Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23815639.2017.1319772
O. Ogunkunle, O. O. Oniya, Ademola Oyejide Adebayo
ABSTRACT Conventional production of biodiesel employs the use of alkaline catalysts because they are cheaper and less corrosive, and they use minimal energy when compared to other acidic catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysts have also shown significant effects on biodiesel production with its ease of recovery and reusability. Three reaction variables—temperature, time, and molar ratio of alcohol to oil—were optimized for biodiesel production from milk bush oil using snail shell as a catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by calcinating waste giant African land snail in an electric oven for 3.5 hours at 900°C. Also, a control transesterification experiment was carried out using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. Catalyst concentrations of 3.0 wt % of calcined snail shell (CSS) and KOH were used for the transesterification of the oil. A response surface analysis of biodiesel production using CSS as a catalyst showed that all reaction variables were significant. Biodiesel yield of 81% was recorded experimentally as the highest yield when temperature, reaction time, and alcohol-to-oil ratio were 65°C, 2 hours, and 9:1, respectively. An average yield of 94.33% was obtained at these same reaction conditions when KOH was used as a catalyst.
{"title":"Yield Response of Biodiesel Production from Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysis of Milk Bush Seed (Thevetia peruviana) Oil","authors":"O. Ogunkunle, O. O. Oniya, Ademola Oyejide Adebayo","doi":"10.1080/23815639.2017.1319772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23815639.2017.1319772","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Conventional production of biodiesel employs the use of alkaline catalysts because they are cheaper and less corrosive, and they use minimal energy when compared to other acidic catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysts have also shown significant effects on biodiesel production with its ease of recovery and reusability. Three reaction variables—temperature, time, and molar ratio of alcohol to oil—were optimized for biodiesel production from milk bush oil using snail shell as a catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by calcinating waste giant African land snail in an electric oven for 3.5 hours at 900°C. Also, a control transesterification experiment was carried out using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. Catalyst concentrations of 3.0 wt % of calcined snail shell (CSS) and KOH were used for the transesterification of the oil. A response surface analysis of biodiesel production using CSS as a catalyst showed that all reaction variables were significant. Biodiesel yield of 81% was recorded experimentally as the highest yield when temperature, reaction time, and alcohol-to-oil ratio were 65°C, 2 hours, and 9:1, respectively. An average yield of 94.33% was obtained at these same reaction conditions when KOH was used as a catalyst.","PeriodicalId":223808,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Policy Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130215617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23815639.2017.1324331
E. Ogedengbe, F. Ajibade
ABSTRACT The design of a preheating chamber for a safe flow of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or liquid fuel in a pressurized burner is investigated. In developing economies with an incessant scarcity of cooking gas, adulterated fuel is more a scarce commodity than a scary cause of fire accident to lives and household properties. Back-flow tendencies in conventional burners, associated with inevitable loss of pressure, mechanical wears, and seal leakages, are eliminated by the application of the concept of “sudden expansion,” while the fuel tends to flow back through the line at the downstream of the preheating chamber. Experimental setup of a novel feeding of liquid fuel from the overhead tank of the proposed design is compared with the performance of conventional burners. Pulsation due to back-flow tendencies of liquid fuel is calibrated for different heights (h) of burners, between the range of 46 mm and 60 mm. It is anticipated that the proposed design of burners will provide an effective flow of liquid fuel if uniquely characterized, using efficient treatment of the back-flow tendencies. Also, the proposed sudden expansion technology is capable of reducing the risk of an irritating exposure to adulterated fuel.
