{"title":"Water: Perspectives, Issues, Concerns. By Ramaswamy R. Iver. Sage Publications of India Pvt. Ltd. 2003","authors":"A. Dixit","doi":"10.3126/WN.V11I2.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V11I2.134","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115563442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Development interventions can result in involuntary displacement of families and communities, as can natural calamities like earthquake, flood, and landslides as well as wars and internal strife. In all instances forced departures from home and livelihood is directly or indirectly attributable to the action of the state (Bhattarai, 2001). Since development projects conceived and implemented by the state are considered as nation building, the state often ignores the hardship experienced by the displaced. Because the extraneous forces, which induce involuntary displacement, are often alien to local communities the experience can cause socio-economic stress that transcends the immediate and can even be inter-generational. The displaced are usually poor, marginalised, uneducated, and unorganised, and the price they pay is heavy. Women, children and other vulnerable groups suffer the most. Displaced persons also face the risk of impoverishment, which comprises landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalisation, poor health, food insecurity, loss of common property resources, and unravelling of the social fabric. This paper reviews the literature on involuntary displacement related to water projects in Nepal and looks at relevant legal provisions and the policies of financing agencies. The purpose of the paper is to raise questions about the adequacy of Nepal’s legal and policy framework to handle the social and economic rehabilitation of families displaced by water projects. Water Nepal Vol.11(1) 2004 pp.85-103
{"title":"Water Projects Related Involuntary Displacement in Nepal","authors":"Shiva Bisangkhe","doi":"10.3126/WN.V11I1.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V11I1.125","url":null,"abstract":"Development interventions can result in involuntary displacement of families and communities, as can natural calamities like earthquake, flood, and landslides as well as wars and internal strife. In all instances forced departures from home and livelihood is directly or indirectly attributable to the action of the state (Bhattarai, 2001). Since development projects conceived and implemented by the state are considered as nation building, the state often ignores the hardship experienced by the displaced. \u0000Because the extraneous forces, which induce involuntary displacement, are often alien to local communities the experience can cause socio-economic stress that transcends the immediate and can even be inter-generational. The displaced are usually poor, marginalised, uneducated, and unorganised, and the price they pay is heavy. Women, children and other vulnerable groups suffer the most. Displaced persons also face the risk of impoverishment, which comprises landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalisation, poor health, food insecurity, loss of common property resources, and unravelling of the social fabric. \u0000This paper reviews the literature on involuntary displacement related to water projects in Nepal and looks at relevant legal provisions and the policies of financing agencies. The purpose of the paper is to raise questions about the adequacy of Nepal’s legal and policy framework to handle the social and economic rehabilitation of families displaced by water projects. Water Nepal Vol.11(1) 2004 pp.85-103","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127419827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Groundwater accounts for a major portion – as much as 80 per cent – of domestic and irrigation water in Gujarat. The state has witnessed a 104 per cent increase in groundwater extraction between 1978 and 1997. In 1996-97 groundwater provided for 79 per cent of the net irrigated area of the state and for 78 per cent of the rural drinking water needs. This dependence has caused a rapid decline in groundwater levels, about 2.5-3.6 metres per year. The decline in water levels has affected about 4.0 million ha (21 per cent of the total area of the state) in 74 talukas of 14 districts of the state. The situation is likely to worsen since about 87 per cent of the municipal towns in Gujarat depend on groundwater to meet their drinking, domestic and other needs. The Government of Gujarat, in its Master Plan 1999-2000, allocated Rs 3,108.88 million to mitigate the problem. The investment was meant to improve services in 6,312 villages, 69 towns and three areas that municipal corporations served by drilling new bore wells, deep tubewells and rejuvenating water supply schemes. Water Nepal Vol.11(1) 2004 pp.75-83
