Different users living or dependent on river make claim on the water. This claims can arise at the level of the household, farm, community, village or town, but occurs in more marked forms at the level of the political or administrative units within a country and at the level of ‘coriparian’ countries. Various principles and doctrines have been advanced in this regard. These have not yet been (and may fail to be) ratified by the required number of countries. This paper looks at these different instruments as partial perspectives. Water Nepal Vol. Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.153-163
{"title":"Water and Rights: Some Partial Perspectives","authors":"Ramaswamy R. IIyer","doi":"10.3126/WN.V10I1.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V10I1.99","url":null,"abstract":"Different users living or dependent on river make claim on the water. This claims can arise at the level of the household, farm, community, village or town, but occurs in more marked forms at the level of the political or administrative units within a country and at the level of ‘coriparian’ countries. Various principles and doctrines have been advanced in this regard. These have not yet been (and may fail to be) ratified by the required number of countries. This paper looks at these different instruments as partial perspectives. \u0000 \u0000 Water Nepal Vol. Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.153-163","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131749589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Water, Human Rights and Governance: Issues, Debates and Perspectives","authors":"M. Moench, A. Dixit, E. Caspari","doi":"10.3126/WN.V10I1.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V10I1.89","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130816948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of traditional state-centric geopolitics, water disputes remain closely linked to the issue of domestic stability, political legitimacy and regime survival. The question as to ‘who gets, what, when, where and how’ is thus ideologically constructed and politically contested among various stakeholders, both within and among sovereign states. Play here is a complex kind of hydro-geopolitics, in which knowledge is not neutral but appears in various forms of the power/knowledge equation and is used by various actors in the politics of national security, identity building, ethno-religious differentiation and the exclusion of ‘others’ at various levels. Taking various examples, including some from South Asia, this paper argues that in most cases, despite the ‘green’ rhetoric of sustainability, traditional geopolitical thinking persists in the dominant approaches to the development and management of international waterways. The highly differentiated as well as fiercely contested politics and economics of water uses continue to undermine the ‘ethics of sustainability’. In order to achieve ecologically sustainable, culturally appropriate, gender sensitive and economically viable development and management of international waterways, it is important to emphasise in the first place that the specification and prioritisation of water uses is not just a scientific-technical problem area awaiting ‘expert’ intervention. What is also needed is a radical reformulation of the conventional understanding of sovereignty, security and development. Water Nepal Vol. Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.107-114
{"title":"Geopolitics of Water: From ‘Security’ to Sustainability","authors":"Eva Saroch","doi":"10.3126/WN.V10I1.96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V10I1.96","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of traditional state-centric geopolitics, water disputes remain closely linked to the issue of domestic stability, political legitimacy and regime survival. The question as to ‘who gets, what, when, where and how’ is thus ideologically constructed and politically contested among various stakeholders, both within and among sovereign states. Play here is a complex kind of hydro-geopolitics, in which knowledge is not neutral but appears in various forms of the power/knowledge equation and is used by various actors in the politics of national security, identity building, ethno-religious differentiation and the exclusion of ‘others’ at various levels. Taking various examples, including some from South Asia, this paper argues that in most cases, despite the ‘green’ rhetoric of sustainability, traditional geopolitical thinking persists in the dominant approaches to the development and management of international waterways. The highly differentiated as well as fiercely contested politics and economics of water uses continue to undermine the ‘ethics of sustainability’. In order to achieve ecologically sustainable, culturally appropriate, gender sensitive and economically viable development and management of international waterways, it is important to emphasise in the first place that the specification and prioritisation of water uses is not just a scientific-technical problem area awaiting ‘expert’ intervention. What is also needed is a radical reformulation of the conventional understanding of sovereignty, security and development. \u0000 \u0000 Water Nepal Vol. Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.107-114","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133099148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The devolution of decision-making authority to local levels has remained an illusive goal even now that Nepal is a multiparty democratic polity. However, Self-help groups (SHGs) can successfully perform many natural resource management functions. In fact, these groups have emerged as successful example of decentralized institutions that can fulfill local level governance tasks. This paper argues that SHGs are a potent institutional arrangement for bringing about accountability at the local level. Water Nepal Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.321-326