{"title":"Improved Burner Efficiency and Fuel Consumption in Domestic Cooking Appliances","authors":"E. Ogedengbe, F. Ajibade","doi":"10.1080/23815639.2017.1324331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23815639.2017.1324331","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The design of a preheating chamber for a safe flow of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or liquid fuel in a pressurized burner is investigated. In developing economies with an incessant scarcity of cooking gas, adulterated fuel is more a scarce commodity than a scary cause of fire accident to lives and household properties. Back-flow tendencies in conventional burners, associated with inevitable loss of pressure, mechanical wears, and seal leakages, are eliminated by the application of the concept of “sudden expansion,” while the fuel tends to flow back through the line at the downstream of the preheating chamber. Experimental setup of a novel feeding of liquid fuel from the overhead tank of the proposed design is compared with the performance of conventional burners. Pulsation due to back-flow tendencies of liquid fuel is calibrated for different heights (h) of burners, between the range of 46 mm and 60 mm. It is anticipated that the proposed design of burners will provide an effective flow of liquid fuel if uniquely characterized, using efficient treatment of the back-flow tendencies. Also, the proposed sudden expansion technology is capable of reducing the risk of an irritating exposure to adulterated fuel.","PeriodicalId":223808,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Policy Research","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129464304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23815639.2017.1307146
D. Olayungbo, Kazeem A. Adediran
ABSTRACT This article examines the effects of oil revenue and institutional quality on economic growth in Nigeria using annual data from 1984 to 2014. The ARDL model employed shows the existence of long-run equilibrium among oil revenue, institutional quality, and economic growth. The short-run analysis indicates that institutional quality measured by corruption index promotes economic growth, while institutional quality retards economic growth in the long run. Also, oil revenue promotes economic growth in the short run and reduces it in the long run, thereby confirming the existence of the resource curse hypothesis in Nigeria. The impulse response analyses further support the ARDL results. The article, therefore, concludes that institutional quality is important in explaining the relationship between oil revenue and economic growth in Nigeria. We recommend that the government should institute anti-corruption policies to mitigate corruption and to improve institutional quality in the country in order to ensure sustainable growth per capita, to protect existing investment, and to attract new investment in the country at large.
{"title":"Effects of Oil Revenue and Institutional Quality on Economic Growth with an ARDL Approach","authors":"D. Olayungbo, Kazeem A. Adediran","doi":"10.1080/23815639.2017.1307146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23815639.2017.1307146","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the effects of oil revenue and institutional quality on economic growth in Nigeria using annual data from 1984 to 2014. The ARDL model employed shows the existence of long-run equilibrium among oil revenue, institutional quality, and economic growth. The short-run analysis indicates that institutional quality measured by corruption index promotes economic growth, while institutional quality retards economic growth in the long run. Also, oil revenue promotes economic growth in the short run and reduces it in the long run, thereby confirming the existence of the resource curse hypothesis in Nigeria. The impulse response analyses further support the ARDL results. The article, therefore, concludes that institutional quality is important in explaining the relationship between oil revenue and economic growth in Nigeria. We recommend that the government should institute anti-corruption policies to mitigate corruption and to improve institutional quality in the country in order to ensure sustainable growth per capita, to protect existing investment, and to attract new investment in the country at large.","PeriodicalId":223808,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Policy Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127120346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23815639.2017.1280431
E. Diemuodeke, A. Addo, I. Dabipi-Kalio, C. Oko, Y. Mulugetta
ABSTRACT The coastline rural communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria have long suffered from the consequences of poor rural electrification, environmental degradation, and health challenges. There is an urgent need to provide an optimal sustainable and environment-friendly energy system for the coastline rural communities in Nigeria, which has the potential of ameliorating the climate change in this country. The HOMER hybrid optimization software and the estimated domestic energy demand of the coastline rural communities were used to determine the best PV solar energy system. The NASA SEE database with monthly averaged values for global horizontal radiation over a 22-year period was considered in the current analysis. The daily energy demand of a typical household in the communities was estimated for the existing energy demand (EED), future electric energy demand (FEED), and future base energy demand (FBED) scenarios as 5.640, 8.830, and 7.233 kWh, respectively. The suggested best energy system has a cost of electricity of 0.651, 0.653, and 0.674 $/kWh for the EED, FEED, and FBED, respectively. The best energy system gives the best components with an appropriate operating strategy to provide an efficient, reliable, cost-effective, and environment-friendly system. It is shown that both positive energy policies of the Federal Government of Nigeria toward renewable energy penetration and the support from the oil-producing companies toward their operational areas would see the cost of electricity being significantly reduced. It is envisaged that the implementation of the suggested energy system with other environmentally responsible interventions would support the Niger-Delta’s coastline rural communities, whose livelihoods have been impaired by gas and oil exploration, to attain their full environmental and socioeconomic potentials.