{"title":"Ensuring Water Security through Rainwater Harvesting: A Case Study of Sargasan, Gujarat","authors":"S. Mudrakartha","doi":"10.3126/WN.V11I1.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V11I1.124","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater accounts for a major portion – as much as 80 per cent – of domestic and irrigation water in Gujarat. The state has witnessed a 104 per cent increase in groundwater extraction between 1978 and 1997. In 1996-97 groundwater provided for 79 per cent of the net irrigated area of the state and for 78 per cent of the rural drinking water needs. This dependence has caused a rapid decline in groundwater levels, about 2.5-3.6 metres per year. The decline in water levels has affected about 4.0 million ha (21 per cent of the total area of the state) in 74 talukas of 14 districts of the state. The situation is likely to worsen since about 87 per cent of the municipal towns in Gujarat depend on groundwater to meet their drinking, domestic and other needs. The Government of Gujarat, in its Master Plan 1999-2000, allocated Rs 3,108.88 million to mitigate the problem. The investment was meant to improve services in 6,312 villages, 69 towns and three areas that municipal corporations served by drilling new bore wells, deep tubewells and rejuvenating water supply schemes. \u0000 \u0000 Water Nepal Vol.11(1) 2004 pp.75-83","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"69 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113993325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The language of water is the language of love. Water is not only a resource to be used but also something sacred and pure. Simply put, water is a substance of value to all of us. Whatever differences in cultures, background, perspective and experience, there is a strong commonality about how people view water. As a result, the challenges water management all over the world face are often similar in many ways. I would like to discuss the paradigm we live in, the water beliefs surrounding us in the 20th Century, how the beliefs presented us with particular challenges, how beliefs are changing today and the opportunities that these changes present. Water Nepal Vol.11, No.1, 2004, pp.7-11
{"title":"Emerging Paradigm of Water Development and Management","authors":"P. Gleick","doi":"10.3126/WN.V11I1.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V11I1.120","url":null,"abstract":"The language of water is the language of love. Water is not only a resource to be used but also something sacred and pure. Simply put, water is a substance of value to all of us. Whatever differences in cultures, background, perspective and experience, there is a strong commonality about how people view water. As a result, the challenges water management all over the world face are often similar in many ways. I would like to discuss the paradigm we live in, the water beliefs surrounding us in the 20th Century, how the beliefs presented us with particular challenges, how beliefs are changing today and the opportunities that these changes present. \u0000 \u0000 Water Nepal Vol.11, No.1, 2004, pp.7-11","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131279199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tubewell Capitalism: Groundwater Development and Agrarian Change in Gujarat by Navroz K. Dubash. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2002.","authors":"A. Prakash","doi":"10.3126/WN.V11I1.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V11I1.126","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121837813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The lack of adequate wastewater facilities and lack of rainfall during the dry season have led to the use of wastewater in agriculture in the Kathmandu Valley but wastewater irrigation has never been investigated in the monsoon climate of Nepal. This paper investigates areas of wastewater irrigation and determines wastewater irrigation practices in Kathmandu Valley. Water Nepal Vol.11(2) 2004 pp.63-71
{"title":"Study of Wastewater Irrigation in the Kathmandu Valley","authors":"Thomas Rutkowski","doi":"10.3126/WN.V11I2.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V11I2.131","url":null,"abstract":"The lack of adequate wastewater facilities and lack of rainfall during the dry season have led to the use of wastewater in agriculture in the Kathmandu Valley but wastewater irrigation has never been investigated in the monsoon climate of Nepal. This paper investigates areas of wastewater irrigation and determines wastewater irrigation practices in Kathmandu Valley. \u0000 \u0000 Water Nepal Vol.11(2) 2004 pp.63-71","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"449 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115920752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water problems are as diverse as the human settlements that depend on water availability. In a region as large as Asia, the number of water-related problems is so vast that it is impossible to engage with any crisis, whether flood or drought, pollution or displacement, without paying homage to water. The region spans every known climatic and hydro-ecological zone, including deserts, tropical floodplains and tundra. The challenge of providing varied human dwellings in such diverse habitats with safe and reliable water, for both human consumption and economic activities promoting general well-being, will have to engage the sum total of known global ingenuity. Despite this diversity, it is necessary to identify and address common problems if we intend to forge any intelligent plan for collective action to solve water and settlement-related problems. This effort will require us to step back from specifics, which are different in every hamlet and town in every clime, and deduce general lessons. It is precisely in drawing such lessons that those of us engaged in redressing social or environmental wrongs face our biggest challenge. Water problems, especially those that pertain to social equity and environmental sanity are often