{"title":"Decentralisation for Development","authors":"B. K. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/WN.V10I1.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V10I1.109","url":null,"abstract":"The devolution of decision-making authority to local levels has remained an illusive goal even now that Nepal is a multiparty democratic polity. However, Self-help groups (SHGs) can successfully perform many natural resource management functions. In fact, these groups have emerged as successful example of decentralized institutions that can fulfill local level governance tasks. This paper argues that SHGs are a potent institutional arrangement for bringing about accountability at the local level. \u0000 \u0000 Water Nepal Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.321-326","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129699722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water management decisions have many facets including planning, regulating, designing, construction, operation, maintenance and cost allocation. Decisions might be variously considered wrong or right according to the system of values espoused by a society. Many consider that universal ethical principles exist, such as those embodied in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. It is considered that practical ethical principles in water activities evolve from the concepts of human dignity and human sociability. Most water problems are caused by a lack of equilibrium between its utilitarian (economic) value which is connected to human sociability and its intangible or sacred values which are related to human dignity. The application of these principles may generate legitimate but different practical solutions because of the complexity of water uses (urban, irrigation, energy etc.) and the great variability of water needs and values, physical and social, geographical and historical. The solidarity principle should inform the relations between upstream and downstream water users and between countries in international watersheds. It also is the basis for the concept of sustainability, i.e. solidarity towards future generations. The subsidiary principle recommends that decisions should be made at the lowest social level compatible with the common good. Coordination among family groups, municipalities, countries, states and federal institutions is crucial but not easy to achieve. The participation of all stakeholders is deemed a must but in practice the application of this principle face may serious obstacles because many stakeholders are poorly educated and informed. The main obstacles to the implementation of ethical principles in water management are described under the following concepts: ignorance, arrogance, institutional inertia and corruption. Case histories from Spain, the most arid country in Europe, will be shown as examples of ethical-or unethical-solutions. Water Nepal Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.13-27
{"title":"Ethical Considerations in Water Management Systems","authors":"M. Llamas","doi":"10.3126/WN.V10I1.90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V10I1.90","url":null,"abstract":"Water management decisions have many facets including planning, regulating, designing, construction, operation, maintenance and cost allocation. Decisions might be variously considered wrong or right according to the system of values espoused by a society. Many consider that universal ethical principles exist, such as those embodied in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. It is considered that practical ethical principles in water activities evolve from the concepts of human dignity and human sociability. Most water problems are caused by a lack of equilibrium between its utilitarian (economic) value which is connected to human sociability and its intangible or sacred values which are related to human dignity. The application of these principles may generate legitimate but different practical solutions because of the complexity of water uses (urban, irrigation, energy etc.) and the great variability of water needs and values, physical and social, geographical and historical. The solidarity principle should inform the relations between upstream and downstream water users and between countries in international watersheds. It also is the basis for the concept of sustainability, i.e. solidarity towards future generations. The subsidiary principle recommends that decisions should be made at the lowest social level compatible with the common good. Coordination among family groups, municipalities, countries, states and federal institutions is crucial but not easy to achieve. The participation of all stakeholders is deemed a must but in practice the application of this principle face may serious obstacles because many stakeholders are poorly educated and informed. The main obstacles to the implementation of ethical principles in water management are described under the following concepts: ignorance, arrogance, institutional inertia and corruption. Case histories from Spain, the most arid country in Europe, will be shown as examples of ethical-or unethical-solutions. \u0000 \u0000 Water Nepal Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.13-27","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122312877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1954 governments of Nepal and India signed the Kosi agreement paving way for the implementation of the Kosi embankments to control its floods. Known for its vagaries the river had shifted its course for about 115 kilometres in past 200 years. Though the embankments were meant to provide security from flooding, today large tracks of land, higher than that expected to be made secure from flooding by the embankment, lie waterlogged in Kosi dependent region of north Bihar. This paper documents lessons of implementing a large-scale structural approach i.e. embankment, in a densely populated alluvial landscape. The implementation of the embankments was fraught with human miseries that remained unheeded as technical hubris intermixed with the imperatives of project implementations. More than 200,000 people live within the Kosi embankments and cope with the consequences of the interventions expected to provide them security from annual flooding. Conventional policy science to flood control remains insulated from the consequences of its interventions, while the hapless communities have become despondent. Water Nepal Vol. Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.277-301