{"title":"Domestic energy demand assessment of coastline rural communities with solar electrification","authors":"E. Diemuodeke, A. Addo, I. Dabipi-Kalio, C. Oko, Y. Mulugetta","doi":"10.1080/23815639.2017.1280431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23815639.2017.1280431","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The coastline rural communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria have long suffered from the consequences of poor rural electrification, environmental degradation, and health challenges. There is an urgent need to provide an optimal sustainable and environment-friendly energy system for the coastline rural communities in Nigeria, which has the potential of ameliorating the climate change in this country. The HOMER hybrid optimization software and the estimated domestic energy demand of the coastline rural communities were used to determine the best PV solar energy system. The NASA SEE database with monthly averaged values for global horizontal radiation over a 22-year period was considered in the current analysis. The daily energy demand of a typical household in the communities was estimated for the existing energy demand (EED), future electric energy demand (FEED), and future base energy demand (FBED) scenarios as 5.640, 8.830, and 7.233 kWh, respectively. The suggested best energy system has a cost of electricity of 0.651, 0.653, and 0.674 $/kWh for the EED, FEED, and FBED, respectively. The best energy system gives the best components with an appropriate operating strategy to provide an efficient, reliable, cost-effective, and environment-friendly system. It is shown that both positive energy policies of the Federal Government of Nigeria toward renewable energy penetration and the support from the oil-producing companies toward their operational areas would see the cost of electricity being significantly reduced. It is envisaged that the implementation of the suggested energy system with other environmentally responsible interventions would support the Niger-Delta’s coastline rural communities, whose livelihoods have been impaired by gas and oil exploration, to attain their full environmental and socioeconomic potentials.","PeriodicalId":223808,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Policy Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129697240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23815639.2017.1310637
Reza Hadizadeh, Amir Abbas Shojaie, Ali Shojaie, A. Shahabi
ABSTRACT The consumption pattern in the energy sector could be modified by adopting innovative strategies on both sides of energy supply and energy demand. The energy consumption could be given a great cut by relying on research-based strategies, target-oriented investments, and modern technologies. Also an effective way to reduce the energy consumption is efficient management of energy demand, which has many implications including fair pricing. By fair pricing or fairer pricing we mean each consumer to pay according to their amount of consumption on a progressive trend—the more energy the unit uses, the more it has to pay on average. A way to get closer to fair pricing is applying the nonlinear reward functions. The present article seeks to calculate, the mean of consumption cost till the time t, and , the mean time of passing from a certain price level to the next price level of z, with as a reward process and as the nonlinear reward function.
{"title":"Strategies for energy pricing to modify energy consumption using reward process functions","authors":"Reza Hadizadeh, Amir Abbas Shojaie, Ali Shojaie, A. Shahabi","doi":"10.1080/23815639.2017.1310637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23815639.2017.1310637","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The consumption pattern in the energy sector could be modified by adopting innovative strategies on both sides of energy supply and energy demand. The energy consumption could be given a great cut by relying on research-based strategies, target-oriented investments, and modern technologies. Also an effective way to reduce the energy consumption is efficient management of energy demand, which has many implications including fair pricing. By fair pricing or fairer pricing we mean each consumer to pay according to their amount of consumption on a progressive trend—the more energy the unit uses, the more it has to pay on average. A way to get closer to fair pricing is applying the nonlinear reward functions. The present article seeks to calculate, the mean of consumption cost till the time t, and , the mean time of passing from a certain price level to the next price level of z, with as a reward process and as the nonlinear reward function.","PeriodicalId":223808,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Policy Research","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126388655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23815639.2017.1280432
Tesfu Berhe, Rahwa Gebre Tesfahuney, Grmanesh Abreha Desta, L. Mekonnen
ABSTRACT A sustainable rural energy supply is one of the ways of reacting to the increasing global, national, and local environmental problems. Dissemination of biogas plants as an alternative rural energy source has significant environmental benefits. The main objective of the study is to assess the dissemination process of biogas plants in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. It analyzes the current biogas development program of the region in line with its environmental aspects. The study has employed a descriptive research type with mixed research approaches. Questionnaires, key informant interviews, observation, and archival analysis were the instruments used to collect data. Nonprobability sampling (Judgmental) method was used to select sampling frames, and snowball sampling techniques were employed to select the final respondents. Collected data were analyzed in narrative and descriptive ways. Most biogas adopters were male households with an average age of 47 years old, and most of them were married with an average household size of 6. Regarding their educational level, most of the biogas adopters were illiterate. In this study, it is found that the first biogas plant in the Tigray region was planted in 2009 through the National Biogas Program of Ethiopia. During the last seven years more than 3,600 biogas plants were installed in the region with an increasing annual biogas installation rate. However, the distribution was uneven as more than 60% of the biogas plants were installed in only four districts (out of the total 34 districts) of the region. Most of the biogas plants are being used for both cooking and lighting. Owning at least four cows/oxen; near access to water supply; sufficient area for biogas digester installment; access to construction materials; and physical capability to operate the digester are the basic requirements of biogas plant adoption. “Satisfied customer telling friends” is found to be the best promotional tool of biogas use. Installation of biogas plants is found to be half funded; adopters have to supply construction materials, and the rest of the appliances are supplied by donors and the government. The most essential finding of the study is that 58.1% of the installed biogas plants were found to be nonoperational. This is due to incomplete installation, technical problems, and limited supervision. Abridged methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon emissions, improved manure management and environment, reduced indoor pollution, and use of bio-slurry as fertilizer are found to be the key environmental aspects related to biogas use.
