over public lighting systems","authors":"Mario Alvarado-Ruiz, Fadi Abi-Abdallah, M. Gagnaire","doi":"10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056128","url":null,"abstract":"Elevated installation costs of the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipments (EVSE) could limit the deployment of charging stations for Electric Vehicles (EVs). In our previous work, we presented a new alternative to expand the network of charging points at a low cost. In the proposed model, the installation costs are reduced by deploying the charging infrastructure over the Public Lighting System (PLS) electric network, which is already deployed. The feasibility of this approach was proven via simulation. The first approach of the model considers a conservative charging strategy. This strategy simulates the arrival of a vehicle in advance in order to assure that when a new connection occurs, the network constraints will still be respected. Therefore, the new vehicles can start charging just after their connection without any problems. However, this approach could limit the performance of the system. The purpose of this work is to study the performance of the charging infrastructure over the PLS when some of the most well known on-line scheduling strategies are implemented. These strategies are characterized by their flexibility for treating the charging processes while respecting the constraints of a low voltage network.","PeriodicalId":223794,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121650523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056139
A. Popov, Michael Tybel, Michael Schugt
Charging systems and charging infrastructure are key components in the development and the introduction of electric and plug-in vehicles. The relative youth of the field and a long list of stakeholders (automotive industry, energy sector, governments, policy makers and customers) make the achievement of consensus on norms and standards difficult. The facts that vehicles are intrinsically mobile and hence require compatibility between manufacturers, countries and charging points, implies that the components of the charging systems should be extensively tested and must guarantee the desired interoperability. This paper summarizes the challenges that the charging-technology systems face and uses the results to derive the requirements on equipment for conducting tests and validation in the development, certification and end-of-line production stages.
{"title":"Power hardware-in-the-loop test bench for tests and verification of EV and EVSE charging systems","authors":"A. Popov, Michael Tybel, Michael Schugt","doi":"10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056139","url":null,"abstract":"Charging systems and charging infrastructure are key components in the development and the introduction of electric and plug-in vehicles. The relative youth of the field and a long list of stakeholders (automotive industry, energy sector, governments, policy makers and customers) make the achievement of consensus on norms and standards difficult. The facts that vehicles are intrinsically mobile and hence require compatibility between manufacturers, countries and charging points, implies that the components of the charging systems should be extensively tested and must guarantee the desired interoperability. This paper summarizes the challenges that the charging-technology systems face and uses the results to derive the requirements on equipment for conducting tests and validation in the development, certification and end-of-line production stages.","PeriodicalId":223794,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127679024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056196
Szilard Jagasics, Istvan Vajda Obuda
There are quite much rotor configurations available for pmsm applications. All of them has advantages and disadvantages. This article copes with five usual rotor configurations simulated by FEA software using the same stator and winding system.
{"title":"Comparison of different PMSM rotor configurations","authors":"Szilard Jagasics, Istvan Vajda Obuda","doi":"10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056196","url":null,"abstract":"There are quite much rotor configurations available for pmsm applications. All of them has advantages and disadvantages. This article copes with five usual rotor configurations simulated by FEA software using the same stator and winding system.","PeriodicalId":223794,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC)","volume":"05 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129215662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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