very local concerns that demand actions at the local level, but regional and global cooperation on such local issues are difficult to define unless the problems have been generalised for a global audience. This generalisation is not an easy thing to do, but without it, no agreement is possible on how to proceed forward with collective action. Social and environmental activists are intimately in touch with their grassroots and they function most effectively in local situations. But, in all honesty, they are not very effective at the global level where they have to confront problems abstracted to several levels above the grassroots. Often, activists find themselves confronting a situation in which the issues that they have dealt with at the field level have been re-cast in such a manner that they are hardly recognisable. In some cases of resetting, sharp multinational businessmen or their even sharper brethren in international bureaucracies will have already hijacked grassroots concern to suit their agendas. While it may be deeply self-satisfying to fulminate against them (as activists are prone to) denunciation alone will not push forward the common agenda of social and environmental justice. This essay addresses the business of deducing general conclusions for collective action. The effort first requires addressing the process of defining the problem itself, which, perhaps unwittingly, pre-determines what the possible solution might be. It argues that the currently established approach to looking at water and its associated environmental and social problems is rife with serious flaws: the very definition of the problem is partial and biased, and hence attempts to rectify the malaise within such a paradigm lead to more problems i
{"title":"Water Sanitation and Human Settlements: Crisis, Opportunity or Management?","authors":"D. Gyawali","doi":"10.3126/WN.V11I2.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V11I2.135","url":null,"abstract":"Water problems are as diverse as the human settlements that depend on water availability. In a region as large as Asia, the number of water-related problems is so vast that it is impossible to engage with any crisis, whether flood or drought, pollution or displacement, without paying homage to water. The region spans every known climatic and hydro-ecological zone, including deserts, tropical floodplains and tundra. The challenge of providing varied human dwellings in such diverse habitats with safe and reliable water, for both human consumption and economic activities promoting general well-being, will have to engage the sum total of known global ingenuity. Despite this diversity, it is necessary to identify and address common problems if we intend to forge any intelligent plan for collective action to solve water and settlement-related problems. This effort will require us to step back from specifics, which are different in every hamlet and town in every clime, and deduce general lessons. It is precisely in drawing such lessons that those of us engaged in redressing social or environmental wrongs face our biggest challenge. Water problems, especially those that pertain to social equity and environmental sanity are often very local concerns that demand actions at the local level, but regional and global cooperation on such local issues are difficult to define unless the problems have been generalised for a global audience. This generalisation is not an easy thing to do, but without it, no agreement is possible on how to proceed forward with collective action. Social and environmental activists are intimately in touch with their grassroots and they function most effectively in local situations. But, in all honesty, they are not very effective at the global level where they have to confront problems abstracted to several levels above the grassroots. Often, activists find themselves confronting a situation in which the issues that they have dealt with at the field level have been re-cast in such a manner that they are hardly recognisable. In some cases of resetting, sharp multinational businessmen or their even sharper brethren in international bureaucracies will have already hijacked grassroots concern to suit their agendas. While it may be deeply self-satisfying to fulminate against them (as activists are prone to) denunciation alone will not push forward the common agenda of social and environmental justice. \u0000This essay addresses the business of deducing general conclusions for collective action. The effort first requires addressing the process of defining the problem itself, which, perhaps unwittingly, pre-determines what the possible solution might be. It argues that the currently established approach to looking at water and its associated environmental and social problems is rife with serious flaws: the very definition of the problem is partial and biased, and hence attempts to rectify the malaise within such a paradigm lead to more problems i","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116644639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This case study of an inland and drought-prone district of Andhra Pradesh (AP) typifies the potential for and the challenges to poverty-focused watershed development in a semi-arid, low-resource and high-risk environment. These are the conditions under which much of the agricultural growth and poverty alleviation in India will have to take place in the future. In AP, the government’s watershed-related