{"title":"Biogas Plant Distribution for Rural Household Sustainable Energy Supply in Africa","authors":"Tesfu Berhe, Rahwa Gebre Tesfahuney, Grmanesh Abreha Desta, L. Mekonnen","doi":"10.1080/23815639.2017.1280432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23815639.2017.1280432","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A sustainable rural energy supply is one of the ways of reacting to the increasing global, national, and local environmental problems. Dissemination of biogas plants as an alternative rural energy source has significant environmental benefits. The main objective of the study is to assess the dissemination process of biogas plants in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. It analyzes the current biogas development program of the region in line with its environmental aspects. The study has employed a descriptive research type with mixed research approaches. Questionnaires, key informant interviews, observation, and archival analysis were the instruments used to collect data. Nonprobability sampling (Judgmental) method was used to select sampling frames, and snowball sampling techniques were employed to select the final respondents. Collected data were analyzed in narrative and descriptive ways. Most biogas adopters were male households with an average age of 47 years old, and most of them were married with an average household size of 6. Regarding their educational level, most of the biogas adopters were illiterate. In this study, it is found that the first biogas plant in the Tigray region was planted in 2009 through the National Biogas Program of Ethiopia. During the last seven years more than 3,600 biogas plants were installed in the region with an increasing annual biogas installation rate. However, the distribution was uneven as more than 60% of the biogas plants were installed in only four districts (out of the total 34 districts) of the region. Most of the biogas plants are being used for both cooking and lighting. Owning at least four cows/oxen; near access to water supply; sufficient area for biogas digester installment; access to construction materials; and physical capability to operate the digester are the basic requirements of biogas plant adoption. “Satisfied customer telling friends” is found to be the best promotional tool of biogas use. Installation of biogas plants is found to be half funded; adopters have to supply construction materials, and the rest of the appliances are supplied by donors and the government. The most essential finding of the study is that 58.1% of the installed biogas plants were found to be nonoperational. This is due to incomplete installation, technical problems, and limited supervision. Abridged methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon emissions, improved manure management and environment, reduced indoor pollution, and use of bio-slurry as fertilizer are found to be the key environmental aspects related to biogas use.","PeriodicalId":223808,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Policy Research","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116687066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23815639.2017.1324332
O. O. Oniya, J. Oyelade, O. Ogunkunle, D. Idowu
ABSTRACT The use of vegetable oil as feedstock for biodiesel production is controversial as a result of the challenges of a food-fuel crisis associated with the use of edible oils for biodiesel production and use of arable land for energy feedstock generation. This work, therefore, focused on the extraction of oil from non-edible seed such as sandbox seed using a solvent extraction method, evaluation of optimal conditions for oil extraction from sandbox, and testing the fuel properties of extracted sandbox oil. A Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM) with 17 experimental runs was used to investigate the optimum conditions for the extraction, and the selected variables were effective seed/solvent ratio (0.04, 0.06, 0.08 g/ml), extraction temperature (65, 60, 75ºC), and extraction time (3, 5, 7 h). Selected fuel properties (specific gravity, viscosity, cloud point, pour point, density, and refractive index) of the extracted oil were determined according to American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards. The optimum oil yield (63.4%) was obtained at the seed/solvent ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction time of 0.05 g/ml, 68.13ºC, and 5 h, respectively The viscosity at 30ºC, specific gravity, density, cloud point, pour point, and refractive index of the extracted oil were 4.55 mm2/s, 0.91, 910 kg/m3, 5.9 ºC, –1.0ºC, and 1.4683, respectively. Thus the result from this research work has established the optimal conditions for solvent extraction of oil from sandbox seed. The fuel properties of the sandbox oil show that it is potentially suitable to produce biodiesel that can be used to power internal combustion engines.