{"title":"Life Within the Kosi Embankments","authors":"D. Mishra","doi":"10.3126/WN.V10I1.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V10I1.106","url":null,"abstract":"In 1954 governments of Nepal and India signed the Kosi agreement paving way for the implementation of the Kosi embankments to control its floods. Known for its vagaries the river had shifted its course for about 115 kilometres in past 200 years. Though the embankments were meant to provide security from flooding, today large tracks of land, higher than that expected to be made secure from flooding by the embankment, lie waterlogged in Kosi dependent region of north Bihar. This paper documents lessons of implementing a large-scale structural approach i.e. embankment, in a densely populated alluvial landscape. The implementation of the embankments was fraught with human miseries that remained unheeded as technical hubris intermixed with the imperatives of project implementations. More than 200,000 people live within the Kosi embankments and cope with the consequences of the interventions expected to provide them security from annual flooding. Conventional policy science to flood control remains insulated from the consequences of its interventions, while the hapless communities have become despondent. \u0000 \u0000 Water Nepal Vol. Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.277-301","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123913757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Safe drinking water is essential to life, but for many millions of people, safe water is a dream. The report of the WHAT Water Commission draws attention to the tragedy that more than one billion people in the world lack access to safe drinking water and that annually, something of the order of four million people die prematurely from water-borne diseases. It quotes an United Nations Environment Programme statement that ‘The world water cycle seems unlikely to be able to cope with the demands that will be made on it in the coming decades. Severe water shortages already hamper development in many parts of the world.’ Water Nepal Vol. Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.29-36
{"title":"Human Rights, Ethics and Governance the Work of the World Humanity Action Trust","authors":"J. Jeffery","doi":"10.3126/WN.V10I1.92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V10I1.92","url":null,"abstract":"Safe drinking water is essential to life, but for many millions of people, safe water is a dream. The report of the WHAT Water Commission draws attention to the tragedy that more than one billion people in the world lack access to safe drinking water and that annually, something of the order of four million people die prematurely from water-borne diseases. It quotes an United Nations Environment Programme statement that ‘The world water cycle seems unlikely to be able to cope with the demands that will be made on it in the coming decades. Severe water shortages already hamper development in many parts of the world.’ \u0000 \u0000 Water Nepal Vol. Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.29-36","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115038118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Farmer-Managed Irrigation Systems (FMIS): A Mode of Water Governance","authors":"P. Pradhan","doi":"10.3126/WN.V10I1.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V10I1.110","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127585467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water is a multifaceted symbol in Hinduism. It is regarded as one of the pancha-tatva or five primeval elements of the universe. While the notions of water as primal matter, an instrument of purification and expiation, a unifying force, and a vivifying element can all be found in Hinduism, in most dharmashastras or Hindu religious texts, the symbolism of water as an instrument of purification and expiation is pre-eminent. The continuities between written Hindu traditions and local discourses in a Hindu community include such practices as snana (ritual bathing) and tirtha (pilgrimage), the notion of water as basi (stale) sazi (fresh) or raamro (good) and the association of ritual purity and pollution with water. The continuities between certain caste practices prevalent in the hill Hindu community, like not allowing Dalits (untouchables) access to water sources, and the caste and water pollution instructions of the written texts are, however, weak. Discontinuities also exist. The dispensing of snana in favour of ordinary bathing among the younger generation is one example. Another is the disjuncture between written Hinduism’s instructions about the profuse use of water and its actual sparse use in the local community. A disjunction is also apparent between the scriptural view of water and the view of modern legislation. While the dharmashastras associate water with cleanliness and ritual purity and leave the ownership of water undefined, Nepal’s modern laws views water as a resource and vests its ownership in the State. Giving the convenience and economic benefit of the general public as its rationale, the State has increasingly expanded its role in controlling and managing this national resource. Water Nepal Vol. Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.215-247
{"title":"Water in Hinduism: Continuities and Disjunctures Between Scriptural Canons and Local Traditions in Nepal","authors":"S. Sharma","doi":"10.3126/WN.V10I1.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V10I1.103","url":null,"abstract":"Water is a multifaceted symbol in Hinduism. It is regarded as one of the pancha-tatva or five primeval elements of the universe. While the notions of water as primal matter, an instrument of purification and expiation, a unifying force, and a vivifying element can all be found in Hinduism, in most dharmashastras or Hindu religious texts, the symbolism of water as an instrument of purification and expiation is pre-eminent. The continuities between written Hindu traditions and local discourses in a Hindu community include such practices as snana (ritual bathing) and tirtha (pilgrimage), the notion of water as basi (stale) sazi (fresh) or raamro (good) and the association of ritual purity and pollution with water. The continuities between certain caste practices prevalent in the hill Hindu community, like not allowing Dalits (untouchables) access to water sources, and the caste and water pollution instructions of the written texts are, however, weak. Discontinuities also exist. The dispensing of snana in favour of ordinary bathing among the younger generation is one example. Another is the disjuncture between written Hinduism’s instructions about the profuse use of water and its actual sparse use in the local community. A disjunction is also apparent between the scriptural view of water and the view of modern legislation. While the dharmashastras associate water with cleanliness and ritual purity and leave the ownership of water undefined, Nepal’s modern laws views water as a resource and vests its ownership in the State. Giving the convenience and economic benefit of the general public as its rationale, the State has increasingly expanded its role in controlling and managing this national resource. \u0000 \u0000 Water Nepal Vol. Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.215-247","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127808872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The UN Administrative Committee for Co-ordination (UACC) task force on social services states that: ‘at the highest political level there needs to be recognition that water and sanitation are basic needs and rights.’ Similarly, the ministerial declaration of the Hague Conference on Water Security (March 17-22, 2000) also states that water is vital for the life and health of people. We have one goal, it claimed, ‘ensuring that every person has asses to enough water’. Despite such statements, the right of Nigerian people to access to safe water has been persistently violated. Water resources are grossly mismanaged and unequally distributed despite the return of democracy to the country. Local people (especially women, who bear the greater burden of the water crisis) are invariably excluded from decision-making processes involving their water resources. The highly flawed constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999, puts the management and control of water resources beyond the reach of ethnic nationalities and peoples that makes it the exclusive preserve of the federal government of Nigeria. Legislation stipulating how water resources should be managed exists, but it is almost always ignored. This paper uses field analyse, reports and interviews from the oil-rich Niger Delta region as case studies outlining the multifarious problems that bedevil the country as a result of poor water management. The Niger Delta, the most threatened ecosystem in the world, has been degraded by oil multinationals like Shell, Chevron and Mobil. Wetlands and mangroves universally recognised as fragile ecosystems are under stress due to waterlogging and oil pollution. Nigeria recorded 400 oil spills in the first nine months of 2000; these rendered fresh water sources highly polluted. The paper also examines the struggle for self-determination headed by the Movement for the Survival of Ogoni People (MOSOP). It considers sustainable water resource management and fights over resource control between the federal government and the highly impoverished, pauperised and marginalised ethnic nationalities who have organised social movements in the country. It highlights the implications of this situation not only for Nigeria but also for the entire world. Finally, the paper recommends for practical ways of bridging the gap between the government and the people of Nigeria, restoring the people’s right to access to the quantity and quality of water they need, ensuring the equitable allocation of water resources among the Nigerian peoples, and providing for the sustainable management of water resources in the country. Water Nepal Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.349-360
{"title":"Water Resources in Nigeria: Rights, Accesibility, Allocation and Management","authors":"Winters O. Negbenebor","doi":"10.3126/WN.V10I1.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/WN.V10I1.112","url":null,"abstract":"The UN Administrative Committee for Co-ordination (UACC) task force on social services states that: ‘at the highest political level there needs to be recognition that water and sanitation are basic needs and rights.’ Similarly, the ministerial declaration of the Hague Conference on Water Security (March 17-22, 2000) also states that water is vital for the life and health of people. We have one goal, it claimed, ‘ensuring that every person has asses to enough water’. Despite such statements, the right of Nigerian people to access to safe water has been persistently violated. Water resources are grossly mismanaged and unequally distributed despite the return of democracy to the country. Local people (especially women, who bear the greater burden of the water crisis) are invariably excluded from decision-making processes involving their water resources. The highly flawed constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999, puts the management and control of water resources beyond the reach of ethnic nationalities and peoples that makes it the exclusive preserve of the federal government of Nigeria. Legislation stipulating how water resources should be managed exists, but it is almost always ignored. This paper uses field analyse, reports and interviews from the oil-rich Niger Delta region as case studies outlining the multifarious problems that bedevil the country as a result of poor water management. The Niger Delta, the most threatened ecosystem in the world, has been degraded by oil multinationals like Shell, Chevron and Mobil. Wetlands and mangroves universally recognised as fragile ecosystems are under stress due to waterlogging and oil pollution. Nigeria recorded 400 oil spills in the first nine months of 2000; these rendered fresh water sources highly polluted. The paper also examines the struggle for self-determination headed by the Movement for the Survival of Ogoni People (MOSOP). It considers sustainable water resource management and fights over resource control between the federal government and the highly impoverished, pauperised and marginalised ethnic nationalities who have organised social movements in the country. It highlights the implications of this situation not only for Nigeria but also for the entire world. Finally, the paper recommends for practical ways of bridging the gap between the government and the people of Nigeria, restoring the people’s right to access to the quantity and quality of water they need, ensuring the equitable allocation of water resources among the Nigerian peoples, and providing for the sustainable management of water resources in the country. \u0000 \u0000 Water Nepal Vol.9-10, No.1-2, 2003, pp.349-360","PeriodicalId":224207,"journal":{"name":"Water Nepal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114186152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：