policies and programmes are implemented enthusiastically. The state is in the forefront as far as India’s watershed development programme is concerned and has so far implemented it in about 9,000 watersheds covering above three million hectares. This accounts for roughly a third of the land that needs treatment and a fifth of the total rain-fed area in the state. All watersheds, even though they fall under different schemes, are being treated as per the guidelines of the 1994-95 Watershed Development Committee. About 85 per cent of the watersheds are implemented through the government system, NGOs execute the rest. Studies show that the participatory approach used by NGOs has better economic and ecological impacts, a more equal spread of benefits and greater sustainability than the government approach. This case study, which is based on some of the successful NGO run watersheds, highlights that watershed development is a necessary but not sufficient condition for poverty alleviation in arid and semi-arid regions. It was observed that the impact of watershed development is significant where that development has led to improve water availability. The study identified some of the programmes that need to complement watershed development if it is to be an effective pro-poor programme. It underscores that poverty-focused policy interventions are crucial for maximising the overall accomplishment and poverty reduction impact of watershed development. Water Nepal Vol.11(1) 2004 pp51-73
{"title":"Water and Poverty: A Case of Watershed Development in Andhra Pradesh, India","authors":"V. Reddy, Y. Reddy, J. Soussan, Dirk Frans","doi":"10.3126/WN.V11I1.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V11I1.123","url":null,"abstract":"This case study of an inland and drought-prone district of Andhra Pradesh (AP) typifies the potential for and the challenges to poverty-focused watershed development in a semi-arid, low-resource and high-risk environment. These are the conditions under which much of the agricultural growth and poverty alleviation in India will have to take place in the future. In AP, the government’s watershed-related policies and programmes are implemented enthusiastically. The state is in the forefront as far as India’s watershed development programme is concerned and has so far implemented it in about 9,000 watersheds covering above three million hectares. This accounts for roughly a third of the land that needs treatment and a fifth of the total rain-fed area in the state. All watersheds, even though they fall under different schemes, are being treated as per the guidelines of the 1994-95 Watershed Development Committee. About 85 per cent of the watersheds are implemented through the government system, NGOs execute the rest. Studies show that the participatory approach used by NGOs has better economic and ecological impacts, a more equal spread of benefits and greater sustainability than the government approach. This case study, which is based on some of the successful NGO run watersheds, highlights that watershed development is a necessary but not sufficient condition for poverty alleviation in arid and semi-arid regions. It was observed that the impact of watershed development is significant where that development has led to improve water availability. The study identified some of the programmes that need to complement watershed development if it is to be an effective pro-poor programme. It underscores that poverty-focused policy interventions are crucial for maximising the overall accomplishment and poverty reduction impact of watershed development. \u0000 \u0000 Water Nepal Vol.11(1) 2004 pp51-73","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124115506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Large-scale, government-managed canal irrigation represents the technocratic approach to water development. Large-scale irrigation faces many problems but they have been relegated to the periphery in the water debate generally and about large dam in particular. It has given rise to dichotomous thinking and polarized politics. This paper explores these issues in case of large canal irrigation in India. The debates imply implication for institutions, science and technology and developmental practices which need to be viewed within the domain of new approach. Water Nepal Vol.11(2) 2004 pp.73-101
{"title":"Sleeping with the enemy: Dichotomies and polarisation in Indian policy debates on the environmental and social effects of irrigation","authors":"P. Mollinga","doi":"10.3126/WN.V11I2.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V11I2.132","url":null,"abstract":"Large-scale, government-managed canal irrigation represents the technocratic approach to water development. Large-scale irrigation faces many problems but they have been relegated to the periphery in the water debate generally and about large dam in particular. It has given rise to dichotomous thinking and polarized politics. This paper explores these issues in case of large canal irrigation in India. The debates imply implication for institutions, science and technology and developmental practices which need to be viewed within the domain of new approach. Water Nepal Vol.11(2) 2004 pp.73-101","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"125 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124668749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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