{"title":"Optimization of Solvent Extraction of Oil from Sandbox Kernels (Hura Crepitans L.) by a Response Surface Method","authors":"O. O. Oniya, J. Oyelade, O. Ogunkunle, D. Idowu","doi":"10.1080/23815639.2017.1324332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23815639.2017.1324332","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The use of vegetable oil as feedstock for biodiesel production is controversial as a result of the challenges of a food-fuel crisis associated with the use of edible oils for biodiesel production and use of arable land for energy feedstock generation. This work, therefore, focused on the extraction of oil from non-edible seed such as sandbox seed using a solvent extraction method, evaluation of optimal conditions for oil extraction from sandbox, and testing the fuel properties of extracted sandbox oil. A Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM) with 17 experimental runs was used to investigate the optimum conditions for the extraction, and the selected variables were effective seed/solvent ratio (0.04, 0.06, 0.08 g/ml), extraction temperature (65, 60, 75ºC), and extraction time (3, 5, 7 h). Selected fuel properties (specific gravity, viscosity, cloud point, pour point, density, and refractive index) of the extracted oil were determined according to American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards. The optimum oil yield (63.4%) was obtained at the seed/solvent ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction time of 0.05 g/ml, 68.13ºC, and 5 h, respectively The viscosity at 30ºC, specific gravity, density, cloud point, pour point, and refractive index of the extracted oil were 4.55 mm2/s, 0.91, 910 kg/m3, 5.9 ºC, –1.0ºC, and 1.4683, respectively. Thus the result from this research work has established the optimal conditions for solvent extraction of oil from sandbox seed. The fuel properties of the sandbox oil show that it is potentially suitable to produce biodiesel that can be used to power internal combustion engines.","PeriodicalId":223808,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Policy Research","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114108845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23815639.2017.1333471
P. Howie, Zauresh Atakhanova
ABSTRACT In 2012, 32% of Kazakhstan’s population nationwide, including 70% of rural households, used coal as a primary source of space heating energy. Equally dramatic is the statistic that the average household annual consumption of coal increased by 44% between 2002 and 2012, from 3.9–5.8 tons to 5.6–8.4 tons depending on the region. This paradoxical increase and the high use of coal in a country with plentiful oil and gas reserves along with coal’s negative effects stimulated our interest in investigating the determinants of household coal demand, how subsidies may have shaped its use, and how the government might put its money to better use in providing a cleaner and more sustainable landscape. By estimating two demand models (based on household-level cross-section and household-cohort pseudo-panel data), we demonstrate that energy subsidy reform will reduce coal demand by 30% in the short run and 50% in the long run. In addition, increasing efficiency of all rural houses to that of the houses built after 1990 will decrease coal demand by at least 12%. Finally, we discuss the importance of natural gas and renewable energy sources in enabling the transition of rural households away from coal.
{"title":"Household Coal Demand in Rural Kazakhstan: Subsidies, Efficiency, and Alternatives","authors":"P. Howie, Zauresh Atakhanova","doi":"10.1080/23815639.2017.1333471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23815639.2017.1333471","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 2012, 32% of Kazakhstan’s population nationwide, including 70% of rural households, used coal as a primary source of space heating energy. Equally dramatic is the statistic that the average household annual consumption of coal increased by 44% between 2002 and 2012, from 3.9–5.8 tons to 5.6–8.4 tons depending on the region. This paradoxical increase and the high use of coal in a country with plentiful oil and gas reserves along with coal’s negative effects stimulated our interest in investigating the determinants of household coal demand, how subsidies may have shaped its use, and how the government might put its money to better use in providing a cleaner and more sustainable landscape. By estimating two demand models (based on household-level cross-section and household-cohort pseudo-panel data), we demonstrate that energy subsidy reform will reduce coal demand by 30% in the short run and 50% in the long run. In addition, increasing efficiency of all rural houses to that of the houses built after 1990 will decrease coal demand by at least 12%. Finally, we discuss the importance of natural gas and renewable energy sources in enabling the transition of rural households away from coal.","PeriodicalId":223808,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Policy Research","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116767200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23317000.2015.1128369
K. Z. Heetun, S. H. A. Abdel Aleem, A. Zobaa
ABSTRACT Recently, analysis of some major blackouts and failures of power system shows that voltage instability problem has been one of the main reasons of these disturbances and network collapses. In this article, a systematic approach to voltage stability analysis using various techniques for the IEEE 14-bus case study is presented. Static analysis is used to analyze the voltage stability of the system under study, while the dynamic analysis is used to evaluate the performance of compensators. The static techniques used are power flow, V–P curve analysis, and Q–V modal analysis. In this study, Flexible Alternating Current Transmission system (FACTS) devices—namely, static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) and static var compensators (SVCs)—are used as reactive power compensators, taking into account maintaining the violated voltage magnitudes of the weak buses within the acceptable limits defined in ANSI C84.1. Simulation results validate that both the STATCOMs and the SVCs can be effectively used to enhance the static voltage stability and increasing network loadability margin. Additionally, based on the dynamic analysis results, it has been shown that STATCOMs have superior performance, in dynamic voltage stability enhancement, compared to SVCs.
{"title":"Voltage stability analysis of grid-connected wind farms with FACTS: Static and dynamic analysis","authors":"K. Z. Heetun, S. H. A. Abdel Aleem, A. Zobaa","doi":"10.1080/23317000.2015.1128369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23317000.2015.1128369","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recently, analysis of some major blackouts and failures of power system shows that voltage instability problem has been one of the main reasons of these disturbances and network collapses. In this article, a systematic approach to voltage stability analysis using various techniques for the IEEE 14-bus case study is presented. Static analysis is used to analyze the voltage stability of the system under study, while the dynamic analysis is used to evaluate the performance of compensators. The static techniques used are power flow, V–P curve analysis, and Q–V modal analysis. In this study, Flexible Alternating Current Transmission system (FACTS) devices—namely, static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) and static var compensators (SVCs)—are used as reactive power compensators, taking into account maintaining the violated voltage magnitudes of the weak buses within the acceptable limits defined in ANSI C84.1. Simulation results validate that both the STATCOMs and the SVCs can be effectively used to enhance the static voltage stability and increasing network loadability margin. Additionally, based on the dynamic analysis results, it has been shown that STATCOMs have superior performance, in dynamic voltage stability enhancement, compared to SVCs.","PeriodicalId":223808,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Policy Research","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121238821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23317000.2015.1120167
Manaullah, Arvind Sharma
ABSTRACT With increasing penetration of wind energy into the power grid, researchers have started focusing more on control and coordination of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) with the other components at system level, especially during fault. It is important to implement a suitable fault ride through control strategy to avoid tripping of the generators when the power system is subjected to voltage dips normally below 90% of nominal voltage. The dips below 90% may lead to a significant loss of generation and frequency collapse, followed by a blackout. This article implements and assesses the methodologies to deal with such situations for squirrel cage induction generator-based wind energy conversion systems employing fully rated power electronic converters. Three distinct control techniques—namely, balanced positive sequence control, positive negative sequence control, and dual current control—have been simulated and applied to grid side converter of SCIG-based WECS. The performance of all the three control strategies has been compared and presented in this work. During this study, the system is subjected to the most common unsymmetrical line to ground (LG) fault and most severe symmetrical LLL fault on grid for the purpose of anaysis.
{"title":"Assessment of control strategies for fault ride through of SCIG-based wind energy conversion systems","authors":"Manaullah, Arvind Sharma","doi":"10.1080/23317000.2015.1120167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23317000.2015.1120167","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT With increasing penetration of wind energy into the power grid, researchers have started focusing more on control and coordination of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) with the other components at system level, especially during fault. It is important to implement a suitable fault ride through control strategy to avoid tripping of the generators when the power system is subjected to voltage dips normally below 90% of nominal voltage. The dips below 90% may lead to a significant loss of generation and frequency collapse, followed by a blackout. This article implements and assesses the methodologies to deal with such situations for squirrel cage induction generator-based wind energy conversion systems employing fully rated power electronic converters. Three distinct control techniques—namely, balanced positive sequence control, positive negative sequence control, and dual current control—have been simulated and applied to grid side converter of SCIG-based WECS. The performance of all the three control strategies has been compared and presented in this work. During this study, the system is subjected to the most common unsymmetrical line to ground (LG) fault and most severe symmetrical LLL fault on grid for the purpose of anaysis.","PeriodicalId":223808,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Policy Research","volume":"473 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123667998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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